Unit 9 SIMPLE MACHINES

Все темы данного раздела:

ПЕРЕДМОВА
У навчальному посібнику представлено двадцять англомовних оригінальних текстів з розробленим методичним забезпеченням у рамках загальнотехнічної тематики. Навчальний посібник призначений для студен

The National Technical University of Ukraine
"Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" The National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (NTUU”KPI”) is one of the oldest and biggest higher educat

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: higher educational institution, center of the city, beautiful shady par

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
park, different, scientist, program, Technical, educational, qualified 1. outstandingRussian ….. 2. National ….. University 3. beautiful shady ….. 4. high

Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct form.
1. The University ….. (to carry out) the student’s exchange program according to the agreements on collaboration. 2. At present the number of students in the NTUU ”KPI” ….. (to exceed) 500

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.
Economy and Industry of Ukraine Ukraine is an industrial and agricultural country. Most of the gross national product comes from metallurgy, chemical industry, machine building and food in

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text: 1. _______ coal used for coke are mined in the Donetsk Coal Basin. 2. Bees are kept in all par

Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences.
1. Ukraine has / is having extremely rich mineral resources in high concentrations and close to each other. 2. Besides wheat, Ukraine is producing / produces such grains as b

LEAD-IN
  1.Look at the pictures. What uses of computers do they show?   A B C D

READING
3. Read the text and match the sentences (A-C) to the numbered spaces (1-3) in the text: A. Computers penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Fill in the gaps with the proper item from the text: 1. Technical experts say that _______ help children to learn much more quickly. a) toy

Regular verbs Irregular verbs
to produce – produced to buy – bought – bought   15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Tense. 1. Computers ….. (to help) the children to lear

LEAD-IN
  1. Work in pairs. What could these robots be used for? A B C D

READING
3. Read the text about robotics and complete sentences 1-3 with words from the text: 1. A robot is described as a machine designed to …. one or more tasks repeatedly, with

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
1. Some spider-like robots are designed to explore areas ….. 2. One of the most important uses of smelling robots is in ….. 3. Robots can also go into dangerously polluted environ

Read the text and correct the statements that follow.
The Era of High-Tech Pollution Nowadays, the recycling of high tech garbage is becoming a big concern. In the last few decades we've been like children in a toy shop, rushing to get our ha

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
equipment, waste, recycling, last, electronic, nation, high 1. latest ….. gadgets 2. dumping toxic ….. 3. ….. tech garbage 4. major ….. firms 5.

Pre-listening. Match the English words on the left to their Ukrainian equivalents on the right.
аcid rains двуокис вуглецю dioxins токсичні відходи global warming ядерна енергетика

Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences.
1. Nowadays, the recycling of high tech garbage is becoming / was becoming a big concern. 2. Klaus Brodersen is trying / was trying to produce a definite classification of wh

Look at the pictures which show the problems of the environment and match the suggestions with their problems.
1. Governments should improve public transport. 2. People should get involved in recycling schemes. 3. Governments should protect rare species of animals from hunters. 4.

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.
Environmental Protection The planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but it's the only place where human beings can live. People have always polluted their surroundings.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: tiny, universe, surroundings, pollution, rural areas, pollution-causing machines, indus

LISTENING
9. Pre-listening: match the words on the left to the words on the right. 1. conduct a. aware 2. share

These tasks can help you to practice The Past Perfect Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 208 - 209 and then do the exercises.
15. Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences. 1. People have always polluted / had always polluted their surroundi

Facts about Forces
Force is a word that has lots of different meanings and different uses. For instance, there is electrical force, the force of gravity, and the force of magnetism. Nuclear force holds atoms together

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column. Force, different, meaning, us

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
1. An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in ….. 2. Force and motion are also parts of a complicated ….. 3. When several forces act on an object, the forces can

LISTENING
9. Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents: 1. turning moment a) ричаг

GRAMMAR IN USE
These tasks can help you to practice The Future Simple Tense and be going to. Read grammar rules on p. 204 - 205 and then do the exercises. 14. A salesman i

