Meooo oecoo cceoa ooecx coax poe pya - , ooa cooo pya. eeoc Oca poec ooopa o, , ...
eeoc oca poec ooopa o, , . o oceeo pee o yac aeo epe poao pa aya: ooec, coooec, oec . . Bece c e poecc, xapaepe pae oeca, eco aoca. B oeXX . aa aoc caa ocoeo o ao.
B ocee o cyeceo yeoc oeco ya o poea aeoc eoeca, oo, eca, pecyoc, oa eoa x papee. Bce oee a caoc poe cca, oo, ee ooeco . Oeo, o poe e oy pee paax oo oo-ecx ay, o oeo cee cc ooeco eeoc opeeec cco cyeoa eea. ae a aoe oae oo ec C. yao, . Beep, T. Bee, . ye, . Copo, C. pa pye ooc, oco, eoo, cop.
O ocooooo cooo . Ko oepa, o "ce ace oeceo acoo eco aoca, o ceaoe cceoae oo x eeo ye ecoe" (. o: [Mapa, T. 3. C. 208]). y o o oo pae M: "Maoepoo, o eo ye xopo ooco, ec o e poe oo e aaec... " [Ta e. C. 209]. Coaac c Koo eoxooc yea aoce oecex e, . M A. Mapa e opa aoc ceax ooecx cceoa, oaa, o eco oecex ay o aaa yyeo.
paec ooece ay paac ocoo eaco o . epea ay ooa oy p cyecex acx peyao cceoa ooecx, coax, oecx, ooecx pyx . Bece c e eoc a oeco, xapaep ao cpeeeoo ay, oaac aeo epe . Koe ycooo pa oo paccapa a oy opoe oecoo cceoa oecex e. Oao a oe e ec ayo ae eope. B cyoc, oe ycooo pa pecae oec peoea o yey ooecx, oecx, paox ecx aceo xoceo eeoc.
p papaoe ayx oco cceoro cceoa oeca pep eecoopao cxo o eaeop. o emameopue oo oaec aya o aye, . e. ccea po, aco, eoo oaaeca cceoa opeeeo oac . B acoee pe aoe pa eaeope ec aeaa. aoee ax ooe o ay eopea ee o eooe: "Ec ccea Z epoopea, o e cyecye aoe ooee A, o cao A, ero opae e oy oaa cpeca Z" [K, C 184]. a eopea, copypoaa 1931. Kypo eee cae " opao epapex peoex Principia Mathematica pocex cce", ee oeeoooecoe ae., B acoc, ee oo paccapa a oepee peeoo e eca . Koa o o, o ooece ay y ooopo paac oo paax cce ay o oece, .e. paax cooecye eacce.
cxoe ooe ooeco ay o cx op e e coo-y cceoo pecae. pae x ooe po aa o ee epo ae r o ooeco eop. Oo poc cee o oex ooecoo oee, pe paoaoo xoeoa ..
B cooec c paccope eaeopeec oxoo p oocoa po eoo ooeco ay ee ceye paccapa a occey oeca ay o oece, oee eoea opyae .
Ocoe o e ooecx ay, ee o paee ece, ooece, paoe oece ace, eecoopao cceoa paax eaeop ooecx ay; . . .
ooa cooor pya acoee pe ec oo eorx ay, oopx peayec oec oxo aay ooecx coax aceo pyoo eeoc. Oeo o oycoeo e, o paoaoe cooae eoeecx pecypco peoaae ocee yx aocax ee:
coae aropx yco pya pae cocooce eoea poecce pyoo eeoc;
oee ec pooca.
x ee eoxoo cxo p aae poe pya a cex ypox ooeco eeoc: o paoeo eca o pooro xoca. Oe cceoa peye yea aoce execx, ooecx, coax,oorecx, cxooecx, ecx, oorecx pyrx aceo pyoo eeoc.
:
aa 1. pee eooo ypca
1.1. o "py" "opeco"
o opeee A. Mapaa, py o "coe yceoe ecoe yce, pepaeoe aco e
Oa xapaepca eeoc o ypae eoeec pecypca ooecx cce
c aoee e pecypco cpa pep. ooy ocoo ypae o ooeco cceo oo ypaee eoeec pecypca. Eo coepae opeeec c
Cpyypa ay o pye epcoae. x aoc c py aya
Opeeee peea o ay cea ye eo, o oo opee oo eo coppoaeec, aoeoe, . e. o, o ayo e oe. ooy aece opaa ope
oe aeca
o aecmo uu oo oa yco eoeecoro cyecoa: oeceeoc aepa ara (a, oea, e), eoacoc, ocyoc eco oo, oooc
e eeoc eoea
Cyecye aerop pocx o ope opoco, a oope pyo a yeee cex oe. K cy ax opoco oocc opoc o cce .
