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By Harper Lee

By Harper Lee - раздел Иностранные языки, ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА 4 курс   Harper Lee Was Bom In 1926 In The State Of Alabama. In 1945-1...

 

Harper Lee was bom in 1926 in the state of Alabama. In 1945-1949 she studied law at the University of Alabama. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is her first novel. It received almost unanimous critical acclaim and several awards, the Pulitzer Prize among them (1961). A screen play adaptation of the novel was filmed in 1962.

This book is a magnificent, powerful novel in which the author paints a true and lively picture of a quiet Southern town in Alabama rocked by a young girl's accusation of criminal assault.

Tom Robinson, a Negro, who was charged with raping a white girl, old Bob Swell's daughter, could have a court-appointed defence. When Judge Taylor appointed Atticus Finch, an experienced smart lawyer and a very clev­er man, he was sure that Atticus would do his best. At least Atticus was the only man in those parti who could keep a jury1 out so long in a case bite that. Atticus was eager to take up this case in spite of the threats of the Ku-Klux-Klan.2

He, too, was sure he would not win, because as he explained it to his son afterwards: "In our courts, when it is a white man's word against a black triad's, the white man always wins. The one place, where a man ought to get a "square deal is in a court-room, be he any color* of the rainbow, but people a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box. As you grow

________

 

* Please note that the American spelling is used throughout the text. However, in the questions and exercises the British spelling is retained and it is recommended that you continue to use this.

 

 

older, you'll see white men cheat black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and don't you forget it — whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, that white man is trash...

There is nothing more sickening to me than a low-grade white man who'll take advantage of a Negro's ignorance. Don't fool yourselves — it's all adding up and one of these days we're going to pay the bill for it".

Atticus's son Jem aged thirteen and his daughter Jean Louise, nicknamed Scout, aged seven were present at the trial and it is Jean Louise, who describes it...

 

Atticus was half-way through his speech to fee jury. He had evidently pulled some papers from his briefcase feat rested be­side his chair, because they were on his table. Tom Robinson was toying wife them. "

"...absence of any corroborative evidence, this man was in­dicted on a capital charge and is now on trial for his life..."

I punched Jem. "How long's he been at it?"

"He's just gone over fee evidence," Jem whispered... We looked down again. Atticus was speaking easily, wife the kind of detachment he used when he dictated a letter. He walked slowly up and down in front of fee jury, and fee jury seemed to be attentive: their heads were up, and they followed Atticus's route with what seemed to be appreciation. I guess it was be­cause Atticus wasn't a thunderer.

Atticus paused, then he did something he didn't ordinarily do. He unhitched his watch and chain and placed them on fee table, saying, "With the court's permission —"

Judge Taylor nodded, and then Atticus did something I never saw him do before or since, in public or in private: he unbuttoned his vest, unbuttoned his collar, loosened his tie, and took off his coat. He never loosened a scrap of his clothing until he undressed at bedtime, and to Jem and me, this was fee equivalent of him standing before us stark naked. We ex­changed horrified glances.

Atticus put his hands in his pockets, and as he returned to the jury, I saw his gold-collar button and the tips of his pen and pencil winking in fee light.

"Gentlemen," he said. Jem and I again looked at each other: Atticus might have said "Scout". His voice had lost its aridity, its detachment, and he was talking to fee jury as if they were folks on fee post office corner.

 

"Gentlemen," he was saying. "I shall be brief, but I would like to use my remaining time with you to remind you that this case is not a difficult one, it requires no minute sifting of com­plicated, facts, but it does require you to be sure beyond all reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the defendant. To begin with, this case should never have come to trial. This case is as simple as black and white.

"The state has not produced one iota of medical evidence to the effect that the crime Tom Robinson is charged with ever took place. It has relied instead upon the testimony of two wit­nesses whose evidence has not only been called into serious question on cross-examination, but has been flatly contradicted by the defendant. The defendant is not guilty, but somebody in this court is.

“I have nothing but pity in my heart for the chief witness for the state, but my pity does not extend so far as to her put­ting a man's life at stake, which she had done in an effort to get rid of her own guilt.

"I say guilt, gentlemen, because it was guilt that motivated her. She has committed no crime, she has merely broken a rigid and time-honored code of, our society, a code so severe that whoever breaks it is hounded from our midst as unfit to live with. She is the victim of cruel poverty and ignorance, but I cannot pity her: she is white. She knew full well the enormity of her offense, but because her desires were stronger than the code she was breaking, she persisted in breaking it. She persist­ed, and her subsequent reaction is something that all of us have known at one time or another. She did something every child has done — she tried to put the evidence of her offense away from her. But in this case she was no child hiding stolen contra­band: she struck out at her victim — of necessity she must put him away from her — he must be removed from her presence, from this world. She must destroy the evidence of her offense.

"What was the .evidence of her offense? Tom Robinson, a human being. She must put Tom Robinson away from her. Tom Robinson was her daily reminder of what she did. What did she do? She tempted a Negro.

