Объясните связь фразеологии со страноведением

Объясните связь фразеологии со страноведением. Перечислите методы изучения фразеологических единиц. 10. Приведите примеры фразеологических сочетаний, являющихся эквивалентами служебных слов и вводных модельных выражений. 11. Переведите lame duck 12. Переведите a dead heat 13. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to room smth out 14. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы играть первую скрипку Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 4 15. Поясните, чем отличаются фразеологические сращения от фразеологических единств по классификации В. В. Виноградова. Приведите примеры. 16. Поясните, в чем состоит метод фразеологического описания при изучении фразеологии.

Приведите примеры его использования. 17. Поясните разницу между слитным сочетанием и семантическим блоком.

Приведите примеры. 18. Переведите high school 19. Переведите keep a stiff upper lip 20. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы ones hair stands on end 21. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы куда ветер дует Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 5 22. Поясните, как понимают термин phrasйologie phraseology западноевропейские и американские лингвисты.

Приведите примеры. 23. Поясните, что понимает С. Г. Гаврин под компликативами.

Приведите примеры. 24. Перечислите типы словосочетаний.

Приведите примеры. 25. Переведите new broom 26. Переведите get the wind up 27. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы red as a lobster 28. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы ждать у моря погоды Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 6 29. Поясните, в чем состоял вклад Н. М. Шанского в развитие отечественной фразеологии. 30. Приведите примеры фразеологических антонимов. 31. Перечислите фразеологизмы по характеру связи предметного значения фразеологизма с предметным значением его ведущего компонента. 32. Переведите to draw the long bow 33. Переведите look a gift horse in the mouth 34. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to hurl thunderbolts 35. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы стреляный воробей Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 7 36. Объясните связь фразеологии с лексикологией. 37. Поясните понятие фразеосемантическая группа. Приведите примеры. 38. Поясните понятия монономинанты и полиноминанты. Приведите примеры. 39. Переведите a house of cards 40. Переведите once in a blue moon 41. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to see stars 42. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы как черт от ладана Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 8 43. Укажите предмет изучения фразеологии, перечислите ее методы исследования. 44. Перечислите принципы, положенные в основу компликативного метода исследования фразеологии. 45. Дайте определение немотивированным фразеологизмам. Приведите примеры. 46. Переведите to see through a bricl wall 47. Переведите go in at one ear and out of the other 48. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to call a spade a spade 49. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы вот где собака зарыта Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 9 50. Дайте определение науки фразеологии. 51. Охарактеризуйте вариационный метод в методологии изучения ФЕ. 52. Поясните, что понимается под ведущим компонентом во фразеологизме.

Приведите примеры. 53. Переведите white crow 54. Переведите back the wrong horse 55. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to cover up ones traces 56. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы убить двух зайцев Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 10 57. Объясните связь фразеологии со стилистикой. 58. Поясните, что понимается во фразеологии под фразеоматизмами.

Приведите примеры. 59. Дайте определение фразеологизмам с расщепленным ведущим компонентом. Приведите примеры. 60. Переведите to be under the weather 61. Переведите see the world through rosy spectacles 62. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы a drop in the ocean 63. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы играть с огнем Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 11 64. Поясните, в чем состоял вклад Б. А. Ларина в развитие отечественной фразеологии. 65. Перечислите три раздела фразеологии.

Охарактеризуйте их. 66. Поясните, в чем состоит стилистическая классификация ФЕ. 67. Переведите to go with the current 68. Переведите knock smb down with a feather 69. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to avoid someone something like the plague 70. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы голодный как волк Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 12 71. Поясните, что имеют в виду, когда говорят об интернациональных фразеологизмах.

Приведите примеры. 72. Поясните, в чем состоит структурно-типологический метод фразеологической идентификации. Укажите рамки его применения. 73. Поясните, в чем состоит этимологическая классификация ФЕ. 74. Переведите to lick one s wounds 75. Переведите wet to the skin 76. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to keep mum 77. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы как на иголках Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 13 78. Поясните, чем отличаются фразеологические единства от фразеологических сочетаний по классификации В. В. Виноградова. Приведите примеры. 79. Перечислите процедуры, которыми оперирует метод фразеологического описания при изучении фразеологии. 80. Поясните, в чем состоит фразеологическая классификация ФЕ. 81. Переведите to bear out 82. Переведите between two fires 83. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to be in the air 84. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы как сельдей в бочке Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 14 85. Поясните, чем отличаются свободные словосочетания от привычных сочетаний по классификации Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 86. Поясните разницу между собственно фразеологизмом и унтатой.

Приведите примеры. 87. Поясните, как различаются переменные и устойчивые словосочетания, одинаковые по графическому составу.

Приведите примеры. 88. Переведите a skeleton in the cupboard 89. Переведите rain cats and dogs 90. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы thin as a rake 91. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы обещать золотые горы Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 15 92. Объясните связь фразеологии с логикой. 93. Поясните, как определяется характер внутренней формы фразеологизма. 94. Поясните понятие полиноминантности. Приведите примеры. 95. Переведите to give up 96. Переведите to burn one s boats 97. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to put a line out 98. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы быть на седьмом небе Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 16 99. Поясните, что понимают под языковым антропоморфизмом.

