рефераты конспекты курсовые дипломные лекции шпоры

Реферат Курсовая Конспект

British to American.

British to American. - раздел Философия, Лекції № 7, 8. План лекцій. 7. Ларина Т.В. Англичане и русские: Язык, культура, коммуникация. – М.: Языки славянских культур, 2013. – 360 с · Accumulator (Automotive) = Battery, Car Battery · Alsatian (Dog) =...

· Accumulator (automotive) = battery, car battery

· Alsatian (dog) = German shepherd

· Articulated lorry = tractor-trailer (truck), a "semi"

· Ass = donkey; U.S. ass = G.B. "arse," i.e. one's backside (in addition to normal "donkey")

· Athletics (an ... meet) = track and field

· Backlog = log-jam, pile-up (of business orders, for example). U.S. backlog = comfortable reserve of orders — difference between the two is in opposite interpretation or connotation of same basic situation.

· Bank holiday = holiday

· Bap = bun, hamburger bun, hamburger roll

· Mrs. Beeton = Fanny Farmer (standard cooking, household reference book)

· Bespoke = custom-tailored, tailor-made

· Big Dipper = roller coaster (at a "Fun-Fair" = "Amusement Park"

· Bilberry = blueberry

· "Bird" = "chick"

· Biro = Papermate (ball-point pen trade name which equals "generic" name)

· Biscuit = cookie (U.S. "biscuit" is a baked bread, "bap," "scone"

· Blancmange = vanilla pudding

· Block, block of flats = apartment building (U.S. term "block" [city block] unknown as such in British English, though usually understandable.

· "Bomb" (theater terminology) = a "hit," a great success. U.S. "bomb" = G.B. failure, critical disaster, i.e. the two are exact opposites in sentences like "The play was a bomb!"

· Boiler suit = overalls

· Bonnet (automotive) = hood (of a car...)

· Boot (automotive) = trunk (of a car...)

· Bottom drawer = hope chest

· Bowler (hat) = derby (special connotations & different pronunc.)

· Braces = suspenders; U.S. suspenders = G.B. garters, stocking fasteners

· Brambleberry = blackberry

· Bottom of the street = end of the street

· Box (TV) = Tube (both slang, colloquial terms)

· Bull = "mickey mouse" (unnecessary military drill); U.S. bull = G.B. cock

· Bum = ass, rectum; U.S. bum = G.B. tramp, derelict

· Bun in the oven = pregnant, eating for two

· Call box = (tele)phone booth

· Camp bed = cot; U.S. cot = G.B. baby bed

· Car park = parking lot

· Caretaker (for a building) = janitor (not same as "vahtimestari")

· Carriage (railway) = railroad car, subway car

· Carrier bag = shopping bag

· Caucus = permanent group in a political party; U.S. caucus = G.B. ad hoc planning meeting of a group in a political party

· Central reservation = median strip (between halves of a divided highway)

· Charge sheet = police record

· Chemist (drugstore) = druggist

· Chips = french fries; U.S. chips often = dried buffalo, cow dung (other cases, i.e. poker chips, wood chips, the same)

· Chucker-out = bouncer (doorman or "enforcer" in a bar/restaurant

· "In the City" = "on Wall Street" (in main financial district)

· City editor = financial editor; U.S. city editor = G.B. "community news editor"

· Cloakroom = toilet; U.S. cloakroom = clothes closet, garment storage area

· Coach = intercity bus

· Combinations = union suit (colloquial for long underwear)

· Comforter = scarf; U.S. comforter = heavy quilt, blanket

· Compére = Master of ceremonies, M.C. (of TV game show, etc.)

· Constable = (police) officer

· "To cop" = "to get" something unpleasant, i.e. "to cop a 15-pound fine." U.S. "to cop" = to plead guilty to a lesser charge in order to avoid prosecution & probable conviction on a more serious charge ("to cop a plea" = "plea-bargaining")

· Corn = all grain crops; U.S. corn = G.B. "maize" only.

· Costermonger = pushcart seller

· (Sent to) Coventry = ostracized

· Crisps = potato chips

· Cupboard = closet; U.S. closet = G.B. w.c., or toilet

· Davenport = antique folding writing desk; U.S. davenport = large sofa, often which folds out into a bed at night.

