рефераты конспекты курсовые дипломные лекции шпоры

Раздел Иностранные языки
/
Programming

Реферат Курсовая Конспект

Выберите учебное заведение

Programming

Programming - раздел Иностранные языки, УЧЕБНО МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ ...

Software is written by professionals known as computer programmers. Most programmers in large corporations work in teams, with each person focusing on a specific aspect of the total project. (The eight programs that run each craft in the space shuttle program, for example, consist of a total of about half a million separate instructions and were written by hundreds of programmers.) For this reason, scientific and industrial software sometimes costs much more than the computers on which the programs run. Individual programmers can work for profit, as a hobby, or as students, and they are solely responsible for an entire project.

Computer programs consist of data structures and algorithms. Data structures represent the information that the program processes. Algorithms are the sequences of steps that a program follows to process the information. For example, a payroll application program has data structures that represent personnel information, including each employee's hours worked and pay rate. The program's algorithms include instructions on how to compute each employee's pay and how to print out the paychecks.

Generally, programmers create software by using the following development process:

(1) Understand the software's requirements, which is a description of what the software is supposed to do. Requirements are usually written not by programmers but by the people who are in close contact with the future customers or users of the software.

(2) Create the software's specifications, a detailed description of the required tasks and how the programs will instruct the computer to perform those tasks. The software specifications often contain diagrams known as flowcharts that show the various modules, or parts, of the programs, the order of the computer's actions, and the data flow among the modules.

(3) Write the code—the program instructions encoded in a particular programming language.

(4) Test the software to see if it works according to the specifications and possibly submit the program for alpha testing, in which other individuals within the company independently test the program.

(5) Debug the program to eliminate programming mistakes, which are commonly called bugs. (The term bug was coined in the early 1940s, when programmers looking for the cause of a mysterious malfunction in the huge Mark I computer discovered a moth in a vital electrical switch. Thereafter the programmers referred to fixing programming mistakes as debugging.)

(6) Submit the program for beta testing, in which users test the program extensively under real-life conditions to see whether it performs correctly.

(7) Release the product for use or for sale after it has passed all its tests and has been verified to meet all its requirements.

These steps rarely proceed in a linear fashion. Programmers often go back and forth between steps 3, 4, and 5. If the software fails its alpha or beta tests, the programmers will have to go back to an earlier step. Often programming managers schedule several alpha and beta tests. Changes in software requirements may occur at any time, and programmers then need to redo parts of their work to meet the new requirements.

Often the most difficult step in program development is the debugging stage. Problems in program design and logic are often difficult to spot in large programs, which consist of dozens of modules broken up into even smaller units called subroutines or subprograms. Also, though a program might work correctly, it is considered to have bugs if it is slower or less efficient than it should be.

2. Расставьте заголовки в тексте.

A Step by step.

B Reiterative process

C Expensive product.

D Efficiency is the most important.

E Two significant parts.

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.

	блок-схема
	космический корабль
	отлаживать программу
	планировать испытания
	по линейному закону
	поломка
	придумывать (слово)
	программа исчисления заработной платы
	программное обеспечение
	спецификация программного обеспечения
	ставка заработной платы
	структура данных

4. Вставьте предлоги и переведите словосочетания.

work___teams; to focus___aspects; to consist___instructions; to be written___ programmers; ___this reason; work___profit; work___a hobby; to be responsible___ a project; sequences___steps; to be___close contact; users___the software; to flow___the modules; according___the specification; submit___testing; individuals ___the company; look___the cause; to test___real-life conditions; to realize___use; to go back and forth___steps; changes___requirements; occur___any time;

4. Письменно переведите третью часть текста.

Развернуть

Открыть в широком формате

– Конец работы –

Эта тема принадлежит разделу:

УЧЕБНО МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

УЧЕБНО МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ... ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ... ФИЗИКО МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ФАКУЛЬТЕТА С ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬЮ...