Приведите примеры. 100. Поясните понятия фразеомикрополе, фразеомакрополе, иерархичность фразеологической системы. Приведите примеры. 101. Перечислите известные классификации фразеологических единиц. 102. Переведите yellow press 103. Переведите make a mountain out of a molehill 104. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы hungry as a hunter 105. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы поджать хвост Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 17 106. Перечислите 4 группы словосочетаний, выделенных Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 107. Перечислите элементарные лексико-эвфонические выразительные средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 108. Поясните, в чем состоит сложность перевода фразеологических единиц. 109. Переведите to sit on thorns 110. Переведите know which way the wind blows 111. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to be busy as a bee 112. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы испить чашу до дна Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 18 113. Поясните, в чем состоял вклад С. Г. Гаврина в развитие отечественной фразеологии. 114. Поясните, в чем состоит структурно-типологический метод фразеологического анализа. Укажите рамки его применения. 115. Поясните понятие семантическая смещенность словосочетания. Приведите примеры. 116. Переведите to play ducks and drakes with one s money 117. Переведите paint the town red 118. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to live a cat and dog life 119. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы излить душу Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 19 120. Поясните, в чем состоял вклад Е. Д. Поливанова в развитие отечественной фразеологии. 121. Перечислите элементарные эвфонические выразительные средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 122. Дайте определение мотивированным фразеологизмам.

Приведите примеры. 123. Переведите to bury one s head in the sand 124. Переведите have too many irons in the fire 125. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to sit on a power keg 126. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы худой как спичка Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 20 127. Поясните, чем отличаются свободные словосочетания от фразеологических единств по классификации Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 128. Перечислите системы связи в сфере фразеологии.

Приведите примеры. 129. Поясните, какое словосочетание считается устойчивым.

Приведите примеры. 130. Переведите broken reed 131. Переведите sow dissension 132. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to kill two birds with one stone 133. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы искать иголку в стоге сена Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 21 134. Поясните, чем отличаются фразеологические ряды от фразеологических единств по классификации Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 135. Перечислите процедуры, которые используются применяются при методе фразеологической идентификации. 136. Поясните понятие номинативная неактивность. Приведите примеры. 137. Переведите palm grease 138. Переведите a pill to cure an earthquake 139. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to bare ones heart 140. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы лить как из ведра Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 22 141. Объясните связь фразеологии с грамматикой. 142. Перечислите элементарные лексические выразительные средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 143. Приведите примеры субстантивных, глагольных, адъективных и адвербиальных фразеологических сочетаний. 144. Переведите to play gooseberry 145. Переведите pull smb s leg 146. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to go against the stream 147. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы камень на сердце Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 23 148. Поясните, чем отличаются фразеологические сращения от фразеологических сочетаний по классификации В. В. Виноградова. Приведите примеры. 149. Перечислите особенности вариационного метода изучения ФЕ. 150. Дайте определение фразеологической единицы. Приведите примеры. 151. Переведите a bolt from the bore 152. Переведите have a bee in one s bonnet 153. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to be in someones shoes 154. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы ходить вокруг да около Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 24 155. Поясните, что имеют в виду, когда говорят о национальных фразеологизмах. Приведите примеры. 156. Поясните, как отличить собственно фразеологизм от унтаты.

Приведите примеры. 157. Поясните понятие монономинантность фразеологизма. Приведите примеры. 158. Переведите stool pigeon 159. Переведите build castles in the air 160. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to swim like a store 161. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы белая ворона Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 25 162. Объясните связь фразеологии с историей языка. 163. Охарактеризуйте компликативный метод исследования фразеологии. 164. Поясните, в чем состоит структурная классификация ФЕ. 165. Переведите ship of the desert 166. Переведите have smth up one s sleeve 167. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to pull strings 168. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы выйти из себя Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 26 169. Объясните связь фразеологии с фонетикой. 170. Приведите примеры фразеологических синонимов. 171. Поясните, что понимается под оживлением обновлением фразеологизма.

Приведите примеры. 172. Переведите feature film 173. Переведите have one s tongue in one s cheek 174. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы packed like sardines 175. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы выйти из пеленок Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 27 176. Объясните связь фразеологии с философией. 177. Перечислите элементарные комбинированные эвфонические средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 178. Приведите примеры сочинительных и подчинительных фразеологических сочетаний. 179. Переведите lungs of London 180. Переведите a white elephant 181. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы rolling in money 182. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы как об стенку горох Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 28 183. Перечислите основные типы фразеологических единиц в русском языке, выделенные В. В. Виноградовым.

Приведите примеры. 184. Поясните, как осуществляется анализ коннотации фразеологизмов. 185. Поясните, в чем состоит классификация ФЕ по способу образования. 186. Переведите to read between the lines 187. Переведите flow of time 188. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to buy a pig in a poke 189. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы мерить на свой аршин Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 29 190. Поясните, чем отличаются свободные словосочетания от фразеологических рядов по классификации Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 191. Перечислите фазы анализа фразеологического значения.

Приведите примеры. 192. Поясните понятие фразообразующий фактор. Приведите примеры. 193. Переведите the cream of society 194. Переведите strike while iron is hot 195. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to tread on air 196. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы как ветром сдуло Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 30 197. Перечислите основные типы фразеологических единиц в русском языке, выделенные Н. Н. Амосовой.

Приведите примеры. 198. Поясните, в чем состоит структурно-типологический метод исследования фразеологии. 199. Дайте определение полумотированным фразеологизмам. Приведите примеры. 200. Переведите animated cartoons 201. Переведите catch at a straw 202. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to beat the air 203. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы крепкий орешек Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 31 204. Укажите предмет изучения фразеологии, перечислите ее методы исследования. 205. Перечислите фазы анализа фразеологического значения.

Приведите примеры. 206. Поясните разницу между слитным сочетанием и семантическим блоком.

Приведите примеры. 207. Переведите palm grease 208. Переведите pull smb s leg 209. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to cover up ones traces 210. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы ждать у моря погоды Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 32 211. Поясните, чем отличаются свободные словосочетания от фразеологических рядов по классификации Ш. Балли. Приведите примеры. 212. Перечислите три раздела фразеологии.