"She was white, and she tempted a Negro. She did some­thing that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man. Not an old Uncle, but a strong young Negro man. No code mattered to her before she broke it, but it came crashing down on her afterwards.

 

 

"Her father saw it, and the defendant has testified as to his remarks. What did her father do? We don't know, but there is circumstantial evidence to indicate that Mayella Ewell was beaten savagely by someone who led almost exclusively with his left. We do know in part what Mr Ewell did: he did what any God-fearing, persevering, respectable white man would do under the circumstances — he swore out a warrant, no doubt signing it with his left hand, and Tom Robinson now sits before you, having taken the oath with the only good hand he pos­sesses — his right hand.

"And so a quiet, respectable, humble Negro who had the unmitigated temerity to 'feel sorry' for a white woman has had to put his word against two whjte people's. I need not remind you of their appearance and conduct on the stand — you saw them for yourselves. The witness for the state, with the excep­tion of the sheriff of Maycomb County, have presented them­selves to you, gentlemen, to this court, in the cynical confi­dence that their testimony would not be doubted, confident that you, gentlemen, would go along with them on the assump­tion — the evil assumption — that all Negroes lie, that all Negroes are basically immoral beings, that all Negro men are not to be trusted around our women, an assumption one asso­ciates with minds of their caliber.

"Which, gentlemen, we know is in itself a lie as black as Tom Robinson's skin, a lie I do not have to point out to you. You know the truth, and the truth is this: some Negroes lie, some Negroes are immoral, some Negro men are not to be trusted around women — black or white. But this is a truth that applies to the human race and to no particular race of men. There is not a person in this court-room who has never told a lie, who has never done an immoral thing, and there is no man living who has never looked upon a woman without desire."

Atticus paused and took out his handkerchief. Then he took off his glasses and wiped them, and we saw another "first": we had never seen him sweat — he was one of those men whose face! never perspired, but now it was shining tan.

"One more thing, gentlemen, before I quit. Thomas Jeffer­son3 once said that all men are created equal, a phrase that the Yankees4 and the distaff side5 of the Executive branch in Washington are fond of hurling at us. There is a tendency in this year of grace, 1935, for certain people to use this phrase out of context, to .satisfy all conditions. The most ridiculous

 

example I can think of is that the people who run public education promote the stupid and idle along with the industri­ous — because all men are created equal, educators will grave­ly tell you, the children left behind suffer terrible feelings of in­feriority. We know all men are not created equal in the sense some people would have us believe — some people are, smarter than others, some people have more opportunity because they're born with it, some men make more money than others, some ladies make better cakes than others — some people are born gifted beyond the normal scope of most men.

"But there is one way in this country in which all men are created equal — there is one human institution that makes a pauper the equal of a Rockefeller, the stupid man the equal of an Einstein, and the ignorant man the equal of any college president. That institution, gentlemen, is a court. It can be the Supreme Court of the United States or the humblest J.P. court in the land, or this honorable court which you serve. Our courts, have their faults, as does any human institution, but in this country our courts are the great levellers, and in our courts all men are created equal.

"I'm no idealist to believe firmly in the integrity of our courts and in the jury system. Gentlemen, a court is no better than each man of you sitting before me on this jury. A court is only as sound as its jury, and a jury is only as sound as the men who make it up. I am confident that you, gentlemen, will review without passion the evidence you have heard, come to a decision, and restore this defendant to his family. In the name of God, do your duty."

Atticus's voice had dropped, and as he turned away from the jury he said something I did not catch. He said it more to himself than to the court. I punched Jem.

"What'd he say?"

"In the name of God, believe him, I think that's what he said."...

What happened after that had a dreamlike quality: in a dream I saw the jury return, moving like underwater swimmers, and Judge Taylor's voice came from far away and was tiny. I saw something only a lawyer's child could be expected to see, could be expected to watch for, and it was like watching Atticus walk into the street, raise a rifle to his shoulder and pull the trigger, but watching all the time knowing that the gun was empty.

 

 

A jury never looks at a defendant it has convicted, and when this jury came in, not one of them looked at Tom Robin­son. The foreman handed a piece of paper to Mr Tate who handed it to the clerk who handed it to the judge. ...

I shut my eyes. Judge Taylor was polling the jury: "Guilty ... guilty ... guilty ... guilty..." I peeked at Jem: his hands were white from gripping the balcony rail, and his shoulders jerked as if each "guilty" was a separate stab between them.

Judge Taylor was saying, something. His gavel was in his fist, but he wasn't using it. Dimly, I saw Atticus pushing papers from the table into his briefcase. He snapped it shut; went to the court reporter and said something, nodded tp Mr Gilmer, and then went to Tom Robinson and whispered something to him. Atticus put his hand on Tom's shoulder as he whispered. Atticus took his coat off the back of his chair and pulled it over his shoulder. Then he left the court-room, but not by his usual exit. He must have wanted to go home the short way, because he walked quickly down the middle aisle toward the south exit. I followed the top of his head as he made his way to the door. He did not look up.

Someone was punching me, but I was reluctant to take my eyes from the people below us, and from the image of Atticus's lonely walk down the aisle.