· Deposit account = savings account

· Dinner jacket = tuxedo ("black tie" formal dress)

· Dormitory = bedroom; U.S. dormitory = G.B. residence hall

· Dresser = kitchen sideboard; U.S. dresser = bedroom drawers, vanity

· "Duck" = "goose egg" (a zero on the scoreboard of a sports match)

· Dumb = mute; U.S. dumb usually means "stupid" rather than "mute," which is a secondary meaning in U.S. usage.

· Dustbin = garbage can, ashcan (exterior waste-disposal unit)

· Dynamo (automotive) = generator (within automobile engine)

· Earth wire = ground wire (in electricity, electronics)

· Elastic band = rubber band

· To Enjoin = to compel, to legally force; U.S. enjoin = to legally forbid — i.e. same term in same general contextual usage has precisely the opposite meaning

· Ex-serviceman = veteran; U.S. veteran = G.B. old ex-serviceman; (U.S. term has no special age connotation, only that the person have had prior military experience sometime)

· Fag = (a) cigarette; (b) public-school underclass "servant"; U.S. fag = low-slang term for male homosexual.

· Fanny = vagina (vulgar usage); U.S. fanny = light euphemism for "backside," either male or female.

· First floor = second floor, etc. (Britain walks in ground floor, goes up 1 set of stairs to first floor; U.S. ground floor and first floor are the same.

· Fish slice = pancake turner, spatula (kitchen tool); U.S. spatula = G.B. tongue depressor (medical instrument)

· Fitted carpet = wall-to-wall carpeting

· Flan = pie, fruit pie

· Flannel = washcloth; U.S. flannel = heavy warm cotton fabric; "flannels" would be long underwear made from such heavy warm fabric.

· Flat = apartment; U.S. flat = tenement flat = poor-standard slum apartment.

· Flick knife = switch-blade knife, a switchblade

· Flyover = overpass (as in a bridge over a road); U.S. flyover = airplane passing over a certain place, as in military parade "flyovers"; verb is "to overfly."

· Form (school) = grade [i.e. first form = first grade in school]

· Garden = yard; U.S. garden = vegetable garden, fljower garden, i.e. area of special cultivation. U.S. yard = G.B. paved area (lorry yards)

· Goods (car, train) = freight; U.S. goods = supplies, commercial stock

· Grind = sexual intercourse; U.S. grind = slang for "hard (routine) work."

· Haberdasher = notions seller; U.S. haberdasher = men's clothing seller

· To Hack = to (deliberately) kick; U.S. to hack = to chop, cut viciously.

· High street = Main street

· To Hire = to rent (in most cases); U.S. to hire = to employ Hire-purchase = (the "never-never") = installment plan

· Hoarding = billboard (large advertising sign alongside road)

· Hold up = traffic jam; U.S. holdup = robbery at gunpoint.

· Homely = home-loving, domestic, pleasant; U.S. homely = plain- looking (female), therefore often "left" at home.

· To Hoover = to vacuum (carpets, etc.) "Hoover" in the U.S. is a brand name only, never used as a verb.

· Inland = internal, domestic (Inland Revenue = Internal Revenue)

· Inverted commas = quotation marks (GB = 'xx'; USA = "xx")

· Inquiry agent = private detective

· Jelly = Jello (deriving from brand name Jell-O, gelatin dessert)

· "On the job" = having sexual intercourse; U.s. "on the job" = while working, learning, i.e. "on the job training."

· Joint = pot roast; U.S. "joint" = marijuana cigarette

· Juggernaut lorry = a very large truck, an overlong truck, a "double semi" truck

· Jumble sale = rummage sale

· Jumper = light pullover (sweater); U.S. jumper = type of knee- length woman's dress worn over blouse or sweater

· Kirby grips = bobby pins (to fasten long hair ...)

· A Knock-up = (tennis) to warm up, to volley a few, to practice-volley

· To Knock up = to awaken, call early in the morning; U.S. "to knock up" is colloquial for "to impregnate"

· Lacquer = hairspray; U.S. lacquer = wood varnish, shellac (high-gloss), i.e. protective decorative wood coating

· Ladder = (in women's stockings" = a runner, a run

· Lay-by = (beside a road) = a pull-off, a rest area.