Охарактеризуйте их. 213. Поясните понятие полиноминантности. Приведите примеры. 214. Переведите to play ducks and drakes with one s money 215. Переведите make a mountain out of a molehill 216. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to go against the stream 217. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы лить как из ведра Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 33 218. Поясните, что имеют в виду, когда говорят об интернациональных фразеологизмах. Приведите примеры. 219. Перечислите элементарные лексические выразительные средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 220. Поясните, от чего зависит степень устойчивости компонентного состава словосочетаний.

Приведите примеры. 221. Переведите new broom 222. Переведите lend support to smb 223. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to bare ones heart 224. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы излить душу Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 34 225. Объясните связь фразеологии с лексикологией. 226. Поясните, что понимается во фразеологии под фразеоматизмами.

Приведите примеры. 227. Поясните, как различаются переменные и устойчивые словосочетания, одинаковые по графическому составу.

Приведите примеры. 228. Переведите lungs of London 229. Переведите have smth up one s sleeve 230. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to buy a pig in a poke 231. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы выйти из пеленок Зав. кафедрой Экзаменационный билет по предмету АНГЛ. ЯЗ. ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЯ Билет 35 232. Поясните, чем отличаются фразеологические сращения от фразеологических единств по классификации В. В. Виноградова. Приведите примеры. 233. Перечислите элементарные лексико-эвфонические выразительные средства.

Охарактеризуйте их. Приведите примеры. 234. Поясните, в чем состоит структурная классификация ФЕ. 235. Переведите animated cartoons 236. Переведите paint the town red 237. Переведите русский эквивалент идиомы to be busy as a bee 238. Переведите английский эквивалент идиомы плавать как топор Зав. кафедрой примерный перечень экзаменационных вопросов АНГЛ. ЯЗ. реферирование и Аннотирование The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, to give it its formal title, is a highly centralised and unitary state, and its main component, England, has been so for almost a thousand years, longer than any other European country.

As a political entity, however, Britain as the United Kingdom is loosely called is less than 300 years old, being the state which emerged from the union of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England in 1707. 1. Write out two examples of comparison contrast sentences and underline the markers of comparison contrast. 2. Write an expanded definition of Britain answering the question What kind of state is it? 3. Find the false statement and correct it. a England has been a unitary state longer than other European countries. b The United Kingdom appeared as a result of the union of England and Ireland in 1707. c The official name of Britain is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the state.

Free from the constraints of a written constitution it may make any laws it pleases.

It could even prolong its own life without consulting the electorate, if it chose to do so. Thus Parliament, rather than the will of the people, is clearly the real sovereign power in the state.

The only guarantee against parliamentary tyranny is the sense of tradition and reasonableness of its members. 1. Write a formal definition of Parliament. 2. Rewrite the formal definition you have written as a naming definition. 3. Fill in the gaps with suitable linking words. a the government machinery is frequently referred, to b Whitehall , Parliament is known c Westminster d it is housed in the palace of Westminster.

All British citizens including citizens of the Irish Republic resident in the UK may vote, provided they are aged eighteen or over, are registered, and are not disqualified by insanity, membership of the House of Lords or by being sentenced prisoners.

Voting is not compulsory, and a general election normally attracts about 75 per cent of the electorate, a decline in participation of about 8 per cent since 1945. The candidate in a constituency who gains most votes is returned as Member to the Commons.

In this first-past-the-post system, other candidates, even if they come close to the winner, will not get a seat in Parliament. 1. Write out two examples of condition and underline the markers of condition. 2. List the conditions of which British citizen can vote. 3. Find the false statement and correct it. a Members of the House of Lords cant take part in a general election. b Fewer people participate in general election nowadays then in the forties. c Two candidates who gain most votes become MPs. The legal system for England and Wales there are separate ones for Scotland and Northern Ireland does not have a criminal or civil code, but is founded upon two basic elements Acts of Parliament or statute law, and common law which is the outcome of past decisions and practices based upon custom and reason.

Common law has been slowly built up since Anglo-Saxon times one thousand years ago, while Parliament has been enacting statutes since the thirteenth century.

Generally speaking, almost all criminal law is now set out in Acts of Parliament, while the greater part of civil law still depends upon common law, the weight and guidance of previous similar decisions. 1. What sort of paragraph is it? a description b comparison c classification d definition. 2. Fill in the boxes with suitable words and expressions. 3. Write a formal definition of common law. A Crown Court is presided over by a judge, but the verdict is reached by a jury of twelve citizens, randomly selected from the local electoral rolls.

The judge must make sure that the trial is properly conducted, that the counsels barristers for the prosecution and defense comply with the rules regarding the evidence that they produce and the examination of witnesses, and that the jury are helped to reach their decision by the judges summary of the evidence in a way which indicates on which they must decide in order to reach a verdict.

Underlying the whole process lies the assumption that the person charged with an offence is presumed to be innocent unless the prosecution can prove guilt beyond all reasonable doubt . 1. Write a formal definition of a judge and a naming definition of a jury. 2. Write in suitable words. 3. Read these notes taken while reading the paragraph.

Find the false statement and correct it. a A Crown Court is presided over by a judge who makes sure that the trial is properly conducted. b A jury is composed of twelve barristers, solicitors and senior judges. c Underlying the British trial lies an assumption that the person charged with an offence is presumed to be innocent unless the prosecution can prove guilt beyond all reasonable doubt. A person convicted in a magistrates court may appeal against its decision to the Crown Court. An appeal against a decision of the Crown Court may be taken to the Court of Appeal Criminal Division, but it is seldom successful.