"Miss Jean Louise?"

I looked around. They were standing. All around us and in the balcony on the opposite wall, the Negroes were getting to their feet. Reverend Sykes's voice was as distant as Judge Taylor’s: "Miss Jean Louise, stand up. Your father's passing."

 

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Под редакцией В.Д. АРАКИНА
  Издание четвертое, переработанное и дополненное   Допущено Министерством образования Российской Федерации в качес

И.Н. Верещагина, М.С. Страшникова, С.И. Петрушин
  Рецензент кафедра английского языка Астраханского государственного педагогического института им. С.М. Кирова (зав. кафедрой канд. филол. наук

By R. Gordon
  Richard Gordon was born in 1921. He has been an anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital,1 a ship's surgeon and an assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He l

Commentary
  1 St Bartholomew's, St. Swithin's Hospitals: medical schools in London. 2 invigilator: a person who watches over students during examinations.

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. However, I'm not worried. They never read the papers any­way. — You needn't worry about the meals. She never has anything for breakfast anyway.

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. annoyvt/i 1) to make a little angry, especially by repeat­ed acts; to disturb and nervously upset a person, e. g. Wilfred did not want to pay too m

To chatter like a magpie
  3. cheervt/i 1) to fill with gladness, hope, high spirits; com­fort, e. g. Everyone was cheered by the good news. He cheered up at once when I promise

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:   authority; contest n, prize-fighter; enthusiastic;

A) two principal stresses;
b) the secondary and principal stresses. Beat the time:   a) well-established; thenceforward; meanwhile; well-trodden; self-consciousness; unhurriedly: dissa

Make the following sentences complete using the patterns (p. 10)
  1. You can just leave. I'm about to tell Bucky to forget it... . 2. I'm done for the moment and ready to join you. I've rinsed my plate and my spoon and run a damp sponge across the

Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue, using the patterns.
  9. Translate the following sentences into English:   1. Хорошо. Я принимаю ваш отказ. В любом случае я рада, что мы познакомились. Над

Note down from the text (p. 6) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 11) and translate them into Russian.
  11. Complete the following sentences, using the phrases and word combi­nations:   1. If you are smart enough to cheat in this exam ... . 2. T

Give a summary of the text (p. 6) dividing it into several logical parts.
  17. Use the phrases and word combinations and act out the dialogues be­tween:   1. Benskin and Richard Gordon on the technical details of the

Study the essential vocabulary. Give the Russian equivalents for every unit and translate the examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   A. 1. "You are making too much fuss of me, don't worry"

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Who is who: applicant/prospective student; freshman; sophomore, junior, senior, undergraduate student; graduate (grad) student; part-time student; .transfer stud

Higher Education
  Out of more than three million students who graduate from high school each year, about one million go on for higher edu­cation. A college at a leading university might receive appli

C) Summarize the text in three paragraphs.
  2. Use the topical vocabulary and the material of the Appendix (p. 262) in answering the following questions:   1. What steps do students hav

Average Academic Fees per Quarter
(public university) Tuition Colleges non-residential residential students students   Two Year Colleges $ 753 $ 17

B) Comment on the given information and speak about the financial aspect of getting a higher education in the US A.
  4. Read the following dialogue. The expression in bold type show the way people can be persuaded. Note them down. Be ready to act out the dialogue in class:

Year-Round Schooling Is Voted In Los Angeles
  The L.A. board of education, has voted to put all its schools on a year-round schedule. This decision does not necessarily increase the number of school days, but it is expected to

D) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up the opinion you have been assigned.
  e) Enact the debates on a year-round schooling at the sitting of the school board of education. Do your best to support those who share a similar point of view and try to pe

A) Open the group discussion by describing the members of the panel and the chairperson.
  b) Split into groups of four students. Pretend you are the TV panel. Elect a chairperson and decide which of the four roles each of you will take: Mrs/Mr Terrie/John HilI, t

Commentary
  1. a jury: a body of persons, in the USA and Great Britain, 12 in number, who have to decide the truth of a case tried be­fore a judge. The jury brings in a verdict

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. a) Whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who heis,... that white man is trash. No matter who the man might be, you had no r

Phrases and Word Combinations
  smb's word against another's to get a square deal (a fair (it's your word against mine) deal) in private and in public (to be) half way (through, stark na

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1.smarta 1) quick in movement, brisk, as a smart walk (pace, trot, etc.), e. g. He gave him a smart rap over the knuckles. 2) clever,

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. a) Consult a dictionary and transcribe the following words from the text. Practise their pronunciation paying attention to stresses:   una

Note down from the text (p. 40) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 46) and translate them into Russian.
  10. Complete the following sentences:   I. 1 understand that it's only his word against mine but... . 2. 1 ... to get a square deal in this c

Using the phrases make up a suitable dialogue and act it out in front of the class.
  13. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations:   1. Вы выступаете против того, что утверждает он

Retell the text a) close to the text; b) as if you were one of the characters prerent in the court-room.
    18. a) Make up and act out dialogues between:   1. Atticus Finch and Judge Taylor before the trial. 2. Atticus Finch