· Left-luggage office = check room, baggage check (room)

· Level crossing = railroad crossing.

· Lift = elevator

· Lip balm = chapstick

· Logic-chopping = splitting hairs, hair-splitting

· Long jump (in athletics) = broad jump (in track and field)

· Lorry = truck

· Loud-hailer = bullhorn, amplified megaphone

· Lucky dip = grab bag (children's party game or activity ...)

· Lumber room = spare room, storage room (in a home)

· Mackintosh = raincoat, overcoat, trenchcoat

· Mains = ordinary built-in home electrical network (no special word as equivalent in U.S.)

· Market garden = truck farm

· Marrow (vegetable) = squash, gourd

· Mason = stoneworker; U.S. mason can be stone- or brickworker

· Marriage lines = marriage certificate

· Mean = stingy, tight with money; U.S. "mean" normally means nasty, spiteful, ill-meaning in action toward another

· Mess kit = formal military dress for ceremonial dining; U.S. mess kit = army or boy scout utensils for cooking or eating a meal on the trail.

· Minced meat = hamburger meat, ground beef; U.S. mincemeat = sweet, spicy ground meat/fruit/nut combination used for making pies, especially around Thanksgiving/Christmas

· Mineral water = any carbonated soft drink; U.S. mineral water = bottled natural water (containing normal minerals) from spring or health spa, Perrier water, etc.

· Mistress = teacher in girls' school; U.S. mistress = lover (extramarital)

· Mob = gang, group (neutral); U.S. mob = angry crowd; "the mob" = Mafia

· Motorist, motoring = driver, driving

· Music Hall = vaudeville (generic entertainment type/place name)

· Nappy = diaper (for infants not toilet-trained)

· A Neat drink = a straight drink, i.e. "give me a straight whiskey" = whiskey without water or other additives

· Nervy = nervous, jumpy; U.S. nervy = bold, impertinent, i.e. nearly the opposite of the British usage

· Night club = private membership club; U.S. nightclubs are public (commercial) entertainment places

· Number plate = license plate (on automobiles)

· Off-license = liquor store

· Old boy (girl) = alumni, alumnus, alumna [of a school]

· Pantechnicon = moving van

· Panda car = police patrol car, police cruiser

· Patience (card game) = Solitaire

· Pecker (keep your pecker up) = keep your chin up; U.S. pecker = penis

· Pram (peramulator) = baby carriage, baby buggy, stroller, walker

· Petrol = gasoline, gas (to go in automobiles, airplane, etc.)

· Pie = meat pie; U.S. pie is always a fruit or fruit-derived pie, unless "a meat pie" is specifically indicated

· Pillar-box = mailbox, post office box, letter box, letter drop

· Pissed (he was really...) = drunk; U.S. "pissed = angry, upset

· Pitch (soccer) = field (football) [GB "football" = US "soccer"]

· Plimsolls = sneakers, tennis shoes, gym shoes

· Point = electric outlet, railroad switch (depending on context)

· Polka dots = chocolate chips (food product for baking)

· Prawn = shrimp

· Prom, prom concert = music concerts where most of the audience is standing; U.S. prom = dance, semi-formal, especially at end of year in high schools, colleges

· Rates = local, municipal property taxes

· Redundant = laid off (from a job); U.S. redundant = superfluous (no connotation of connection with jobs at all)

· Return ticket = round-trip ticket

· Ringway = circular road (around a city), bypass

· Rise = raise in salary

· To Roger = to "screw," have sex with; to exploit, take advantage of, to use

· Roll neck (pullover) = turtleneck (sweater).

