NATO and a Liberal Economic Order - раздел Образование, ПОСОБИЕ ПО ПОЛИТПЕРЕВОДУ 1. Nato Was Created In 1949 During The First Intense Confrontation Of The Col...
1. NATO was created in 1949 during the first intense confrontation of the Cold War in the context of a worsening of relations between the Soviet Union and Western Europe. Western countries were particularly antagonistic to the Soviet Union consolidating its control of the areas of Eastern Europe which the Soviet Army had occupied at the end of the war. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed between a group of West European states (Britain, France, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium) and the USA and Canada.
2. The core of NATO is a collective defence regime outlined in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty: 'The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all' and that they will take 'such action as they deem necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area.' The Treaty also provides for the Parties to 'separately and jointly' to 'maintain and develop their individual and collective capacity to resist armed attack' (Article 3). Furthermore, the Treaty commits the Parties to seek peaceful solutions to international conflicts (Article 1) and to promote co-operation on economic matters between the Parties (Article 2).
3. As such, NATO became the dominant security organization for Western states. The UN Security Council represented a substantial concession to great power politics through the veto powers accorded to the permanent five and it was paralysed by Cold War rivalries, when both the USA and USSR made recurrent use of the veto until the 1990s. However, among Western states, NATO represented a remarkable development. Here, among some of the most powerful states in the world, extensive co-operation was developed on the core issue of security, including joint planning in the military field which penetrated deep into these states' core purposes. Furthermore, the period after the Second World War saw the elimination of armed conflict between Western powers in sharp contrast to the repeated wars of the previous 150 years and more.
4. Under NATO's security umbrella, extensive forms of economic and political co-operation prospered. Post-war recovery saw the economies of Western Europe (and Japan) rapidly catching up with the USA, at least until the 1970s, and the Atlantic powers appeared to consider their collective position vis-а-vis the Soviet Union as far more important than the relative position of each within the alliance. However, at no stage was US military preponderance within NATO ever in doubt. In fact, the continuing imbalance in military power within NATO, even as the two sides of the Atlantic became more equal economically, was and remains a major source of tension.
5. With the end of the Cold War, the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the reunification of Germany, many concluded that NATO's original purpose had largely evaporated. NATO began a process of enlargement to include states that had formerly fallen under Soviet control in Eastern Europe, while the EU also began accession talks with many of the same countries. At the same time, the EU began to develop a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) (Общая внешняя политика и политика безопасности). On the European side, membership of NATO and the EU increasingly overlapped. This posed the question of the division of labour between NATO and the CFSP of the EU, in turn raising the question of the definition and purpose of NATO.
6. Established in order to commit US military power to preventing the reemergence of a hegemonic power in Europe, from an American point of view NATO was a military alliance with a clear rationale. Enlargement ran the danger of turning it into a strategically neutral organization for collective defence, with no defined mission. Increasingly, the USA bypasses NATO for its 'out of area' operations, preferring ad hoc arrangements with those of its members (as well as other non-NATO states such as Australia) that join a 'coalition of the willing'. Underlying all this uncertainty has been the fact that the already marked imbalance between European and US military capabilities widened after the end of the Cold War. Not surprisingly, some in Washington began to ask whether the USA needed NATO.
Все темы данного раздела:
ТЕОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА
Прочитайте текст сообщения на русском языке и выделите в нем главное понятие, выраженное словом или словосочетанием. Сравните текст сообщения на р
Использование артикля в сочетании названия должности и имени
Обратите внимание, что в английском языке в тех случаях, когда имя собственное стоит перед должностью, определенный артикль может использоваться факультативно: Jorge Sampaio, (th
Упр. 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.
Краткий рабочий визит; прибыть с официальным визитом; нанести ответный визит; предстоящий визит; визит на высшем уровне; перенести визит на более поздний срок; специальный посланник
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упр.1. Работа со словарем. Выясните значение новых слов в словаре и переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
o a foreign ministry official;
Central Asia Tightens Cooperation
ASTANA (AP) – A summit meeting between China, Russia and three Central Asian states ended in the Kazakh capital Astana. The delegations have pledged to boost economic ties, implemen
Chinese Delegation Arrives in Moscow
BEIJING (AP) - A Chinese government delegation led by the Chinese leader arrived in Moscow yesterday on an official two-day visit. The talks are expected to focus on the urgent problems of internat
Major Push for India-US Relations
WASHINGTON (CNN) - The Indian Prime Minister and other top-level government officials are on a four-day state visit to the United States. The Indian leader will hold talks with the US President lat
Crisis EU Talks
BRUSSELS (Reuters) – The British Prime Minister arrived in Brussels for an emergency EU summit today on a final leg of a 9000-mile diplomatic mission that has taken him to four coun
British and Italian Leaders Hold Talks in Rome
The Prime Minister of Britain has held talks with his Italian counterpart in Rome. The two men had a "working dinner" and discussed European economic recovery. Dow
ПРЕЗИДЕНТ США ПРИБЫЛ В БРЮССЕЛЬ
(ИТАР-ТАСС) - Сегодня во второй половине дня президент США прибыл в Брюссель, где состоится встреча с главами государств и правительств стран ЕС (1). Бельгия - первая страна, котору
Закрепление и повторение пройденного материала
Упр. 1. Вставьте предлоги:
The British Prime Minister is visiting Jordan … Thursday … the new leg … his trip … the Middle East; to discuss the war … global
Top UN official to visit India, Nepal
A top United Nations official is heading to India next week, to discuss the country’s stalled peace process, it was announced today.