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   A. 1. When Jean and Henry left the night club in his smart car, they to

B) jerk, shove, twitch
1. The boys ... the chairs and tables from the centre of the room. 2. The train made a sudden ... and stopped. 3. The dog's nose ... as it passed the butcher's shop. 4. A strong gust of wind

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Courts:trial Courts, common pleas courts, municipal and county courts, mayors' courts, courts of claims, courts of appeals, the State Supreme Court. The

Juvenile delinquency is an issue about which people all over the world are concerned.
  a) Read the extracts given below which present information on the gravity of the problem:   a) Youth gangs have been a part of Los Angeles si

Below is an interview with a judge on crime and punishment. The judge says why he gives help in some cases and punishment in others.
  a) Work in groups of 3 or 4 and assign different opinions on the problem of the punishment to each member of the group:   Interviewer.

B) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up your own opinion on the usefulness and types of punishment.
  c) Now discuss the issue with other members of the small group using the arguments you have prepared. Do your best to support those who share a similar point of view and try

B) Split into groups of 5-6 students and assign the roles of the panel.
c) Before the beginning of the panel read the following selections carefully and extract the necessary information:   — It's a time-honoured misconception th

Give a brief talk to the ten graders on the Criminal Law and its role hi combatting Juvenile delinquency.
12. Enact a role play "Trying a criminal case". Yon are the Jury and most decide whether to acquit the accused or sentence them to a term of imprison­ment (minimum 3 months/maximu

By L. P. Hartley
  Leslie Poles Hartley (1895-1972), the son of a solicitor was educated at Harrow and Balliol College, Oxford and for more than twenty years from 1932 was a fiction reviewer for such

Commentary
1. Other-worldly, indeed!"Other-worldly" means more concerned with spiritual matters than with daily life. The exclamation "indeed" is used to express surprise,

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. He was just going to pitch the postcard in the fire when suddenly he decided not to. David was just about to order a plane ticket when suddenly he decid

Phrases and Word Combinations
  to get/come to grips with to have things (too much) smb/smth (informal) one's own way to take up time and energy to get into a groove/rut to linger

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. come vi (esp. up to, down to) to reach, e. g. The water came (up) to my neck. come about to happen, e, g. I'll nev

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the stresses:   conscientious, photograph, an

Note down from the text (p. 73) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 78) and translate them into Russian.
  9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combi­nations:   1. The speaker talked a lot, but never really dealt serious

Make up and practise a suitable dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
  12. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations:   1. Мы должны серьезно взяться за решение этой п

Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
  14. Explain what is meant by:   projections of his own personality or, in different forms, the antithesis of it; to experiment with acquainta

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   A. 1. My son has begun to come along very well in French since the new

Object(s) — subject(s); to object — to oppose; to obtain — to come by; to happen — to come about; to yield — to give in
  1. How did you ... that scratch on your cheek? 2. I haven't been able ... that record anywhere; can you... it for me? 3. The accident ...last week. 4. How did it …that you did not r

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Categorisation:Children's and adult's books; travel books and biography; romantic and historical novels; crime/thrillers; detective stories; war/adventure; scien

MURIEL SPARK
  Many professions are associated with a particular stereo­type. The classic image of a writer, for instance, is of a slightly demented-looking person, locked in an attic, scribbling

C) Summarize the text in three paragraphs.
  2. In spite of the Russian proverb one can argue about taste: everybody does, and one result is that tastes change. If given a choice what would you rather read a novel or s

C) Do library research and reproduce a talk with an important writer.
  5. Read the following extract and observe the way literary criticism is written:   Jane Austensaw life in a clear, dry light

Group discussion.
Despite the increase in TV watching, reading still is an im­portant leisure activity in Britain. More than 5,000 titles were nominated in a national survey conducted in 1996. The public was invited

The Diary of Anne Frank
27. A Clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess 28.Sons and LoversD.S. Lawrence 29. To the LighthouseVirginia Woolf 30.

MY FAVOURITE LIBRARY
  There are many libraries which I use regularly in London, some to borrow books from, some as quiet places to work in, but the Westminster Central Reference Library is unique, in a s

Prepare to give a talk on an important library, its history and facilities.
  11. Group work. Work in groups of three or four to discuss the pros and cons of reading detective novels and thrillers. Consider the following:  

By E.L. Doctorow
  Ragtime is a novel set in America at the beginning of this century. Its characters reflect all that is most significant and dramatic in America's last hundred years. One cha

Commentary
  1. Ragtime:the form of music, song and dance of black US origin, popular in the 1920's in which the strong note of the tune comes just before the main beat of the m

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. ... there was somethingdisturbingly resolute and self-im­portant in the way he asked her... There was something strange in (about) the

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1.setvt/i 1) to make to be in a specified condition, as to open the cage and set the bird free; to set the papers (a village, a house) on fire; to fix or det

An old hand, good hand at smth
Ant. not much of a hand at smth, e. g. I am not much of a hand at making pastry. 2) encouragement given by clapping the hands, as to give a (good, big) hand to, get a (big, g