· Roundabout = traffic circle

· Rubber = eraser; U.S. rubber = condom, prophylactic device

· Saloon = "sedan" car (automobile); US saloon = western-style bar

· Saloon bar = one section of an English pub

· Sanitary towel = sanitary napkin, feminine hygienic item

· A good screw = a good salary; U.S. "good screw" equals good "fuck" or good sexual experience

· To Screw = to cajole, persuade, extract money from; U.S. "to screw" = to have sex with, fornicate

· Season ticket = commuter (train, bus) weekly or monthly ticket; U.S. season ticket is admission ticket to all home games in one season of a particular sports team

· To Second to = to temporarily loan staff to another job or unit

· Sellotape = Scotch tape (both brand names now used as "generics"

· "Semi" = duplex, duplex house; U.S. "semi" = tractor-trailer truck rig

· Seminary = Roman Catholic seminary only; U.S. Seminary can be ANY religion, i.e. Lutheran, Methodist seminaries

· Sherbet = powdered, fruit-flavored candy; U.S. sherbet = G.B. sorbet (pronounced "soorbay")

· Shorthand-typist = stenographer

· To shy = to throw something (he shied a rock at the stray dog...)

· Sideboards = sideburns (in a hairstyle)

· Single = one-way ticket; U.S. "single" in context would mean "only one" as opposed to "several" tickets

· To Snog = to neck (i.e. kissing, hugging, etc., esp teenagers)

· Spinster = any unmarried woman; U.S. spinster is always OLD unmarried woman

· Standard lamp = floor lamp (as opposed to table or wall lamp)

· S.T.D. (subscriber trunk dialling) = direct distance dialling [on the telephone, as opposed to dialling through operator]

· Steps = ladder; U.S. "steps" always would mean staircase, built- in stairway or staircase

· To stream (pupils in a school) = to track (streaming = tracking)

· Stroke (punctuation) = diagonal, slash

· To Stuff = to fornicate, have sex with; U.S. "I'm stuffed..." = to be comfortably, pleasantly full of food, satiated

· Sub-editor = copy reader or rewrite person, in journalism

· Subs = dues, as in union dues, etc.

· Subway = underground walking passage, underpass, pedestrian tunnel; U.S. subway = G.B. "underground," i.e. underground railway system for public transportation

· Superannuation scheme = retirement pension plan

· Supply teacher = substitute teacher

· Supertax = surtax

· Surgery = a doctor's office, office hours, reception time; U.S. "surgery" refers to "surgeon" operating on a patient

· Suspenders = garters, for socks or stockings only; U.S. suspenders = G.B. braces, for holding up trousers

· Sweet = dessert, or piece of candy

· Sweetshop = candy store

· To Table (parliamentary procedure, conference terminology) = to put on agenda for immediate handling; U.S. "to table" = to put aside [indefinitely], to delay further handling

· Tannoy = public address (p.a.) amplification system

· Teat = baby bottle nipple; US teat = GB nipple = breast nipple

· Terrace house = row house, garden apartment, town house

· Are you Through? (telephone) = are you connected; U.S. "are you through"? = are you finished, completed, with your call

· To tick = to check, place check mark beside

· Tights = hose, panty hoseh, nylons, nylon stockings; U.S. tights = leotards, skin-tight exercise suit, knit stocking pants

· Tinkle = telephone call [give me a tinkle sometime]; U.S. "tinkle" = children's talk for "to urinate"

· Tip = garbage dump; U.S. tip = hint, advice, clue

· Torch = flashlight; U.S. torch = burning, flaming light or weapon

· Touchline = sideline (in sports, such as on soccer pitch, etc.)

· Tower block = high-rise apartment building

· Trade union = labor union (but usually organized by "trades" in England, by "industry" in the U.S. — US "Auto Workers' Union" would be represented by different "trades" in GB)

· Tram = streetcar, trolley car

· Transport cafe = truck stop (roadside cafeteria, restaurant, popular with truck [lorry] drivers

· Traveller = travelling salesman

· Treacle = molasses

· Trousers = pants; U.S. pants = G.B. underwear shorts

· Trunk call = long-distance call (on a telephone)

· Turn it up (colloquial) = stop it, cut it out! U.S. "turn it up" = increase the volume

· Undercarrige = landing gear (aircraft)

· Underdone = rare (extent to which you wish your meat cooked)

· Underground= subway (cf "subway")

· Vest = undershirt; U.S. Vest = G.B. waistcoat

· Windscreen (automotive) = windshield

· Wing (automotive) = fender, bumper (pre-70s designs...)

· White spirit = turpentine, paint thinner; U.S. "white lightning" (spirits) = potent home-distilled backwoods alcohol!

· Wholemeal = whole-wheat (bread, flour, etc.)