Under-Secretary-General for Political A
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упр.1. Выделите рему и переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, меняя порядок слов, если это необходимо:
1. The head of the Canadian Foreign Minis
ЛЕКСИКА УРОКА
ADJ.+NOUN
TALKS / NEGOTIATIONS
NOUN+NOUN
bilateral
PHRASES
a party to talks/negotiations talks on sth. during talks talks focus on sth.
Упр. 1. Переведите следующие
PHRASES
a signatory to a treaty the provisions/terms of a treaty obligations under a treaty
the treaty came / entered into force
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упр.1. Работа со словарем. Выясните значение новых слов в словаре и переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
Yemen tried to broker
UN officials set to take part in high-level meeting on challenges facing Yemen
UN (Reuters) - The United Nations political chief will head a delegation from the world body taking part in tomorrow’s international high-level meeting in London on the situation in Yemen, amid ris
U.N. hopes trade talks will restart before year end
UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) – The U.N. Secretary-General said on Wednesday he hoped the Doha round of global trade negotiations* can be restarted by the end of the yea
Time now for real, genuine Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, says UN chief
Lamenting the lack of progress in the Middle East peace process, the Secretary-General today stressed that it is important now, more than ever, for Israelis and Palestinians to enga
Генеральный секретарь ООН отправился на Ближний Восток
Сегодня Генеральный секретарь ООН из Москвы отправился на Ближний Восток. Он посетит с визитом Израиль, а также побывает на оккупированных палестинских территориях (1).
В с
Повторение и закрепление пройденного материала
Упр. 1. Выберите правильный вариант ответа:
1. Коммуникативный (смысловой) центр высказывания – это:
§ тема, под которой понимается предмет
Упр.3. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык письменно.
1. Королева с удовольствием принимает приглашение президента Ирландии посетить в этом году Ирландию с государственным визитом. Данное заявление Букингемского дворца ознаменовало нов
I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык письменно.
1. A draft resolution that Arab League foreign ministers have agreed upon calls on the international community not to impose sanctions against the new Palestinian government.
Различия в функциях подлежащего в английском и русском предложении
Функции подлежащего
субъект действия
об-во времени
об-во места
об-во причины
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упр. 1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:
1. In the 20 century we witnessed an increase in the number of independent states due to the brea
ЛЕКСИКА УРОКА
TENSION/S
ADJECTIVES
considerable
slight
growing
constant
international
PHRASES
a conflict over sth. bring sb. in/ into a conflict
parties to a conflict to be at the root of the conflict
Упр. 2. Пере
Упр. 3. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык, где возможно, подберите синонимы.
Применять силу; прибегать к насилию; насилие усилилось после катастрофы; межэтническое насилие в Косово; насилие порождает дальнейшее насилие; миссия помогла остановить насилие; рит
ПРАКТИКА ПЕРЕВОДА
Упр.1. Работа со словарем. Выясните значение новых слов в словаре и переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык:
o Western media portrayed the conflict as a Russia
Secretary-General condemns deadly rocket attack in southern Jordan
The UN Secretary-General has condemned this week’s rocket attack that killed one person in the southern Jordanian town of Aqaba[3] and urged countries in the region to work together
UN calls for restraint following violent clashes in Afghan capital
The United Nations mission in Afghanistan today expressed concern about violent clashes that erupted in the capital on Friday and called on all parties to cease hostilities and exer
Secretary-General urges more serious efforts by parties to end conflict in Darfur
The UN Secretary-General has again urged all parties to the conflict in Darfur to seriously pursue peace, citing ongoing violence, displacement and human rights violations in the re
Darfur violence kills 300 thousand
The UN Secretary-General today renewed his call for all parties to the conflict in Darfur to cease hostilities and participate in the ongoing efforts to bring about a peaceful, negotiated settlemen
Упр. 4. Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык.
Привлечь к ответственности / призвать к ответу виновных; ответный удар; потери среди мирного населения; боевик, член вооруженной группировки; способствовать ч-л.; вспыхнули столкновения / бои; прек
Упр. 5. Текст для устного последовательного перевода.
Лидеры ШОС озабочены напряженностью в регионе
Лидеры Шанхайской организации сотрудничества глубоко озабочены напряженностью вокруг вспыхнувшего
Упр. 1. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.
1. А political mission set up by the Security Council to assist the Government … laying the foundations … sustainable peace and development, also offered its good offices ... all pa
Упр. 2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу глаголы и существительные.