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciaton of the following words:   rigidly, nuisance, bouquet, chrysanthemums, transient, ex­

Make up and act out dialogues using the speech patterns.
  6. Translate the following sentences into English using the speech patterns:   1. Есть что-то странное в том, как она одевается. 2. Было что-

Note down the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 109) and translate them into Russian.
  8. Paraphrase the following sentences:   1. We are losing money right and left. 2. Days went past without any news. 3. Judge its size, please

Give a summary of the text (p. 104).
  14. Make up and act out dialogues between:   1. Mother and Father before the tea. 2. Mother and Sarah after the visit of the Negro p

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   A. 1. He was given a little money and at times, in the spirit of advent

Make up short situations or a story using the essential vocabulary.
  9. Translate the following sentences into English:   1.Она поклялась никогда не переступать порог этого дома. 2. Учи­тель задал ученикам труд

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Musical genres (styles):classical music (instrumental, vocal, chamber, symphony), opera, operetta, musical, ballet, blues, ragtime, jazz, pop, rock, folk (countr

Understanding Music
  If we were asked to explain the purpose of music, our im­mediate reply might be "to give pleasure". That would not be far from the truth, but there are other consideration

Below are opinions on the development of music.
  a) Spend a few minutes individually thinking of further arguments you will use to back up one of the opinions:   1. The line between serious

Group work. Split into buzz groups of 3—4 students each.
Discuss the following, using the expressions of agreement or disagreement (p. 290):   1. "Some people prefer only classical music and find con­temporary

C) As a group, now decide which event you will all attend together. When giving your criticism try to be honest, but tactful.
  9. Group work. Discuss the effect of rode music on young people. After a proper discussion each group presents its critical remarks. First read this:  

A Feast of Russian Arts
  The strong and impressive Russian theme at this year's Edinburgh Festival commemorates the 70th anniversary of the Russian Revolution. The festival opened on August 9 with

ByH. Munro
  Hector Munro (pseudonym Saki, 1870-1916) is a British novelist and a short-story writer. He is best known for his short stories. Owing to the death of his mother and his father's ab

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. Older and wiser and better people had told him that there could not possibly bea frog in his bread-and-milk.1 How can I possibly do it? Do it if you p

Phrases and Word Combinations
  to be in disgrace to change the subject to describe with much detail (for) the greater part of the day (in great detail) (the time; the year; of one's as

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. shiftvt/i to change the place, position or direction of, e. g. The boy shifted from one foot to the other. He kept on shifting his plate on the tab

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to stresses:   pseudonym, imperious, frivolou

B) Ask your partner to read the exercise aloud; write down all cases of erroneous pronunciation; correct them.
  4. Complete the following sentences:   a) 1. I can't possibly... 2. How can I possibly...? 3. We couldn't possibly... 4. You can't pos

Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue using the speech patterns.
7. Translate the following sentences and word combinations into English:   а) 1. Как же я могу это сделать, если вы отказываетесь мне по­мочь? 2. Помой, пожа

Note down from the text (p. 134) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 140) and translate them into Russian.
  9. Complete the following sentences nsing the phrases and word combina­tions:   1. After it was discovered that the politician had stolen

Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
  13. Explain what is meant by:   the fact that stood out clearest in the whole affair; an un­warranted stretch of imagination; the delights th

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the ilustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   1. James who felt very uncomfortable in that low chair, shifted his feet uneasily, and p

Make up and practise short dialogues or stories using the essential vocabulary.
  8. Review the essential vocabulary and translate the following sentences into English:   1. Мальчик переминался с ноги налогу, не зная, как о

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. A happy child is: a) kind-hearted, good-natured, loving, friendly, affection­ate; confident, balanced, secure; getting along (comfortably) with others; gregarious: socia

The Difficult Child
  The difficult child is the child who is unhappy. He is at war with himself, and in consequence, he is at war with the world. A difficult child is nearly always made difficult by wro

The Bell Family Charter
  Homework: All members of the family must do an equal share of the housework according to age and ability. A list of duties will be put up each week. Free Time:

A) Write a letter in response stating your agreement or disagreement.
  b) Using both the letter and the answer as a basis turn the contents into a dialogue and act it out in class:   Dear Helen, I have j

By P. G.Aldrich
  What do you remember most about your childhood? Run­ning through the long dewy grass of a meadow or the Saturday morning TV cartoons? Sitting in the kitchen watching your mother coo

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. bringvt (with prepositions and adverbs) to bring aboutto cause smth, e. g. What brought about this quarrel?