The Court of Criminal Appeal dislikes overturning a Crown Court decision unless the evidence is overwhelming or there has been some error of legal procedure.

The highest court in the land is the House of Lords, which will consider a case referred from the Court of Appeal where a point of general public importance seems to be at stake. In practice the Lords are represented by five or more of the nine Law Lords. 1. Write in suitable words and expressions. appeal appeal appeal 2. List the conditions on which the Court of Criminal Appeal overturns a decision of a Crown Court. 3. Write a definition of the House of Lords answering the question How does it function as a court? Many small businesses fail to survive, mainly as a result of poor management, but also because, compared with almost every other European Community member, Britain offers the least encouraging conditions.

But such small businesses are important not only because large businesses grow from small ones, but also because over half the new jobs in Britain are created by firms employing fewer than 100 staff. 1. What sort of relationship is the paragraph concerned with? Prove your point of view underline the markers of this relationship in the paragraph. 2. List the reasons why small businesses in Britain are not highly successful. 3. List the reasons why small businesses in Britain are important.

The British population is already one of the oldest in Europe, and it is slowly getting older.

In 1990 the median age in Britain was thirty-six but it will rise to forty-one by 2020. At the end of the 1990s the number of pensioners will begin to rise rapidly, and the workforce will shrink.

One result will be that by 2020 there will be twice as many people aged eighty-five or over as in 1990. A disproportionate number of the old, incidentally, choose to retire to the south coast and east Anglia, creating regional imbalances. 1. What sort of report does the paragraph come form? 2. Fill in the table with the data form the paragraph. 3. Write out an example of comparison contrast and underline the marker of comparison contrast.

The nuclear family is usually pictured as a married couple, with two children, ideally a girl and a boy, and perhaps their grandmother, or granny, in the background. As a picture of the way most British live, this become increasingly unrealistic each year. If the picture includes the traditional idea of the man going out to work while the wife stays at home, it is probably true of less than 10 per cent of the country.

Even without such a limited definition, only 42 per cent of the population live in nuclear family households, and even within this group a considerable proportion of parents are in their second marriage with children from a previous marriage. 1. Complete the spidergraph. 2. Fill in the blanks with words from the paragraph. a The traditional picture of a British family becomes increasingly unrealistic every year. b A lot of British parents are in their second . c The traditional idea of a family includes the man going out to work while his keeps the house. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a A traditional nuclear family can be rarely seen nowadays. b The ideal picture of a nuclear family includes five people a married couple and their three children. c A considerable proportion of people are not in their first marriage with children from a previous marriage.

Since the days of Shakespeare, the English of south east England has been considered the standard, for no better reason than that the south east is the region of economic and political power.

The emergence of an upper and upper-middle-class mode of speech, received pronunciation RP , was systematically established through the public in fact private school system attended by the boys of wealthier families.

RP persists as the accepted dialect of the national йlite. 1. What type of relationship do the underlined words express? 2. Write a naming definition of RP. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a It is prestigious to speak RP. b RP appeared on the base of the south-eastern accent. c The south-eastern dialect is considered the standard because it is the closest to the language of Shakespeare.

One of the most striking aspects of popular mainstream culture in Britain is the love of the countryside.

Many people, whether they live in a suburban house or in a flat in a high-rise block, would say their dream home was a country cottage with roses growing over the door. As a nation, the British have made a mental retreat from the urban environment.

They have a deep nostalgia for an idealised world of neat hedgerows, cottages and great country houses, surrounded by parkland, that clever eighteenth-century style of gardening that looked natural.

The nostalgia stems partly from a sense of loss which has lingered since the Industrial Revolution two centuries ago, and from a romantic love of nature which has been such a powerful theme in English literature. 1. What sort of report does the paragraph come from? 2. Note-taking.

List the reasons for the British nostalgia for rural life. 3. Which of the following is the part of the English dream ? Roses, sky-scrapers, stately homes, big cars, computers, cottages, palm-trees, parks.

A basic reason so many town dwellers wish to live in the suburbs is to have a garden in which to grow flowers.

Indeed, many suburban houses imitate a cottage style.

Even in the heart of London, its great parks, such as St. James, Hyde Park and Kensington Gardens, are informal, recreating rural ideal, and city-dwelling children often know the names of wild flowers and birds. 1. Note-taking.

Find the examples which prove that British town dwellers have a nostalgia for rural life. 2. Find the synonyms of the following words in the paragraph. a. resident b. country adj. c. сentre 3. Put the parts of a sentence in the correct order. of the countryside A aspect of popular mainstream B culture in Britain C one of the most striking D is the love E Over a century ago, the novelist Anthony Trollop listed the sports essentially dear to the English nature. These included hunting, shooting, rowing and horse racing.

He was, of course, referring to the gentleman class, which through the public school system established football, rugby and cricket as national games.

But hunting, rowing and horse racing, because of the expense involved, have remained primarily upper-class pastimes. Attendance at Henley Regatta, the high point of the rowing season, and Royal Ascot, for horse racing, remain the pinnacles of the upper class summer season. 1. Write out an example of cause effect relationship and underline the marker of cause effect. 2. Fill in the table with the data from the paragraph. 3. Note-taking. a. List the most popular sports in Britain in the XIX century. b. List the sports included in 3a which are still popular among the upper-class.

Theatre is a powerful instrument education as well as art and culture.

Another significant feature of British theatre is the way which actors have taken drama young people, even into primary schools.

This has broken some of the traditional barriers formal stage drama and the community. 1. Fill in the gaps in the paragraph with suitable prepositions. 2. Note-taking.