Gravity, Friction, Magnetism
Three well known examples of forces are gravity, friction and magnetism. Gravity is not just a force on planet Earth. Each planet has its own gravity, and each planet's gravity is d

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
pole, disc, friction, materials, traveler, force, copper 1. different types of ….. 2. made from ….. wire 3. the ….. of gravity 4. computer ….. drives

LISTENING
9. Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column. 1. dark matter

Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.
1. Each planet has its own gravity 2. Here on Earth we measure gravity using a scale. 3. The coefficient of friction for two materials may differ

Simple Machines
In physics, a simple machine is any device that only requires the application of a single force to work. Work is done when a force is applied and results in movement over a set distance. The

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4.Decide, whether the statements below are true or false: 1. Wedges are used for splitting close or pushing apart. 2. A nail is a familiar shape o

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
1. In physics, a simple machine is any device that only ….. 2. Today we are most familiar with the screw as a .…. 3. Wedges were used from very early times for such .…. 4

LISTENING
9. Pre-listening: match the English words and phrases in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column. 1. hammer

GRAMMAR IN USE
These tasks can help you to practice grammar topic “Modals: Ability”. Read the rules on p. 215 - 219 and then do the exercises. 14. Fill in the gaps with can, c

Complex Machines
  You have already known about the six simple machines: inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. You'v

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
1. The disk drive uses a wheel and axle to turn the disk or a system ….. 2. By choosing the size of the gears, the speed and direction of .…. 3. Gears, along with other simple mac

LISTENING
9. Before- listening: 1. Draw a bicycle. 2. How many parts does your bike have? 3. Can it work?

Choose one correct sentence for each picture. There are more sentences than you need.
1. 2. 3.  

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
electricity, common, elements, melting, development, large, extent 1. the world's most ….. metal 2. comparatively large ….. 3. classification of the ….. groups

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.
Mechanical Properties Mechanicalproperties are those associated with how a material reacts when subjected to external forces. Force will cause material to become stressed. Stress relates t

Match each word from the text with its synonym.
1. property a) shape 2. tool b) solidity 3. force c) characteristic 4. application d) power 5. form e) capacity 6. ability f) use 7. hardness g

In the following sentences underline the verbs and decide if they are active or passive.
1. Strain was defined as the amount of distortion (extension or compression) that takes place per unit of length. 2. Stabilityis the ability to resist changes in shape and size over time.

Numbers
Number is a word or symbol used to designate quantities. RATIONAL NUMBERS. The simplest numbers are the natural numbers, 1, 2, 3, .... The natural numbers are also called the whole numbers

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: to designate quantities, natural number, positive rational integer, add

Complete the sentences with the future passive form of the verbs in brackets, as in the example.
1. This model will be produced in the new factory in Poland. 2. German cars ….. (to sell) all over the world in future. 3. The orders ….. (to place) by fax or online.

Look at the picture and read the following Roman numerals.
2. Match the Arabic and Roman numbers. Why are Arabic numbers used in mathematics?

Numerals
Numerals are signs or symbols for graphic representation of numbers. The earliest forms of num

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text: 1. The common _______ of number notation in use in most parts of the world today is the

Pre-listening match the words from the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.
1. addition a. ділення 2. subtraction b. математика 3. multiplication c. рахувати в

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Add a comma where necessary.
1. Please call me if you ….. (to need) any help. 2. If he ….. (to arrive) on time we’ll discuss our plans before we go out. 3. She won’t go to Australia unless I ….. (to pay) for

Match the geometric figures to their names.

Geometric Figures
Geometry is the mathematical study of shapes, figures, and solids. Circles, triangles, and squares, rectangles, parallelogram are some of the geometric figures or geometric shapes. Circles

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.
memorable, equal, study, sides, cone, polygon, length 1. ….. parallel circles 2. opposite sides of the ….. 3. the most ….. geometric figures 4. the ….. of

Use the information from the table to complete the sentences below.
Bridge Types of bridge Length Built   Humber Bridge, England suspension

Match the measuring instruments to their names.