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:   dewy, meadow, cartoon, Captain Kangaroo, episode, mass media

Note down from the text (p. 165) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 169) and translate them into Russian.
  9. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combi­nations:   1. Who won the race? 2. This is the latest information on t

Pair work. Make up and practise a dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
  14. Explain what is meant by:   watching television is psychologically addictive; questions involving subtle conditioning and brainwashing; f

Answer the following questions and do the given assignment.
  a) 1. How influential a part does the TV play in children's lives? Do recollections of TV programmes provide the most part of the majority of young people's childhood memories? 2. W

Give a summary of the text.
  17. l) Media inventory.   a) List all the media yon observe in an hour or two in the following places:  

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   1. How a few words can bring it all back! 2. Clocks and watches should be brought forwar

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Television:TV; telly (colloq.), the box (BE); the tube (AE), portable television (set); colour television (set); video; video tape-recorder

C) Summarize the text in 3 paragraphs.
  2. Use the topical vocabulary in answering the following questions:   1. What are your favourite programmes? Refer to specific programmes to

The Story So Far
  The idea of a machine able to broadcast both sound and vision goes back to 1875. But it wasn't until 1926 that a Scottish engineer turned the idea into a practical reality. Now, his

Internet
is a network connecting many computer networks and based on a common addressing system and communications protocol called TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Inter­net Protocol). From its

D) Participate in the discussion. (You have only five minutes to talk.) Be prepared to answer any question arising in the course of the discussion.
  9. Interviewing people basically involves asking for opinions and expressing personal opinions. Next come some cliches you may use for this purpose:  

D) Summarize in your own words what you believe to be the best technique for interviewing people (see Appendix, p. 292).
  11. Read the following extract on the use of interviews in the foreign lan­guage classroom:   The success of an interview depends both on the

Television Questionnaire
            1.How man

B) Summarize your observations and report them to the group.
  c) Work out a suggested weekly viewing guide based on the recommenda­tions of group members. Beside each programme write the reasons for its ap­peal: humorous, realistic, un

DRAWING BACK THE CURTAIN
  Denis Healey was bom in 1917 and brought up in Yorkshire. After gainig a double first at Balliol College, Oxford, for six years he was a soldier learn­ing about real life.

Commentary
  1. The Fabian Society — a British organisation of left wing thinkers which was a founder or the Labour Party and used to have an important influence on it.

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. I learned much from those visits, restricted though they were. Hard working though he was, there was never enough money to pay the bills. Stran

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. includevt to bring in, to regard as part of the whole, e. g. This atlas contains fifty maps, including six of North Amer­ica. The price is ten doll

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. a) Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words:   purport; illusion; expunge; consciousness; liquidate; fas

Pair work. Make up and act out a diaioue using the speech patterns.
  8. Translate the following sentences into English:   А. 1. Хотя это может показаться странным, я особенно люблю читать истор

Note down from the text (p. 200) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 204) and translate them into Russian.
  10. Complete the following sentences using the phrases and word combi­nations:   1. All the Moscow cathedrals and churches have been ... to t

Pair work. Make up and act out situations using the phrases and word combinations.
  14. Explain what is meant by: to expunge it from the consciousness of the people; to be part of a common civilisation; to be meticulously restored; a build

Give a summary of the text, dividing it into several logical parts.
  17. Use the phrases and word combinations and act out dialogues between:   1. A guide and an American tourist planning the itinerary of the l

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   1. A group of theatrical workers including myself wrote an open letter to The Times.

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Symbolic calendar days of rest and celebrations: holi­days;festivals; bank holidays; public holidays. 2. Types of holidays:internationa

The Field of Folklore
  Folklore comprises the unrecorded traditions of a people. The study of folklore records and analyses these traditions be­cause they reveal the common life of the mind below the leve

Below are opinions on folklore, traditions and customs. a) Read them first.
  1. The most widely acknowledged form of Art — Folklore, that is verbal, musical and material (traditional handicrafts), is almost completely devoid of anything that could be called

C) Now discuss the opinions with your partner.
  5. When people talk about something they are bound to make mistakes. (To err is human.) But not everyone is able to correct these mistakes in a delicate way without hurting

C) Make a speech on the American tradition to celebrate Halloween.
  6. Pair work. Make up and act out a dialogue discussing national holidays. Do library research and collect additional materials describing unusual national holidays. Use the

C) Make a round table discussion of the American holidays.
    8. As you know the Americans and British have very much to common in their cultural traditions, for example Christmas and Halloween. But certain cele­bration

By Ch. Morley
  Christopher Morley (1890-1957), an American author, received unusual recognition early in his career. Among his widely known novels are Kitty Foyle and The Trojan Horse.

SPEECH PATTERNS
  1. It makes me wild tothink of working and working like a dog... It made Jane mad to hear the news. It will make the child happier to have his sister with

Phrases and Word Combinations
  to pick over smth to go back on smb to rummage through to be down on smb to attend to (one's affairs, a word of praise business) to get promoted

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY
  1. avoidvt to keep away from, as to avoid a person, speaking to smb. meeting smb, mentioning smth, mistakes, bad compa­ny, a quarrel, an argument, a s

READING COMPREHENSION EXERCISES
  1. Consult a dictionary and practise the pronunciation of the following words. Pay attention to the stresses:   a) atmosphere, unforgivable,

Listen to the recording of the text and mark the stresses and tunes. Repeat the text after the model
  3. Substitute one of the speech patterns (p. 238) for the parts of the sen­tence:   M o d e 1 s: a) He became angry when he thought of workin

Translate the following sentences into English using the speech patterns.
1. Нежелание Гордона понять жену разозлило Лору. 2. Ребенок станет счастливее, если его мать будет проводить с ним больше вре­мени. 3. Все, на что мог надеяться Вол, так это на показания его жены.