List the significant features of modern British theatre. 3.Put the parts of a sentence in the correct order. that some of the most painful A the way we live B questions can be asked about C and as a community D it is on the stage E both as individuals F A Canadian touring Britain in 1989 discovered, in his own words, Theres no such thing as the British, only English, Irish, Welsh and Scots. There is considerable truth in his remark.

The sense of difference from the English is more than a thousand years old. It dates from the time when Anglo-Saxon invaders from the European continent drove the Celtic people out of what we call England today and into what we now call Ireland, Scotland and Wales. In fact, almost one in five of todays British is not English. 1. Complete the diagram. 2. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the paragraph. a. Nowhere has the sense of conflict with the English been stronger than in Northern . b. The sense of from the English is still strong in Scotland and Wales. c. Famous festivals of literature and music are called eisteddfods. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a. the Scots, Welsh and Irish have a Celtic origin. b. The Anglo-Saxon invasion took place more than a thousand years ago. c. The Scots, Welsh and Irish like being called English.

Schooling is compulsory for twelve years, for all children aged five to sixteen. There are two voluntary years of schooling thereafter.

Children may attend either state-funded or fee-paying independent schools.

In England and Wales the primary cycle lasts from five to eleven.

Generally speaking, children enter infant school, moving on to junior school at the age eleven.

Roughly 90 per cent of children receive their secondary education at comprehensive schools. Secondary school lasts either until the end of the compulsory attendance cycle, or includes the two final years of secondary education, generally known in Britain for historical reasons as the sixth form. 1. Fill in the table with the data from the paragraph. 2. Find the antonyms of the following words in the paragraph. a. voluntary b. secondary c. to leave school 3. Find and correct the false statement. a. Independent schools are fee-paying. b. Children go to the sixth form after they have finished infant school and junior school. c. Comprehensive is the most widely spread sort of school in England and Wales. Nevertheless, there are approximately 130 daily and Sunday papers, 1,800 weekly papers and over 7,000 periodical publications. More newspapers, proportionately, are sold in Britain than almost any other country.

On average, two out of three persons over the age of fifteen read a national morning newspaper.

Three out of four read a Sunday paper.

The national newspapers, both on weekdays and on Sundays, fall into two broad categories the popular and quality press. 1. What type of paragraph is it definition, description, classification, argumentation? 2. Make a tree diagram to illustrate the classification of the British national newspapers. 3. What do the following numbers refer to? Answer in full sentences. a. ѕ b. 130 c. 15 In 1936 the government established the British Broadcasting Corporation BBC to provide a public service in radio.

Since then the BBC has been most affected by the invention of television, which changed the entertainment habits of the nation, and the establishment of independent and commercial radio and television, which removed the BBCs broadcasting monopoly. 1. What sort of relationship do the underlined words express? The government established the BBC to provide a public service in radio. 2. Note-taking.

List the events which have had the greatest influence on the BBC since it was established. 3. Find and write out two examples of time relationship and underline the time indicators.

Television is the single most popular form entertainment in Britain. the late 1980s the average adult spent twenty-five hours, and children eighteen hours, the television set each week. They had four channels to choose BBC1 and BBC2, ITV Independent Television and Channel Four. Channel Four, which was established in 1982, specialises . minority interest programmes, but has proved highly successful. 1. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions. 2. Find and correct the false statement. a. Adults watch television less than children. b. Television is the most popular pastime in Great Britain. c. Channel Four is successful. 3. Note-taking.

List the TV channels available in Great Britain. Had the First World War been lost, Britain, like Russia, Austria and Germany, might well have lost its monarchy. In fact, the monarchy emerged from this trial strengthened as the anchor of the nation.

George V attended the first football Cup Final at Wembley and made skilful use of radio to become a truly popular monarch. George VI made the monarchy yet more popular by his refusal to leave London during air attacks on the capital during the Second World War. By remaining in Buckingham Palace after it was itself hit, and by tours of the most badly bombed parts of London, George VI and his consort, Elizabeth the Queen Mother, became the most loved people of Britain. 1. Which relationship does the underlined word express? Britain, like Russia, Austria and Germany, might well have lost its monarchy. 2. Find and correct the false statement. a. Britain is still a monarchy. b. Queen Elisabeth II ruled Britain during the Second World War. c. King George VI stayed in London during air attacks on the capital. 3. Complete the diagram with the words.

George V, London, Queen Mother, air attacks, Buckingham Palace, the First World War, Consort, Capital, football Cup Final. Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated their skirts look either too long or to short their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognisable.

There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age. 1. Complete the table. 2. Write comparative sentences using the words. a. men, women, fashion-conscious. b. mens, womens change, fashions, quickly. 3. Find and write out an example of contrast.

Underline the marker of contrast. Old people are always saying that the young are not what were. The same comment is make from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom.

They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. 1. Write the opposites. a. the same. b. false. c. to follow. 2. Write the words to match the definitions. a. The whole body of people born at the same time. b. An important thing that once happened. c. Personal liberty and independence. 3. Note-taking.

List the points in which the young generation is different from the one the preceded it. It has been rightly said that when a man is sitting behind a steering wheel, his car becomes the extension of his personality. There is no doubt that the motor-car often brings out a mans very worst qualities. People who are normally quiet and pleasant may become unrecognisable when they are behind a steering-wheel.

They swear, they are ill-mannered and aggressive, wilful as two-year-olds and utterly selfish. All their hidden frustrations, disappointments and jealousies seem to be brought to the surface by the act of driving. 1. Find and write out an example of comparison. Underline the marker of comparison. 2. Complete the table. Qualities brought out by the act of driving. 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in brackets. a. A mans worst qualities become visible when he is driving. bring out b. Its hard to recognize a man when he is behind a steering-wheel. unrecognizable We live in a materialistic society and are trained from our earliest years to be acquisitive.