Если Вам нужно дополнительный материал на эту тему, или Вы не нашли то, что искали, рекомендуем воспользоваться поиском по нашей базе работ: Programming

Что будем делать с полученным материалом:

Если этот материал оказался полезным ля Вас, Вы можете сохранить его на свою страничку в социальных сетях:

Все темы данного раздела:

С ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНОЙ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЬЮ
«ИНФОРМАТИКА» Авторы-составители: Сафонова Ирина Георгиевна Проняева Мария Вадимовна Р

Telecommunication
Communication ties together the parts of a society just as the nervous system ties together the parts of an individual.

Computers
Generally, a computer is any device that can perform numerical calculations—even an adding machine or a slide rule. Currently, however, the term usually refers to an electronic devi

Computer applications
Modern computers have a myriad of applications in fields ranging from the arts to the sciences and from personal finance to enhanced communications. The use of supercomputers has be

Текст 5.
1. Прочитайте текст. Hardware /Part 1/ A digital computer's hardware is a complex system of four functionally different elements—a centr

Текст 6.
1. Прочитайте текст. Hardware /Part 2/ Most digital computers store data both internally, in what is called main memory, and externally,

Bill Gates
American computer programmer and entrepreneur who cofounded Microsoft Corporation, the world's largest personal-computer software company. Gates wrote his first software program at the

Software
Two types of software instruct a computer to perform its tasks—systems software and applications software. Systems software is a permanent component of the computer that controls it

Programming languages
There are two general types of languages—low-level and high-level. Low-level languages are similar to a computer's internal binary language, or machine language. They are difficult for humans to

The Internet
A computer network is the interconnection of many individual computers, much as a road is the link between the homes and the buildings

The social impact of computers
Until the mid-1980s few people had direct contact with computers. Then people began to purchase PCs for use at home, and in the 1990s the Internet and the World Wide Web came to affect nearly ev

Computer crimes
Computers, with all the benefits they offer, also unfortunately can enable cybercrime, or computer crime. Of course, the computers and their electronic components have always been t

Information technology
The computer industry itself - the development and manufacturing of computer hardware and software - had a major impact on society in the late 20th century and has become one of the

The future of computers
Research and development in the computer world moves simultaneously along two paths—in hardware and in software. Work in each area influences the other. Many hardware syste

Where to next?
More than half a century has passed since John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry built the first digital computer. We've seen computers evolve from giant, air-conditioned beasts with their own staff of

Four common PC problems you can fix yourself
Computer problems may seem immensely complicated at first glance. But some are relatively easy to fix. That doesn't mean they will be cheap if someone else does the job. Replacing a hard d

Computer viruses
Types of virus From worms to macros, there's a whole host of viruses out there to catch... Worms These viruses spread via computer networks. The I

Man and machine
One place where artificial intelligence has found a natural home is in the development of computer games. AI (artificial intelligence) in computer games is becoming increasingly sophisticated as co

The digital decade
Now, we talk about this as the decade of Digital Lifestyles, the decade of Digital Workstyles. That means that all these tools are becoming mainstream. And it's not just one application that makes

Mac Pro: The ultimate in desktop computing
The new Mac Pro desktop is a thing of beauty. Inside and out this box looks like it is the ultimate desktop computer on the market today. With two, 64-bit, dual-core Intel Xeon “Woodcrest”

The hard disk that changed the world
August 7, 2006 issue - If there's a bottle of vintage champagne you've been saving, next month is the time to pop it open: it's the 50th anniversary of hard-disk storage. Don't laugh. On Sept. 13,

The unified communications revolution
Today, the Internet provides us with nearly unlimited access to information about markets, products and competitors. Productivity applications help us use that information to gain insight into a ra

Technology is the tool, people are the key
Technology is everywhere in the workplace - in laptop computers, personal digital assistants, "smart" wireless telephones, the Internet, and business servers. But people remain the core o

Console wars: Which is best?
As Microsoft unleashes its Xbox 360, gamers face a difficult decision - whether to buy the new machine or wait for the next gen consoles from Sony and Nintendo. Three game journalists present the c