Measuring Instruments
Measuring instrument is a device for determining the value of some quantity in terms of a standard unit. In the physical sciences, quality assurance, and engineering, measurement is the activity of

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
4. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents: 1. quality control a) вимірювальний інструмент 2. theoretical determination b) гарантія якості

Choose one of the following quotations and explain what it means. Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) to express your point of view.
1. “Measurement is the first step that leads to control and eventually to improvement. If you can't measure something, you can't understand it. If you can't understand it, you can't control it. If

Match the invention to its inventor.
Telephone Morse Code Hot-air balloon

Inventions
Invention is creation of new devices, objects, ideas, or procedures useful in accomplishing human objectives. In most countries, certain classes of inventions are legally recognized, and t

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).
1. In the United States, any new and useful art, machine ….. 2. In some cases, although two individuals working independently achieved the same innovation .…. 3. Today most modern

Choose the proper item.
1. Under strict definition, however, ….. produced by humans that is new and unique is an invention. a) anything b) nothing c) anywhere 2. ….. knows that he is a great inventor.

Types of Engines
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Devices converting heat energy into motion are referred to as engines, which come in many types. A

Match each word from the text with its synonym.
1. fluid a) power 2. engine b) apparatus 3. energy c) substance 4. motion d) car 5. matter e) motor 6. automobile f) liquid 7. device g) moveme

Choose and underline the proper item to complete the sentences.
1. Come about 11 o’clock. I’ll have little / a little time then. 2. There was little / a little water on the mountain and we all got very thirsty. 3. Foreign languag

Industrial Design
Industrial design is the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products. It is concerned with aesthetic appearance as well as with functional efficiency. The successful design gi

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text: 1. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client, specialists as

Complete the sentences with the words given in brackets.
1. In fact, industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some classic industrial designs are considered as ….. works of art as works of engineering. (much,

Manufacturing
Manufacturing is producing goods that are necessary for modern life from raw materials. Originally manufacturing was accomplished by hand, but most of today's modern manufacturing operations are hi

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
  4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: goods, necessary, modern life, raw materials, manufacturing operations,

Five of the following sentences contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.
1. These products have been on the market since nearly ten years. 2. He took a book from his shelf and put it into his bag. 3. The jacquard loom for weaving cloth was created at 1

Grammar references
Іменник (the Noun) В англійській мові іменники вживаються з артиклем, мають відмінок (загальний і присвійний) та число (однину і множину). Іменник не має закінчень родовог

Артикль (the Article)
Артикль – це частина мови, яка вживається перед іменником або прикметником, після якого є іменник. В англійській мові існує два артиклі: неозначений артикль a/an та означений артик

Займенник (the Pronoun)
За значенням і граматичними особливостями займенники поділяються на особові, присвійні, зворотні, відносні, вказівні, неозначені, кількісні.  

Прийменники часу
Ми використовуємо прийменники часу для того, щоб сказати коли щось відбулось, відбувається або відбудеться. Найбільш поширеними є at, inтаon.  

Прийменники напрямку
Ми використовуємо прийменники напрямку для того, щоб показати напрямок, у якому хтось або щось рухається. До них належать:   Along – Вз

Past Simple
Називає: · Минулі дії, і вживається тоді, коли є вказівка на час, у який ці дії відбулись. Напр.. They graduated three years ago. ·

Future Simple
Називає: · Дії, які, можливо, відбудуться або не відбудуться у майбутньому. Напр.. We will visit Disney World one day. · Пер

Present Continuous
Називає: · Дії, що відбуваються зараз, у момент мовлення. Напр. He is readinga book right now. · Тимчасові дії, що відбуваються навколо мо

Past Continuous
Називає: · Дію, що була в процесі розвитку у зазначений момент у минулому. Ми не знаємо, коли ця дія почалась чи завершилась. Напр.. At three o’clock yesterday afternoo

Present Perfect-Continuous
Називає: · Дію, що почалась у минулому і все ще триває у момент мовлення. Примітно, що є вказівка на період тривалості цієї дії. Напр.. He has been working