Our possessions, mine and yours are clearly labelled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does not surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. We spend the whole of our lives keeping up with our neighbours, the Joneses.

If we buy a new television set, Jones is bound to buy a bigger and better one. If we buy a new car, we can sure that Jones will go one better and get two new cars one for his wife and one for himself. The most amusing thing about this game is that the Joneses and all the neighbours who are struggling frantically to keep up with them are spending borrowed money kindly provided, at a suitable rate of interest, of course, by friendly banks, insurance companies, etc. 1. Find and write out two examples of condition relationship.

Underline the markers of condition. 2. The expression to keep up with the Joneses is an idiom. Explain its meaning. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a. Our society is materialistic. b. We measure success in terms of the money we earn. c. People spend the money they have saved. You will say that is one thing to exercise censorship where children are concerned and quite another to do the same for adults.

Children need protection and it is the parents responsibility to provide it. But what about adults? Arent they old enough to decide what is good for them? The answer is that many adults are, but dont make the mistake of thinking that all adults are like yourself. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Highly civilised people might find it possible to live amicably together without laws of any kind they would just rely on good sense to solve their problems. But imagine what chaos there would be if we lived in a society without laws! Like the law, censorship contributes to the common good. 1. Find and write out the sentence where law and censorship are compared. Underline the marker of comparison. 2. Fill in the gaps with the words from the paragraph. a. Its the parents to protect their children from undesired influence. b. Only highly people can live relying on common sense and not laws. c. There would be if there were no laws. 3. Put the parts of the sentence in the correct order.

A. that censorship does is B. by corrupting the minds of others C. to prevent certain people D. one of the great things E. from making fat profits It is a fallacy to suppose that all men are equal and that society will be levelled out if you provide every body with the same educational opportunities.

It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities, but that is another question. The fact is that nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality.

The old rules of the jungle, survival of the fittest, and might is right are still with us. The spread of education has destroyed the old class system and created a new one. Rewards are based on merit. For aristocracy read meritocracy in other respects, society remains unaltered the class system is rigidly maintained. 1. Find and write out an example of condition relationship. Underline the marker of condition. 2. Translate into Russian. a. Nature dispenses brains and ability with a total disregard for the principle of equality. b. It is debatable whether you can ever provide everyone with the same educational opportunities. 3. Write the words to match the definitions. a. Government by persons selected according to their results in competition. b. To distribute among a number of people. c. The same in size, value, degree, rank etc. In societies wholly dedicated to the principle of social equality, privileged private education is forbidden.

But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities.

In fact, so great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. Bright children are carefully and expensively trained to become future rulers. In the end, all political ideologies boil down to the same thing class divisions persist whether you are ruled by a feudal king or an educated peasant. 1. Write a definition of private education. 2. Which type of relationship does the underlined word express? In some societies private education is forbidden.

But even here people are rewarded according to their abilities. 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in brackets. a. So great is the need for skilled workers that the least able may be neglected. because b. Class divisions persist whether you are ruled by feudal king or an educated peasant. to destroy English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England, in all the continents of the world.

This exporting of English began in the seventeenth century, with the first settlements in North America. Above all, it is the great growth of population in the United States, assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, that has given the English language its present standing in the world. 1. Find and write out an example of cause effect relationship and underline the marker of cause. 2. Note-taking. List the reasons why English has became a world language. 3. Write synonyms of the following words. a. to facilitate b. position c. a native language The most popular evening entertainment is watching television or video, which the average person does for two and half hours a day. After that, the next most popular activity is visiting friends, going the cinema or a restaurant, or going the pub. The most popular hobby is gardening and the most popular sports are fishing, football and tennis. 1. Complete the spidergraph with the information from the paragraph. 2. What do you call a person who is involved in a. working in the garden b. playing tennis c. Fishing 3. Write a formal and naming definition of the person in 2b. I have a theory about English cooking, and I was interested to read that several famous cookery writers agree me. My theory is this. Our basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full flavour that we havent had to invent sauces and complex recipes to disguise their natural taste. What can compare fresh peas or new potatoes just boiled not overboiled and served butter? Why drown spring lamb wine or cream or yoghurt and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? 1. Fill in the gaps in the paragraph with suitable prepositions. 2. Which of these titles do you think represents the message of the paragraph in the best way? a. English food in disguise. b. Become a vegetarian and enjoy being green. c. Fresh is best in the English kitchen. d. Fish and chips against the world. 3. Write the nouns to match the adjectives. a. complex b. boiled c. spring Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

He that is not with us is against us. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

Love makes the world go round.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

My home is my castle.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Hope is a good breakfast but a bad supper. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. There is nothing permanent under the moon. Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. There is one step from the sublime to the ridiculous. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

While there is life, there is hope. Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Truth is always strange stranger than fiction. Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. I do not think much of a man who is not wiser today than he was yesterday.

Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. True love is like ghosts which everybody talks about but few have seen. Do you agree or disagree with the following quotation? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Good breeding consists in concealing how much we think of ourselves and how little we think of the other person. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. The end justifies the means.

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Every man is the maker of his own fortune. Which of these two approaches do you agree with? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Poverty is no sin. The more you have, the more you want. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

The early bird catches the worm. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Talk of the devil and he is sure to appear. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. You never know what you can do till you try. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. It s easier to pull down than to build up. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Everything comes to him who waits. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

Don t swap horses while crossing the stream. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Beauty lies in lover s eyes. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. There is no smoke without fire. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion. Out of sight, out of mind. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Use reasons and specific examples to support your opinion.

