HIGH-TECH SYSTEMS

The structure of FEC in a world economy is determined by the the types of in-use energy and balance between them.

Features of fuel and energy balance of Ukraine: high specific gravity of natural gas and anthracite coal, atomic energy, insignificant use of such primary power resources as a water-power, oil and its products.

Requirements in energy of national economy including industry have a tendency to in­crease, while the supplies of natural resources are unboundless, exhausted, their use pollute the environment.

That is why there is a problem of search and technological mastering of new untraditional energy sources. Most of developed countries develop the technology of untraditional (renewable) energy sources – Sun, wind, waves, heat of the Earth, biomaterials.

Presently the stake of untraditional and renewable energy sources (URES) in the production of electric power is small ~ 2%. In the nearest 10 years the use of the alternative sources will be increased to 10…15 %.

Development of untraditional energy must become separate direction of public power policy of Ukraine.

4.The real example of the newest high science-capasity technologies are nanotechnolo­gies.

Nanotechnologies is the «forefront» of development of all the civilization, key concept of the XXI age, the symbol of the new scientific and technical revolution. The results of nanotech­nologies can transform all the world in a future.

Nanotechnologies are the technologies which allow to manipulate byseparate atoms and molecules for the creation of new materials and devices with unusual properties.

Nanotechnologies are based on achievements of many sciences – physics, chemistry, biol­ogy, mechanics, information technologies.

Their development and consequence of their use have a global character, they affect on all the spheres of human activity – industry informative environment, health protection, econ­omy, social sphere.

Nanotechnologies are the technologies of the general setting, they have interdisciplinary character.

Nano- is the decimal prefix which means one milliardth part of some size (10^-9 ); from greek nanos – is «pygmy»).

In linear measurings nanoscale is the sizes between 1 and 100 nm (1 nm = 10^{-9 m).}

Structures and devices of nanometer sizes exist from the time immemorial – in living and lifeless nature. A man only begins to open the properties of nanoworld which nature mastered a long ago.

Modern nanotechnology is related to efforts of scientists of many countries of the world.

First term «nanotechnology» was entered by Japanese physicist Н. Taniguchi.

The most essential openings which determen the development of the nanotechnologies are:

¨ creation of the new instruments of research of materials – scanning probe microscopes (1981, 1986, firm of IBM);

¨ opening of the new form of a carbon – fulleren (1985) and carbon nanotubes (1991).

Today on the world market we have the first commercial nanomaterials, the first elec­tronic devices, lab-on-chip, sensing elements and other goods (more than 5 thousands goods) on the base of nanotechnologies for different applications in the most meaningful areas of human activity – in microelectronics, in machine building, in medicine, in military industry.

Many countries of the world actively joined to researches in the field of nanotechnology at the level of governments of the states. Laboratories and departments are created in leading universities of the world (in the USA, Japan, Germany, Russia, England, France, Italy, Switzer­land, China, Israel, Ukraine).

There are 8 Nobel Prizes in this area.

By the prognoses of the American association of National Science Foundation, in the near­est 10…15 years the world market of nanotechnologies will be exceeded by a 1 trillion of dollars, about 50 % IGO will be got by means of nanotechnologies. The basic sectors of market of products of nanotechnologies will be the followings (milliards of dollars): nanomaterials – 350, nanoelectronics – 300, medicine and pharmaceutics – 180, chemistry – 100, ecology – 100, transport – 70), fig.1.

Figure 1 – Basic sectors of market of products of nanotechnologies