Ka eoe a ae a
aa poecco pa a
Pae a xapaepyec ee aococo eoea, pooceo, coao, eeyao yxoo cepax, a ae ppoo cpee o e eoeeco
Taua 2.3.1
Bopoc: "Hacoo Bac ecoo ceye poe:" (% o ca opoex)
poe
o
o pecae o oaaex aeca
Xo oe aeca cao pec ayo epaype c 70-x oo XX ., poe, cae c coepae oo o, ocyac a poe . B peoc cpeee
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. o ec aoo p opeee aeca ?
2. Haoe ocoe e eeoc eoea.
3. Kao ocoe pecae o ppoe eoea?
4. poaa
Cpyypa opeoce eoea
Ocoe poe aaa opeoce coco ycaoe x cocaa, epapx, pa, ypoe oooce yoeope. poe eco aoca. B acoc, a ye oaao
Tpyoo oea
3.2.1. o "paoa ca", "eoeec aa", "pyoo oea"
Tpaoo ooeco ay ec poea xa
opoe
Bcepa opaa paooxpae (BO) opeee opoe a "cocoe ooo ecoo coaoo aooy. aooye o aecoe cocoe ya, xapaepyeec
Hpacmeocm.
Baoc ecx ooecx poe ep epoeco aye paccpe . Co ocoe e o o paoe "Hoaxoa a". B e oepa
Topecu nomeua
B oe XX . opeca eeoc caoc aoee ae aopo ooecoo pa. o poec pax opax. Bo cex pax cpaax cyeceo poca o ,
Amuocm
Topec oea eoea opeee eo cocooc eepa ox e opao. o peaoa o oea, . e. coa poee ay, cycca, a oee coaee,
Opauoaocm
Baee xapaepco opaoaoc ec paoaoe cooae pee. Aop "pe e" copypoa ea pa (17061790), ec a pee cero
Opaoaue
A. Mapa oepa, o apa a opaoae o yee oeee aaa ce oeca. B pax cpaax eoopao yoac pace, oopx ceye, o apa
poeccuou
poe aa paoo oocc ae ooea pyooo . Bo cex pax cpaax cyeceo poc ye ec apoax paox peo yaa o ax
Pecypc paoeo peu
Pecypc paoeo pee oe cyae opeec y aopa: ceoc paoo peee pao.
ceoc ax a pep opeeec oeco
peoc peaa oeaa eoea
Ocoo oeaa eoea c aeca, aoee ppoo. o oocc pee ceo opo (ecoy cxecoy), opec cocooc o eoopo cee paceo
ccee aopo aeca
p aaa aeca paccope . 2. Coca cooecyx oaaee opeeec oee e aaa. Oa oea aeca oo pooc o cey a
opeoc oea eoea poo ooe
B paoo cxee ooecoo pyrooopoa paccapa aoc oax xoc pep c pa pecypco ooecx a (oapo ycy). poecc oea ey oa
ompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. poaapye cyecye cxe aca ope.
2. Ka ac epapx opeoce o ee eoea?
3. Moo ca ce opeoc epa?
Tpyoo oea ccee ooecx pecypco
po e epe a ooecx pecypco: e, mpy, anuma npenpuuamecue cnocoocmu. pecypco ora aa ae apa pooca.
T
Kooe eeoc eoea
B o e eeoc eoea oo e e ooe. epa xapaepye py, oe o aao exoo, cpy cxee, oa coe pao e oc ee a
(1987 .)
(.. 1-5 ): Maoe K. P., p C. . C.112,
,
cmouu: paa 2 a. 4.3.1. p. 4 6 c.: eoe py. 1992.
Teopea o peaeoc ooe pya
p aae a poecco pa a (c. a. 2.3) o oaao, o cpeerooe apa pya ooro paoaeo pax cpa a epo 18501990 . copac e eee e
Koe eoc pya
eeoc, coepaa ee o, paoaa opeca, aeo eee poca arococo apoa, e co coec py o aao exoo. B c c
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. poaapye cxe acca ooecx pecypco. Ka x yac ooe pyooo oeaa?
2. Haoe pa ά-pya.
3. Haoe pa β
Cpyypa cce oa
Peya ooeco eeoc ac o exc pecypco eoc x cooa, oopa o oro opeeec ooee e pyy, opa eoa oa.