The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence. This is one of the chief functions of satire and irony. Human pain and suffering are so grim we hover so often on the brink of war political realities are usually enough to plunge us into total despair. In such circumstances, cartoons and satirical accounts of sombre political events redress the balance. They take the wind out of pompous and arrogant politicians who have lost their sense of proportion.

They enable us to see that many of our most profound actions are merely comic or absurd. We laugh when a great satirist like Swift writes about war in Gullivers Travels. The Lilliputians and their neighbours attack each other because they cant agree which end to break an egg. We laugh because we are meant to laugh but we are meant to weep too. It is no wonder that in totalitarian regimes any satire against the Establishment is wholly banned.

It is too powerful a weapon to be allowed to flourish. 1. Identify the controlling idea. 2. Is the following an example of argumentation? Carry out the for so test. Political fanatics lock humour. If they could see the funny side, they would never make the mistake of taking themselves too seriously. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a. There is much grimness in the world. b. The problem of politicians is that they have lost their sense of time. c. Satire against Establishment is banned if totalitarian regimes. What a relief it is to grow up. Suddenly you regain your balance the world opens up before you. You are free to choose you have your own place to live in and your own money to spend.

You do not have to seek constant approval for everything you do. You are no longer teased, punished or ridiculed by heartless adults because you failed to come up to some theoretical standard. And if on occasion you are teased, you know how to deal with it. You can simply tell other adults to go to hell you are one yourself. 1. Write synonyms of the following words. a. grown up b. cruel c. Appreciation 2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions. a. What are you going to be when you grow ? b. I didnt know how to deal the problem. c. The play wasnt to my expectations. 3. Make an outline of the paragraph. We are often told that technological know-how, acquired in attempting to get us into orbit, will be utilised to make life better on earth.

But what has the space race done to relieve the suffering of the earths starving millions? In what way has it raised the standard of living of any one of us? As far as the layman is concerned, the practical results of all this expenditure of money and effort are negligible.

Thanks to space research, we can now see television pictures transmitted live half-way across the globe and the housewife can use non-stick frying-pans in the kitchen. The whole thing becomes utterly absurd when you think that no matter what problems man overcomes, it is unlikely that he will ever be able to travel even to the nearest star. 1. Write a topic sentence for the paragraph.

The controlling idea is results. 2. Find and correct the false statement. a. Satellite TV is a product of space research. b. People are unlikely to travel even to the nearest star. c. Space research has raised everybodys living standard. 3. Find and write out an example of cause effect relationship and underline the marker of cause effect.

Some countries, like Britain, have already abandoned peace-time conscription. Unfortunately, they havent done so far idealistic reasons, but from a simple recognition of the fact that modern warfare is a highly professional business. In the old days, large armies were essential. There was strength in numbers ordinary soldiers were cannon fodder. But in these days of inter-continental ballistic missiles, of push-button warfare and escalation, unskilled manpower has become redundant.

In a mere two years or so, you cant hope to train conscripts in the requirements and conditions of modern warfare. So why bother? Leave it to the professionals! 1. Identify the controlling idea. 2. Write the words to match the definitions. a. compulsory enlistment for military service b. state of war c. to be no longer needed 3. Complete the table. Armies Camping has so much to offer. You enjoy absolute freedom. You have none of the headaches of advance hotel booking or driving round and round a city at midnight looking for a room. There are no cold hotel breakfasts, no surly staff to tip. For a ludicrously small sum, you can enjoy comforts which few hotels could provide.

Modern camping sites are well equipped with hot and cold running water and even shops and dance floors! Low-cost holidays make camping an attractive proposition. But above all, you enjoy tremendous mobility. If you dont like a place, or if it is too crowded, you can simply get up and go. Conversely, you can stay as long as you like. Youre the boss. 1. What type of relationship do the underlined words express? Above all, you enjoy tremendous mobility. 2. What is the message of the paragraph? a. Camping is the ideal way of spending a holiday. b. Modern hotels are not up to peoples requirements. c. Its a waste of time and money to go on holiday abroad. 3. List the advantages of a camping holiday.

Camping provides you with a real change from everyday living. You get up earlier, go to bed earlier, develop a hearty appetite.

You have enormous opportunity to meet people of various nationalities and to share your pleasures with them. People are so friendly when they are relaxed. How remote the strained world of hotels seems when you are camping! How cold and unfriendly the formal greetings that are exchanged each day between the residents! For a few precious weeks in the year, you really adopt a completely different way of life. And thats the essence of true recreation and real enjoyment. 1. Identify the controlling idea. 2. Fill in the gaps with prepositions. a. His way life often surprises me. b. I really need a change my usual routine. c. I dont like sharing a room a person I dont know. 3. Put the parts of the sentence in the correct order.

A. bitten to death B. it no longer C. by mosquitoes D. if you go camping E. means that you will be First, the fast-food restaurant is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busy schedule.

Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty. A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and stay within a limited budget. Finally, the food is usually consistent. For example, a cheeseburger from a well-known fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it is purchased. Consequently, buyers know exactly what they are getting. 1. Write a topic sentence for the paragraph. 2. Find and write out an example of effect relationship and underline the marker of effect. 3. Write out the adjectives which characterize fast-food restaurant concerning a. food b. clients c. service Although seat belts have been shown to save lives, people give a number of reasons for not using them. First, many people think they are a nuisance.

They say the belt is uncomfortable and inhibits freedom of movement. Second, many people are lazy. For them it is too much trouble to put on and adjust a seat belt, especially if they are only going a short distance.

Third, some people dont believe they will have an accident because they are careful and experienced drivers. They think they will be able to respond quickly to avoid a crash. Finally, some people are afraid the seat belt will trap them in their car. If they have an accident, they might not be able to get out of a car that is burning, or they might be unconscious and another person wont be able to get them out. All these reasons seem inadequate, since statistics show that wearing seat belts saves lives and prevents serious injuries. 1. Identify the topic and the controlling idea. 2. Put questions to the underlined parts of the paragraph. 3. Find and write out an example of contrast relationship. Underline the marker of contrast.