· Yankee/Yank = any American in general, U.S. Yankee = Northeast erner ONLY, i.e. specific regional, historical definition

· Zebra crossing = crosswalk, pedestrian crossing (Ped Xing)

· "Zed" = "Zee" (pronunciation of last letter in alphabet)

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Лекції № 7, 8. План лекцій. 7. Ларина Т.В. Англичане и русские: Язык, культура, коммуникация. – М.: Языки славянских культур, 2013. – 360 с

Language amp Communication... План лекцій... Common mistakes in English Differences between the American and the British English...

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Common mistakes in English.
Here are just a few examples of common mistakes made by students of English as a foreign language in the UK: One and a half. - Wrong: "I've been in Scotland for o

Differences between the American and the British English.
While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American English and British English are the two varieties that are taught in most ESL/EFL programs. Generally, it is agreed that no one ve

Vocabulary.
Probably the major differences between British and American English lies in the choice of vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties for example: Mean: (American Eng

American to British.
· Bathroom = toilet, w.c. (G.B. bathroom will have bath, washbasin or shower only) · Billboard = hoarding · Biscuit = scone; G.B. biscuit = U.S. cookie · Billy club = tru

British) English Translated For Americans.
· ACCOMMODATION in the sense of lodging is singular in English and plural in American English · ADMIRALTY in Britain is the Navy Department in the U.S. · AGRICULTURAL SHOW is a St

British English VS American English
British English American English anti-clockwise counter-clockwise articulated lorry

Mind your pleases and thank yous (Mind your Ps and Qs).
Requests in Great Britain: 1. Help. 2. Help me, please. 3. Can you help me? 4. Could you help me? 5. Could you possibly help me?

Research Paper: How to Write a Bibliography.
A bibliography is a list of the sources you used to get information for your report. It is included at the end of your report, on the last page (or last few pages). You will find it easier to prepa

General Guide to Formatting a Bibliography.
For a book: Author (last name first).Title of the book. City: Publisher, Date of publication. EXAMPLE: Dahl, Roald.Th

The USA: the travel guide.
  The United States of America is a large country in North America, often referred to as the "USA," the &quo

Cities.
The United States has over 10,000 cities, towns, and villages. The following is a list of nine of the most notable. Other cities can be found in their corresponding regions.

Arriving in the United States.
Before arrival, if you are not a Canadian or Bermudian, you will receive either a white I-94 (if entering with a visa) or green I-94W (if entering on a visa waiver) form to complete. Most persons a

At customs.
A customs form is handed out to all travelers; however, only one form per family is required to be filled out. Normally, the head of the family is responsible for ensuring the declaration is accura

After customs.
All inbound citizens, nationals, and visitors must pass through immigration and customs at their first point of entry, regardless of whether they have connections to other destinations inside the U

Driving laws.
As with the rest of North America, Americans drive on the right in left-hand drive vehicles and pass on the left. White lines separate traffic moving in the same direction and yellow lines separate

Historical attractions.
Washington, D.C., as the nation's capital, has more monuments and statuary than you could see in a day, but do be sure to visit the Washington Monument (the world's tallest obelisk

Museums and galleries.
In the U.S., there's a museum for practically everything. From toys to priceless artifacts, from entertainment legends to dinosaur bones—nearly every city in the country has a museum worth v

Places for shopping
Shopping malls and shopping centers. America is the birthplace of the modern enclosed "shopping mall" as well as the open-air "shopping center"

Types of restaurants.
Fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Subway and Burger King are ubiquitous. But the variety of this type of restaurant in the U.S. is astounding: pizza, Chinese and Mexican fo

Types of Service.
Many restaurants aren't open for breakfast. Those that do (mostly fast-food and diners), serve eggs, toast, pancakes, cereals, coffee, etc. Most restaurants stop serving breakfast

Types of food.
While many types of food are unchanged throughout the United States, there are a few distinct regional varieties of food. The most notable is in the South, where traditional local fare includes gri

Etiquette.
It is usually inappropriate to join a table already occupied by other diners, even if it has unused seats; Americans prefer this degree of privacy when they eat. Exceptions are cafeteria-style eate