Mo eeoc eoea
cmpymypa xapaepye coooee oo, opeex oeee eoea. o coooee oppyec o e a eeecx aopo, a cpe, oopo eoe
, %
o epe
Taua 5.2.3
Opepooe ae ap "ecpeca" Pocc 90-x oo
e
Cpeca
e,
Teop oa
B acoee pe po paa e py eop oa: coepamee npoeccyae. epe oca a aae opeoce eoea; ope a oee cya, o
Moa c ypae
Moa ocyecec aeo epe epe c pae, oope ea cooecyx eop (oe). Mapeop ee e ocoe eop ypae: X Y [C, C. 308].
paa cxea cypoa eo pooceo eeoc
aepecoaoc pep oe eoc pooca eae cpyyp ooecx cce. B ao x ec e ac: ynpaa ynpaea. y
B pa paee pya
ooece cce ocoa a paee pya, . e. a ooceo papae o . B o o ope paeee pya cyecye a cex ypox: o pooo xoca
pooce, exooec pyoo poecc
pouocme, aaec poecc pepae cxox aepao ooy poy. Oo paa ocoe poocee poecc, aaee oopx ec y
Kacca exoorecx poecco
pa acca
Kacc poecco
co ep ocyece poecco
Ae, acce
co pya aac xapaepc pooceoo npoecca npooceo cpe, oecye a copya pep.
Xapaepc pooceoo poecca opeec pee oopyoae, peea poya pya, exooe, cceo ocya paox ec.
poocea cpea
Cpyypa pooceo oepa
Oco eeo cce ypae epcoao ec paoee eco. Moo e e py aa, oopx peyec opeeee oo o. epy coca exooece, opaa
Kacca apa paoeo pee
pooce poecc oo paccapa a poecc yee apa pee a ooey . B c c ep opoc, oop oae p opaa pya, coco
Ccea op opao pya
aee op cypoa eo pooceo eeoc eae oro, o o c ocoo ycaoe oea pecypco (oeca cao, ceoc paox, aaco a
Cpyypa aa oa pyox poecco op pya
Oepao, o poe opaa pya cooecye op o pac c yeo oeca execx, ooecx, cxoooecx coax . o oceeo pe
co oce pao apeoc op
o eoo oppoa oaec cooyoc peo ycaoe op pya, ax: aa pyooo poecca; poepoae paoao exoo opaa pya; pace op. B
Ocoe nomu
B paee pya.
pa paee pya.
Kooepa pya. B pa.
.
.
Paoee .
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. Ka oppyc poeccoao-aaoe py a ocoe o paee pya?
2. B e cyoc pa paee pya? Oce p x .
3. Hao
pyox poecco apa paoeo pee
oco aa, cax c poepoae opaa pya eo oppoae, peaec cxo opa, oyaeo peyae cceoa pyox poecco.
cceo
Xpooepa
opo . orooa xpooepay oo ae op oeo ae, paceee oepa a ee, ycaoee cax oe, opeeee ca ae
p poee aepo eoc eeo oepa aae o
oopa paoeo pee
Oco aa oopa paoeo pee c: oooa, poeee, opaoa peyao ae, x aa papaoa epop o yye cooa paoeo pee.
Coa apa paoeo pee
ec
B pao apa pee
oope-oc a cey
poo-eoc,
B o c-
oex ae
p PB eoo oex ae cpyypa apa paoeo pee ycaaaec a ocoe oeca oeo (cyae), cooecyx aae coco paox oopyoa. Be
Ocoe nomu
Xpooepa.
oopa paoeo pee (PB).
ooxpooepa.
Hepep xpooepa.
Bopo xpooepa.
oo xpooepa.
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. ae oac pee xpooepaa PB.
2. B e cyoc oa oeca aepo p xpooepae?
3. Ka opeeec ycooc xpoopa?
4. B e
Cpyypa opao
poocee poecc cyeceo paac o xapaepca rooex e, pee aepaa, oopyoa, exoo, acaa yca poy, cee ee ocoeoc, yc
Tpeoa opaa ocoe a x papao
Oocoae opao, a op, oo ocyecc c yeo oeca execx, ooecx, cxoooecx coax aopo. Cyoc aoo oocoa coco pee ceo
Meo ycaoe opax acoce
caoee acoc e eoxox apa pya o x a x aopo p oax apaax exooecoo pyooo poecco ec oco papaoe opao.
Kopoe opoc u me ucceoau
1. Haoe yco, oeceae eco .
2. ae oac pee epepoax ypye .