When you plant a tree, you are helping your environment in many ways. Your tree will provide a home and food for other creatures. It will hold the soil in place. In will provide shade in the summer. You can watch it grow and someday show your children or even grandchildren the tree you planted. 1. Answer the questions and add details to the paragraph. A. What kind of home would the tree provide? B. What kind of food would the tree provide? C. What kind of creatures might use the tree? D. Why is holding the soil in place important? E. Why is shade important? 2. Who and what can you help if you plant a tree? 3. Write the English equivalents. a. во многих отношениях b. почва c. посадить дерево The major problems a working mother faces concern her children. She must either find a reliable person who will be loving toward the children or a good day-care center where the children can go. If a child gets sick, the mother must make special arrangements for the child to be cared for at home, or she must stay home from work. While at work the mother may worry about her children.

She may wonder if they are safe, if they are learning the values she wants them to have, and if her absence is hurting them emotionally.

She may also regret not being able to take them to after-school activities or participate in family activities with them. 1. Make an outline of the paragraph. 2. Translate into Russian.

She may wonder if they are safe, if they are learning the values she wants them to have, and if her absence is hurting them emotionally. 3. Find and write out an example of condition relationship. Underline the marker of condition. Even though a mother is frequently forced into working for economic reasons, she soon discovers that there are added expenses.

Her biggest expense is child care. Another expense is transportation. This may include purchasing and maintaining a car. Yet another expense is clothing, such as a uniform or stylish suits to maintain a professional appearance. Finally, if her company does not have a subsidized cafeteria, she will have to pay for food in restaurants. 1. Identify and write out the markers of enumeration. 2. Distribute the problems into the following groups. a. children b. work - related problems c. extra expenses d. physical problems Problems staying late at work, exhaustion, raising children, cost of transportation, housework after work, child care expenses, worry and anxiety, sick children. 3. Find and correct the false statement. a. A working mother must have a professional appearance. b. Transportation is one of the biggest expenses. c. Clothing is the biggest expense of a working mother.

Living in an apartment many advantages. First, students can choose to live in a quiet neighbourhood.

A quiet neighbourhood is conductive to studying. Away from the distractions of campus life, students can be more serious about their studies. Second, apartment life allows students to be more independent. For example, they can cook whatever they want to eat and have their meals whenever they want them. Third, students can often find apartments that are cheaper than the fee for room and board in a dormitory. 1. Identify the topic and the controlling idea. 2. What are the advantages listed concerned with? Make an outline of the paragraph and give each group of advantages a title. 3. A quiet neighbourhood is conductive to studying is an opinion.

Support it with an argument. There are two teams of nine players each. Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out. The batter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get home safely. The other team tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ball to the base before the batter gets there, or by tagging the batter with the ball, the batter can stop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it home . 1. Write a topic sentence for the paragraph. 2. Write a formal definition of baseball. 3. Formulate the purpose of a batter.

Pictures or posters the wall make a dormitory room feel more home. A rug on the floor beside the bed is a nice addition an otherwise cold and hard floor. Besides textbooks, favourite books home on the bookshelf and photograph or two the family on the desk also add a comforting touch to the impersonal dormitory room. 1. Write a topic sentence for the paragraph. 2. List the objects which can make a dormitory room look more like home. 3. Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

Sharing a flat certainly has some advantages. To begin with, it should be cheaper, and if you are sharing with people that you get on well with, it is nice to have some company at have rather than being all on you own. Also the household chores are shared, and that is very important, Particularly when you are younger, and you are living apart from your parents for the first time, it can be very enjoyable to live with people of your own age, whose interests and life-style you shave. 1. Which of the words underlined could be replaced with one of the following? Especially, first of all, another point is that. 2. Identify the topic and the controlling idea. 3. Distribute the advantages listed in the paragraph into the following groups a. those concerning money b. those concerning housework c. those concerning people However, sharing a flat does have some district disadvantages, and the main one is that the flat is not you own, so you cannot do what you want in it. What happens if you want to go to bed but you flat-mate wants to play music? To certain extent you have to be unselfish.

What is more there can to little privacy. 1. Find and write out an example of argumentation.

Identify the opinion and the argument. 2. Replace the words underlined with synonymic expressions or linking words. 3. Write the words to match the definitions. a. a person one shares a flat with b. being alone and undisturbed c. belonging to somebody as their property The first army almost certainly carried weapons no different from those that hunters had been using on animals and on each other for thousand of years previously - spears, knives, axes, perhaps bows and arrows.

Its strength did not lie in mere numbers what made it an army was discipline and organization.

This multitude of men obeyed a single commander and killed his enemies to achieve his goals. It was the most awesome concentration of power the human world had ever seen, and nothing except another army could hope to resist it. 1. Write out the names of weapons mentioned in the paragraph and translate them into Russian. 2. List the reasons why the first army was strong. 3. Paraphrase the sentences using the words in brackets. a. Their weapons were no different from those that hunters had been using on animals. same b. Nothing except another army could hope to resist it. only We assume that people will kill they find themselves in a situation where their own survival is threatened, and nobody needs lessons to learn how to die. What is less obvious is that practically anybody can persuaded and manipulated that he will more or less voluntarily enter a situation wherein he must kill and perhaps die. Yet if that were not true, battles would be impossible, and civilization would have taken a very different course if indeed it arose at all . 1. Fill in the gaps with linking words or expressions. 2. Summarize the paragraph in 2