Steel pipes and H-sections are widely used for piles, especially where great length or load capacity (1)… or where driving is difficult and requires excessive driving force. (2)… the piles are expensive their higher load capacity, and the relative ease of cutting or splicing (íàðàùèâàíèå) them may be (3)… advantages for their use. As with timber piles of great length, their relative flexibility (4)… the problems of assuring straightness during driving.
Rusting above the ground water level can be a problem. One solution is (5)… a concrete jacket (îáîëî÷êà) around the steel pile down to a point (6)… the water level.
When placed in groups, piles are driven as close to (7)… as possible. The spacing allowable is related to the pile size and the driving technique. Ordinary (8)… is 2 ft 6in. for small timber piles and 3 ft for most other piles of the size range used in building foundations. Pile layouts typically follow conventional patterns, based on the (9)… of piles in the group.
Pile caps function like column footings, and will generally be of a size close to (10)… of a column footing for the same total load with a relatively high soil pressure.