Пасивний стан (Passive Voice)
Зведена таблиця часів пасивного стану (Passive Voice) Групи Часи Simple Continuous Perfect

Перетворення активного стану на пасивний
При перетворенні активного стану на пасивний: 1) додаток речення в активному стані стає підметом речення в пасивному стані. 2) форма активного стану дієслова замінюється відповідн

Перетворення стверджувальних та заперечних речень у непряму мову.
· Коли ми перетворюємо у непряму мову стверджувальне або заперечне речення ми використовуємо дієслова say (to sb) або tell (sb) перед непрямою мовою. Особові та присвійні займенники змінюються відп

Перетворення запитальних речень у непряму мову
· При перетворенні запитань з прямої мови на непряму мову ми використовуємо ask або want to know. · У непрямих запитаннях (запитаннях, що містяться у непр

IRREGULAR VERBS
№ Неозначена форма І Infinitive II форма Past Simple ІІІ форма Past Participle Переклад 1

It’s my job
When I left school, I started work for a plastics company, one of the biggest in the country. We make everything from small components for medical equipment to large water pipes – the blue ones whi

Gas Industry
There is now a process which makes it easier to transport gas over longer distances. It’s called liquefied natural gas. Put simply, gas can now be frozen into liquid form and transported to distant

Unit 3 FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER
This is the VOA Special English Technology Report. Silicon Valley in Northern California is home of the world’s largest technology companies. These include Apple, Google, Oracle, Intel, Ci

Home Robots
A Japanese company started selling a futuristic home robot on September 16. The meter-high humanoid may make housework a thing of the past – for the rich. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries put its intern

Unit 5 THE ERA OF HIGH-TECH POLLUTION
Well, to begin with, I can’t even open my window most of the time. What with all those cars and factories releasing poisonous chemicals into the air, it’s enough to choke you. It’s dreadful! And wh

Unit 6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Interviewer: Excuse me. Good afternoon. May name is Jonathan Adams and I’m from Green World magazine. We are conducting a survey about recycling. Would each of you like to share your views on the m

The Moment of Force
Now what I thought I might do today… What we are going to talk of is the extension of a force. We’re going to talk about the moment of a force. If I apply a force to something, then I find

Unit 8 GRAVITY, FRICTION AND MAGNETISM
A lot of things in the universe can be measured, but people want to know why they are that size. We know the mass of a quark and the charge on an electron. These are constants. It turns out that th

Bicycle
Recording 1 Now, count up the parts on your drawing. Did you include wheels? A handlebar? A saddle? A chain? A crossbar? Pedals? Did your bike have at least five pa

Unit 11 METALS
Sophia: OK, so steel bodywork versus aluminium bodywork. Peter: What about pre-use, then? Sophia: Well, I think it takes a lot o

Material properties
Toby: That’s certainly a scary-looking collection of tools. Ester: Yes, some of them do look quite menacing, don’t they? Toby: I

Unit 17 INVENTIONS
CHRISTOPHER CRUISE: Kevlar is another invention that has saved many people from serious injury and death. Kevlar is a fibrous material with qualities that make it able to reject bullets. Added to c

Unit 18 TYPES OF ENGINES
By 1800 many industries were using steam engines, designed by James Watt (from where we get the electrical measurement - Watt). Richard Trevithick, a Cornish engineer, refined Watts’ invention and

Eco-friendly light bulb wins design award
Reporter: Now here is a bright idea- a designer, low-energy light bulb. So now, if you want to illuminate your home in an eco-friendly fashion, you have this

Chopsticks for China, Made in America
Some Asian countries use chopsticks to eat food. They’re often made of wood or sometimes plastic. China makes most of the world’s chopsticks. Several hundred Chinese companies make about 63 billion

References
1. Агабекян И. П., Коваленко П. И. Английский для технических вузов. Ростов н/Д: Феникс. – 2006. 2. Англо-українсько-російський словник термінів та визначень / Уклад.: Г.О. Корсун, К.І. Бо