Note down from the text (p. 231) the sentences containing the phrases and word combinations (p. 238) and translate them into Russian.
  8. Paraphrase the following sentences using the phrases and word combi­nations:   1. At times some praise will work wonders. 2. You'd better

Make up and practise a suitable dialogue using the phrases and word combinations.
  11. Translate the following sentences into English using the phrases and word combinations: 1. Мальчик очень старался не делать ошибок в своем изложении. 2

Give a summary of the text.
  15. Make up and act out dialogues between:   1. Laura (Gordon) and a friend discussing the events of Thursday evening. 2. Mrs Jones

Study the essential vocabulary and translate the illustrative examples into Russian.
  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:   1. We avoided riding through large cities on our trip. 2. One would admire his excellent

TOPICAL VOCABULARY
  1. Family, folks, household, tribe, clan, descent (to be of some descent), descendant, ancestor, forefather, heredity, hereditary, sibling, paternal, maternal, next of kin, nearest

The Politics of Housework
  It seemed perfectly reasonable. We both had careers, both had to work a couple of days a week to earn enough to live on, so why shouldn't we share the housework? So, I suggested it

C) Cut them down to the five most important.
  d) Expand them to describe exhaustively the most perfect wife / husband and mother-to-law.   8. One of the main problems of family li

B) Turn the above situation into a dialogue and act it out.
  10. Look at the following ways of giving advice (some of which appear in the text) and accepting advice or rejecting it:   Giving advice

ORGANIZATION AND STRUCTURE OF THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN THE USA
  The school year is usually nine months, from early Septem­ber to mid-June. The common pattern of organization, referred to as the 6-3-3 plan, includes elementary school in grades 1

TOOLS FOR EVALUATING A STORY
  Any work of fiction consists of relatively independent ele­ments — narration, description, dialogue, interior monologue, digressions, etc. Narrationis dynamic, it g

COMPOSITION AND PLOT; FOCUS; VOICE
  What are the bare facts of the story? What is the exposi­tion, complication, climax and denouement? Are the elements of the plot ordered chronologically? How does the story begin? I

CHARACTERS AND SETTING
  What are the characters names and what do they look like? Does this have any significance? Are the characters round or flat? Does the narrator employ interior monologue to render th

THEME AND ARTISTIC EFFECT
  What is the general effect achieved? Has the writer caused characters, and settings to come alive? What was the conflict and how was is solved, if at all? Were there any striking re

By L.P. Hartley
  (continued)   A little comforted, Walter went home. The talk with the po­lice had done him good. He thought it over. It was quite true what he had told

Unit Six
  magazine programme — programme which is a mixture of "hard" news and feature items. wild/nature life programme — programme showing animals, birds, etc. in their n

INTERVIEW TECHNIQUES
  Ten-point plan to make a good impression   1. Be pleasant and polite to the receptionist or secretary who greets you. It will get you off to a good sta

Respond to the following situations either in a short story, using a dialogue and a description, or in an essay form.
  1. Describe how illustrations can help a reader to enjoy the book. Refer to two or three books you have read. 2. Imagine that one of your friends is missing from the classe

Some means that can be useful in persuading others
  1. Citing facts to support your view, naming their source if the facts are likely to be doubted. 2. Relating relevant incidents or experiences in which you or others have b

ATTACK AND RESPONSE
  Attack   Wouldn't you agree Wouldn't you say that

Response
    I see (take) your po

AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT
  Agreeing. Neutral: Yes, I agree. True enough. That's right I can't help thinking the same. Hour true. I couldn't agree more. How right that is. Oh, definitel

EXPRESSIONS SHOWING CRITICISM AND VIRTUES
  I know I am not good at... As for when I look at myself (in a mirror),... well... then I see someone a bit different. That's probably my main fault.

REACTING TO OPINION
  Positive response: True... exactly... I am all out for it. I am in favour of it.     You have my whole/full

Asking for clarification
  I'm sorry, I don't quite understand what you mean by... I'm sorry, could you explain what you mean by... I'm afraid, I'm not really very clear about what you mean

Giving clarification
  what I'm trying to say is (that)... Well, the point I'm trying to make is (that)

Giving advice
  I would advise you to DO... Personally, I think your best course would be to DO...