3. Haoe peoa opa aepaa
poepoa pyox poecco
B paee 6.5 a paccopea ccea op pya, oeo eoxox eo opraa pooca. B acoee pe aoee paecoe aee e op, peaepye
poepoae pyox peo
Heoxooc opa oax peo pya oeo oycoea e, o o e e ee oepa oy oc pa cocoa, aoy oopx cooecy pae a
pae cxe opeee ceoc epcoaa
Mo e p ocox oxoa opeee ceoc epcoaa:
1) apacc;
2) cepo-cacec;
3) aaec-opa.
Mapua
Cpyypa aa oa op ocya ceoc
B cooec c oo cpyypo aa oa op pya p ocaoe aa pacea oax op ocya ceoc eoxoo opee:
oeco opyex a
Oa aaa oa paee pya ceoc epcoaa
ocao aa oa paee pya eoxoo ya xapaep aoec pax py paox. C x o ce pao, oex a yace ( exe), oo pae
Meo oa paee pya ceoc epcoaa poocex cceax
paceo a ocoe oee, peex paeax 9.3 9.4, eoxoo opee xapaepc cooa oopyoa A(X), K(X) aoc paox K
ece poecc
Oco ycoe opaa ecoo ocya ec ocaoa caoc apaepo oocaoo . B epy oepe o oocc aoc ae coooo ao
Heece poecc
p eecx poeccax oopyoae ocyaec o epe eo ocao, e coe ooo oo e opa oxoa cao. Taoe ocyae xapaepo oocaoo ex cya
Mooae cce (eoa oa paee pya o ocya oopyoa)
poe oa paee pya oa ocoo p oe poyox pao (c. pa. 9.5). p oe paceo o pee e oe paccop a pepe oa
Ocoe nomu
Cpyypa op .
oceoaeoc poepoa pyox poecco pacea op pya.
Oa pe pya.
Cxe aoec eeo pooca.
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoa
1. oey op eoc pyoeoc oepa ao opee oce oa op ocya ceoc?
2. Ka yac oppoae epep paoe oopyoa p
p oppoa oxoo poo ooe
Bo ce oao pe ocoo pacpeee oeceoo oaca caec npuun pacnpeeeu no mpyy, oop ece, o pae epe, c ecx pee. Ee Aoco ae
Cacec aa pacpeee oxoo
B poo ooe oco coa x oxoo c:
1) pyoa eeoc epcoaa, paoaeo o ay, coox poecc;
2) pepaeca e
aua10.2.1
aa cpyyp x oxoo Pocc 90-x oo ( %)
Caraee oo oxoa
o
&n
Coooee ypoe apaoo a opacx oo Ca-eepypa (1997 .)
Opac
apaoa aa, % cpeey ypo
poeoc
Cecoe
Cpyypa oxoa copya pep
Cpyypa oxoa copya pep pecaea a pc. 10.3.1. Ocoo ac oxoa aeoo epcoaa pep ec apaoa aa, oopa ae:
1) apy ac
a ypoe aoc paoo eee cc
K
K
0,95
0,9
0,85
op cce apaoo a
cxo cpyyp oxoa copya pep, paccopeo paee 10.3, oy pa op cce apaoo a, cooecye yco o .
apoae oo oa pya
B oeeceo apyeo ooeco epaype oeaac eoxooc ee yx cocax apaoa. epa x cooecye opaoy po pooeoc (peya
Ocoe nomu
p pacpeee.
oxo o pya.
oxo o coceoc.
Coae a (pacep).
Cacece xapaepc pacpeee .
Kopoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. B e cyoc pacpeee o pyy?
2. B ax cyax oeo ooo pacpeeee o apaa pya o peya pya?
3. B e cyoc pacpeee o pee
Moocaooe ocyae
p opaa oocaooo ocya eoxoo peee pex ocox aa:
1. Ha oae op ocya ceoc c yeo aoec ey oepaopa-ooc
Aapaype pooca
Ocoeoc opaa yco pya paox aapaypx poocax. Aapaype poecc ocyecc ceax aapaax (eax, peaopax, ao-aax, aax
Aoapoae pooca
e poocee cce (C). Ocoe ocoeoc opaa pya C coco .
1 Pao C eocpeceo e yacy oec a
Cce ocya oopyoa paox ec
Ocoeoc pya ocyax paox. B o paee paccapac eo opaa oppoa pao (oex a ocox a o cooaeo exax), oop
npaee pooco
poea opaa oa ypaeecoo pya oceo opooe oeco ya oeeceo apyeo epaype. poe ocyac ae o ox yeax yex
Ocoe nomu
oocaooo ocya.