1. A draft resolution c… on the international community not to i … sanctions. 2. The United Nations calls on all parties to c … violence and to
I. Перефразируйте следующие словосочетания так, чтобы они образовывали атрибутивные сочетания
Пример: the Secretary General of the UN – the UN Secretary General
An attack by terrorists; a treaty of peace; a programme for peace; resolution of a conflict; ta
Упр. 1. Текст для перевода с листа.
Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык. Если необходимо, выясните значение новых слов в словаре. The war, which ended in a truce, not a peace treat
Упр. 2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу глаголы и существительные.
1. The Prime Minister won cabinet a … for the White House-backed peace plan to r … the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. 2. Since peace talks were laun
Упр.3. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
В данный момент на полуострове сохраняется острая напряженность, поскольку США И Южная Корея проводят совместные военные учения, которые Северная Корея осудила и считает прово
Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН)
I. Безличные формы глагола: Инфинитив
Инфинитив в функции подлежащего
To study politics is in essenc
Упр.1. Определите функцию инфинитива и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In any event, it is hardly as if Russia were the only nation to see the Arctic as a place to demonstrate its power.
2. The Administration insisted nuclear commerce to e
Упр.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения, обращая внимание на устойчивые выражения с инфинитивом.
Four months of preliminary talks failed to produce an agreement. But the conditions that triggered the crisis look set to linger. The peacekeepers sent to the
Упр.4. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
The EU foreign affairs chief is expected to visit Egypt to hold talks with Egyptian officials. The Salvadorian President is scheduled to meet with the Columbian Preside
Упр.5. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.
Планируется, что президент Гондураса нанесет визит в Сингапур. 2. Скорее всего, консерваторы в Германии потеряют большинство мест в парламенте.
С
Упр. 1. Переведите на русский язык.
We the Peoples: The Promise of the United Nations
1. “We the peoples of the United Nations,” begins the United Nations Charter. It goes on to list four principal aims for
The UN family
2. In 1945 the six principal organs of the UN were the General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Trusteeship Council,International Court of Justice, and the S
The main UN organs and their functions
The Security Council
o maintains international peace and security
the General Assembly
o the main deliber
The Security Council
5. The Security Council is the central organ of the entire UN system. It has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. To that effect, the SC w
The General Assembly
7. If the UNSC is where the UN usually reacts to the many conflicts around the globe, the General Assembly (GA) is the forum where each of the 193 member states can make its case he
ECOSOC and the three sisters
13. Under the UN's mandate, the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) "coordinates the economic and social work of the United Nations and the UN family of organizations" an
Final remark
15. With all its achievements and shortcomings, the UN remains an indispensable part of the global community of the early twenty-first century. If it suddenly disappeared millions o
Comprehension questions.
What does the UN seek to achieve in the area of international relations? 2. What entities does the UN “family” comprise and cooperate with?
Enumer
The main UN organs and their functions
The Security Council
o ..............................................................................................
Упр. 2. Дополните таблицу.
Organization’s
full name
English Abbreviation
Russian Equivalent
Russian Abbreviation
The United Nations
Упр. 3. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу слова.
1. First, the UN was to s…peace and security in order to “to s … succeeding generations from the scourge of war.” Second, it was “
Функции герундия
Обстоятельство времени
in
on (upon)
after
before
when
Упр.1. Определите функцию герундия в каждом из предложений и переведите предложения на русский язык.
By operating as small cells, terrorists can increase their security and make it more difficult for law enforcement and intelligence agencies to identify them.
Упр. 2. Переведите следующие предложения, содержащие герундиальный оборот на русский язык.
Apart from this being extremely foolhardy and dangerous the man has also committed a criminal act. The Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales has warned that
Лексические соответствия
Те или иные слова и выражения могут выступать в качестве устойчивых переводных единиц, т.е. регулярно заменять друг друга при переводе. Такие устойчивые единицы называются соответст
Упр.1. Обратите внимание на множественность значений следующих слов и переведите предложения на русский.
A.
power –
1. the ability to control people and events [U];
2. a country that has control
Упр.2. Переведите на русский язык следующие обороты речи, используя приемы калькирования или описания.
A rogue state; the axis of evil; a kitchen cabinet; bipartisan solutions; a lame duck; the lame duck session of Congress; smoke-filled rooms; a hung parliament; the "vertical&q
Comprehension questions
What was the rationale behind the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty? What are the rights and responsibilities of the Parties to the Treaty under the Articles concerned with securi
Упр.4. Переведите на английский язык.
Напряженная конфронтация (1); в контексте ухудшения отношений (ухудшающихся отношений) (1); враждебный по отношению к к-л. (1); усиление контроля (1); по отдельности или совместно (
Упр. 5. Текст для устного последовательного перевода.
Rethinking NATO's force transformation
Ever since the first Gulf War, the United States has sought to transform NATO's military forces into high-technology conventional forces. At
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