Accepting advice
                 

Cast list
    Helen/Eugene

Role cards
  Helen/Eugene Aged 19 You were one of the team. You are a great traveller. You are happy as in summer you worked in a new place and now you look forward to a trip to St. Pet

Cast list
  Prof. G., Head of the English Department Lecturer M. Lecturer E. senior lecturers

Role cards
  Prof. G. Aged 51 You are Head of the English Department and conduct a special meeting to discuss what form of assessment is more ef­ficient and reliable: exams or continuou

Role cards
  The author Aged 55 You are the author of the textbook. It is highly valued by the school teachers and so the publishing house is planning the second edition of it. As you h

Situation
  At a students' debating club a discussion is held on the role of television in society. Some students of the British group who are on an exchange visit to Moscow are participating i

Cast list
  A journalist A psychologist A postgraduate    

Role cards
  Journalist Aged 54 You are a well-known journalist You were asked to lead the discussion. In setting the problems for discussion you are delib­erately provocative and extre

Possible follow-ups
  1. Choose an evening's viewing for a) a foreign visitor whose Russian is good and who is very interested in learning more about Russia and our way of life; b) a fo

Situation
  Mrs June Brown was detained for shoplifting. She was accused of having stolen a girl's woolen pullover. Mrs Brown refused to say anything and consequently the police were called and

Role cards
  Counsel for the Defence Aged 39 While interviewing the participants of the incident — Mrs Brown, the defendant, Miss Smith, the sales assistant, Mrs Baker, the store detect

Situation
  During the last week of the term the eighth form register goes missing from the staff room. The form tutor is worried since it's the time for .the end-of-term assessment which must

Role cards
  Teacher W. Aged 35 You are a math teacher and a tutor of the 8th form. The dis­appearance of the form register upsets you. You intended to   hold a t

Possible follow-ups
  1. Discuss the following: a) Is one's authority as a teacher undermined by seeking the aid of senior members of the staff in dealing with discipline problems? b) I

Situation
  M.N. Semenova, an English teacher, and her colleague, N.M. Petrova, are receiving Mrs Dorothy Parker, a visiting Eng­lish teacher, at M.N. Semenova's. Her elder daughter, Helen, is

Role cards
  M.N. Semenova Aged 45 You are very much annoyed at the news. You love your son who is the apple of your eye and you've been looking foreward to the birthday party. Under th

Situation
  A fourth-year student Nick Petrov and a second-year stu­dent Ann Semenova are going to get married. They both study at the English faculty and live away from home in the Halls of Re

Role cards
  Nick Petrov Aged 22 You are an out-of-door type of young man and think that the only thing worth spending money on is travelling. You find Ann very fussy about clothes, res

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ СТУДЕНТАМ, ГОТОВЯЩИМСЯ К ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ
  К началу IV курса студенты уже обладают не только тео­ретическими знаниями, но и определенными профессиональ­но значимыми навыками и умениями, например, умением правильно распределя

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С РЕЧЕВЫМИ ОБРАЗЦАМИ
  1. Проанализируйте речевые образцы с точки зрения трудностей, которые они могут представить для ваших уча­щихся. (Сравнение с родным языком и внутри языка может помочь вам в этом.)

Тренировочные упражнения
  — имитационные (согласитесь, подтвердите и т. д.); — трансформационные (переспросите, выразите удивле­ние, не согласитесь, усомнитесь и т. д.); — упражнения на зав

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С ТЕКСТОМ
  1. Внимательно прочитайте текст и проанализируйте его с точки зрения трудностей, которые могут возникнуть у уча­щихся: — в процессе громкого чтения (трудные слова, сочетани

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С ЛЕКСИКОЙ
  1. Проанализируйте лексические единицы с точки зрения трудностей (по форме, значению и употреблению), которые они могут представлять для ваших учащихся.   2.

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ НАД ЭКСПРЕССИВНОЙ РЕЧЬЮ
  1. Вспомните, какие формы экспрессивной речи вы знаете (монолог, диалог); какие виды (подготовленная, неподготов­ленная); какие стимулы используются в работе над экспрес­сивной речь

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ ПО РАБОТЕ С АУДИОТЕКСТОМ
  1. Уточните конечную задачу работы с аудиотекстом (текст используется только для развития аудирования или на его основе будет развиваться говорение). 2. Исходя из задачи, п

УСТНОЙ РЕЧИ И ЧТЕНИЯ
  1. Проанализируйте материал, над которым вам предстоит работать, с точки зрения фонетических трудностей и сгруп­пируйте его по фонетическим признакам, например, по удар­ной гласной,

НАВЫКОВ И УМЕНИЙ
  1. Четко сформулируйте задачу письменного контроля, отберите необходимый материал и выберите форму контро­ля. 2. Вспомните некоторые методические рекомендации по проведению

РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ПРОВЕДЕНИЮ МИКРОУРОКОВ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ЭПИ- И ДИАФИЛЬМОВ
  1. Сформулируйте задачи (общеобразовательные, воспи­тательные, развивающие, практические) вашего микроурока. Например, практическими задачами могут быть; развитие умений употреблять

Unit Five
Text. From: "The Lumber-Room" by H. Munro........................................................................ 134 Conversation and Discussion: Difficult Children....

Unit Seven
From: "The Time of my life" by D. Healey Text "Drawing Back the Curtain" ............................................................................................ 20

Appendix
  Unit One..................................................................................................................................... 262 Unit Two..................

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
4 курс Учебник для студентов педагогических вузов   Зав. редакцией А. И. Уткин Редактор О. Б. Саакян Макет облож

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