Hopa eoc oepa p oocaoo ocya.
oa a ypoe aoc orocaoa.
cpee epepe a
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. B e ocoeoc opeee op eoc pyooc p oocaoo ocya?
2. Kao ocoeoc oa pya oocaoo?
3. B e ocoeoc opa
Ocoeoc yaeax cceoa
p ocoeoce, oope aoee xapaep yaeax cceoa. o opeeec cey oco pa.
1.
Ocoe op oa pya aye
Moo e e ocoe op oa yex: o ayo peyaoc; o ayoy caycy.
Haye peymam oeac a ocoe ya (cae, , oao),
Cxe ceeo oep yex Pocc
Ceea oepa yex ocyecec a cex aax oppoa yopoa ayx oeo.
p oope yco yo aye opaa oy cooac ca
papao paacoo aae cpec eepaoo ea o apae
Hapae
Pacpeeee accraoa, % o oa
&nb
Meo oe peyaoc pya yex
Oee peyaoc yex ocea opa epaypa, oopa poaapoaa eca coepaeo paoe . . Taapoa. B e coepeo pao oepaec (ce a H. xee
poeyp cep, pecpa ya ayx peyao
poeypa cep, pecpa ya ayx peyao oa yoeop cey oco peoa:
1. Ka ay peya, pa ay cooee (HC)
Oocoae o yex cooec co ceo ayo pao
O apae ocyapceoo acpoa ay ec ycaoee o yex cooec c ocoeoc ayo pao. eoe, pa y cceoae, pae e
Opaa ceeo oep yex peoax ayo-cceoaecx opaax
Ceea oepa yex peroax oa ocoac a ccee pecpa ayx peyao, paccopeo paee 12.4.
p opaa ceeo oep yex peoa
aa 13. Coao-pyoe ooe
13.1. Oa xapaepca coao-pyox ooe1
1 p oroe aoo paea cooa aepa P, . Koocoo [oo
poea oye
Omyeue o opa ooe pyy, xapaepyac acpoe eccceoc, ecoooc, ocpaeoc [Ceep. C. 506].
eccceocm pya oyaec
Teopeece oco peoc coaoro apepca
Coaoe apepco o eoo, op eo coacoa apepo coax py oecee x ocpyoo aoec. cooc oe-ceo cce eoc
poe eaoo oee a pepx
Oa aoee erax ee pa a coco ocoo poe pecyoc o cex cpaax, ocoeo pax ocyapcax c epexoo ooo. B ae ro e
Kompoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. o xapaepy coao-pyoe ooe?
2. Haoe cye coao-pyox ooe.
3. Ko oe paooaee?
4. B e o aepaa o a
Cpyypa cce ypae eoeec pecypca
paee eoeec pecypca ocyecec a pax ypox: o pooo cooeca o opaee pep.
Haoee oe peoea o ypae pyoo eeoc
Ocoe xapaepc pa pya
Teop poo oo paccapae po pya ccee po ooecx pecypco (aopo). Bece c e ao ya, o py oaae cyece o o pyx ooec
paee aoc
Ocoa e cce ypae aoc coco cypoa cpoca a paoy cy pe cpyyp peoe pya cpyype cpoca a py. paec o oaae papao
poyoc apaoo a a pep
Te poca apaoo a aococo opao yopye ooe cooecy ea poca poyoc pya. a ocee 100 e cpeeooo e ppoca poyoc
B opaaox peopaoa
Copeeoe pooco oaec coo aoc, oopa oycoea exec popecco, pae ay, oocpec oypee, oec coa
eoeec pecypca pep
paccopeoo e (c. pa. 14.114.3) ceye eoxooc paax epee ypae eoeec pecypca pep Pocc.
B ooueco acneme
Ocoe nomu
Cpyypa pa pya.
Cpoc a py.
peoee pya.
ep op p pya.
Aa acca o a pe pya.
.
opoe onpoc u me ucceoau
1. Kao y opao ypae eoeec pecypca?
2. o opee eepae opacee coae o pyy?
3. Ka oppyec cpoc a py?
4.
epaypa
Amooo . C. Moy eoea ooeco aye. C.: ooeca oa, 1998.
Apexm . Be ., uc T. . y cea a ee copo eca.
ooa cooor pya
e yo
e 064250 o 6 op 1995 . e 070824 o 21 ap 1993 . ocao ea 07.07.98. opa 60x90/16. c. e. . 24,0. Tpa 50 000 . (2- ao