Nightlife.
Nightclubs in America run the usual gamut of various music scenes, from discos with top-40 dance tunes to obscure clubs serving tiny slices of obscure musical genres. Country music dance clubs, or

Emergency Services
During any emergency, dialing 911 (pronounced "nine-one-one") on any telephone will connect you to a dispatcher for the emergency services in the area (police, fire, ambu

Disease.
Being a highly industrialized nation, the United States is largely free from most serious communicable diseases found in many developing nations; however, the HIV rate is higher th

Health care
The American health care system is world-class in quality, but can be very expensive. Americans generally use private health insurance, paid either by their employer or out of their own pocket; som

Restrooms/toilets.
On average, most American public restrooms/bathrooms/lavatories are not as clean or pleasant as equivalent public toilets found in Western Europe or Japan. Some may be pristine, such as in upscale

Respect
§ Americans generally find foreign culture and language fascinating and you will likely be bombarded with questions that you may find silly or inane about your home. Questions such as these are nea

United Kingdom
Referring to nationality. Don't describe citizens of the United Kingdom as "English". The Welsh, Scottish and Northern Irish do not identify themselves as bein

Cities.
Many cities and towns in the United Kingdom are of interest to travellers. Following is an alphabetical selection of nine - others are listed under their specific regions:

Common Travel Area.
If you enter the United Kingdom through Ireland, you will pass through passport control at your port of entry into Ireland, but you are not required to clear UK passport control. H

Customs and goods.
The UK has relatively strict laws controlling which goods can and cannot be brought into the country. Selective customs checks are run by the UK Border Agency at arrival ports. Par

Cities.
London – Samuel Johnson once wrote a man who is tired of London is tired of life. This is still true as London is home a wide range of attractions, Art at such galleries, such as the National Galle

Landmarks.
§ Edinburgh Castle, Edinburgh, is a magnificently situated royal fortress located on one of the highest points in the city. The castle has been continuously in use for 1000 years a

Cigarettes and tobacco.
Cigarettes are heavily taxed ranging to over £7 for 20 cigarettes. 50-gram pouches of rolling tobacco are around £12. Imported brands such as Marlboro, Camel or Lucky Strike are general

Shopping.
Although shopping in the UK can be expensive, it is generally regarded as a world-class destination for shoppers both in terms of variety and quality of products, depending on where and what you bu

Fish and chips.
Deep-fried, battered fish (usually cod or haddock, though with a wider selection in some areas) with rather thick chips, always made from real chunks of potato rather than thin tubes of extruded ma

Take-aways.
A 'take-away' is either a shop supplying prepared meals for people to eat elsewhere, or the meal itself. A very British take-away is the Fish and Chip shop; the sandwich shop is a popular choice at

Food in pubs.
See below for general points about pubs. Pubs are typically places where you can sample British cuisine. There are no such things as a British restaurant per se, so these will be your next b

Restaurants.
Larger towns have a range of restaurants to suit most tastes and you will find a very broad range of cuisines, including Indian, Chinese, Thai, French and Italian. Waiters generally expect a 10% ti

Vegetarian/vegan.
Vegetarianism has become more widespread in the UK over the last few decades. If you are staying as a guest in a British home it would be considered courteous to inform your host beforehand as to a

Children.
Children are not necessarily allowed in all pubs and restaurants unless a lounge area is provided, and high chairs are not always available. British pubs and restaurants are subject to complex lice

Regional specialities.
§ Black Pudding - a sausage made of congealed pig's blood or, in the Western Isles of Scotland, sheep's blood, rusks and sage or spices, cooked in an intestine. Available all over

Clubbing.
Clubbing is popular in most large towns and cities, and many have world-renowned venues as well as many alternative venues. Great clubs can be found in London, Glasgow, Birmingham,

Non alcoholic.
The British drink a lot of tea, the main type of tea drunk is black tea, usually served with either milk and/or sugar. The UK offers a wide variety of hotels rated on a sc

Police.
On the whole, British police officers tend to be professional and polite, and are generally less aggressive than law enforcement agencies in other developed nations (however, this does not mean the

Respect.
It's acceptable to address someone by their first name in most social situations. First names are sometimes avoided among strangers to avoid seeming overly familiar. In very formal or business situ

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