Англійська мова для студентів першого курсу Механіко-машинобудівного інституту

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ УКРАЇНИ

«КИЇВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ»

 

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ ПЕРШОГО КУРСУ

МЕХАНІКО-МАШИНОБУДІВНОГО ІНСТИТУТУ

Корсун Г. О., Литовченко І. М., Корбут О. Г., Ставицька І. В., Бондаренко К. І.

 

НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК

(електронне видання)

 

КИЇВ 2012

ББК

Англійська мова для студентів першого курсу Механіко-машинобудівного інституту: навч. посіб. / Корсун Г. О., Литовченко І. М., Корбут О. Г., Ставицька І. В., Бондаренко К. І. – К. : НТУУ "КПІ", – 2012. – 256 с.

 

Гриф надано Методичною радою НТУУ «КПІ»

(Протокол № ___ від ________р.)

 

Навчальне видання

 

Англійська мова для студентів першого курсу

Механіко-машинобудівного інституту

Навчальний посібник

(електронне видання)

 

Автори:	Корсун Г. О., Литовченко І. М., Корбут О. Г., Ставицька І. В., Бондаренко К. І.
Відповідальний редактор:	Леонова О. М., ст. викладач
Рецензенти:	Скуратовський А. К., к.т.н., доц. Лавриш Ю.Е., к.пед.н., доц.

 

ПЕРЕДМОВА

Підручник забезпечує формування стійких мовленнєвих навичок та вмінь, необхідних для свідомого володіння англійською мовою. Він надає можливість… Підручник складається з 20 уроків, які побудовані за принципом навчання різним… Граматичний матеріал, передбачений програмою першого курсу подано у практичному аспекті в кожного уроці, а також в…

UNIT 1

THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE

“KYIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE”

LEAD-IN

1. Can you recognize the places in the pictures? Work in pairs. Choose a place and describe it to your partner.

 

A	B	C

Discuss the following questions with a partner.

1. Why have you chosen the engineering profession?

2. What were your reasons for choosing the National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" to study at?

3. What are your plans when you graduate from the KPI?

 

READING

 

3. Read the text and answer the questions that follow:

The National Technical University of Ukraine

The National Technical University of Ukraine “Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” (NTUU”KPI”) is one of the oldest and biggest higher educational… The University is situated not far from the center of the city in a beautiful… The teaching staff of our university consists of highly qualified teachers, professors and scientists. 70% of the…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: higher educational institution, center of the city, beautiful shady park,…  

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

1. outstandingRussian ….. 2. National ….. University 3. beautiful shady …..

LISTENING

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. What does Stuart’s company produce?

2. Why is there a lot of paperwork in his apprenticeship?

3. Why do you think he has two days a week at college now?

4. When does he study?

5. How much studying does he do?

6. What are the attractions of becoming a team leader?

Listen to the text again and complete thesentences.

1. When I left school, I started work for a plastics _______, one of the biggest in the country.

2. We make everything from small _______ for medical equipment to large water pipes – the blue ones which are replacing _____ pipes everywhere.

3. It’s a mix of work, which I get paid for, of course, on-the-job training, and study at the local _____.

4. There’s quite a lot of _______ as I have to complete forms to show I’ve reached the right standard.

5. I’ve learned things like working in teams, problem-solving, _______ skills, and using new technologies at work, as well as engineering subjects.

6. It’s quite hard when your _______ are out having a good time.

 

SPEAKING

Work in small groups. Find information in the Internet about top 10 Universities in Ukraine and share your information with representatives of different universities.

12. Work in pairs, student A and B. Discuss the following question: is it necessary for the 21st century engineers to know a foreign language?

WRITING

13. You have to make a presentation about “KPI”. Write a short introduction (60-80 words) to your presentation in order to help you speak naturally. You may use the phrases in the box below.

- The subject of my presentation is … - As you can see …

- The main points are … - So, in conclusion …

- First, I’m going to tell … - To sum up the …

- Secondly, I’ll talk about … - Finally …

- And finally, I’d like to talk briefly … - Thank you for …

- OK, let’s start with the … - Are there any questions?

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Present Simple Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 199 - 202 and do the following exercises.

Open the brackets and put the verbs in a correct form.

2. At present the number of students in the NTUU ”KPI” ….. (to exceed) 50000. 3. The Knowledge Square ….. (to be) the centre of the NTUU ”KPI” campus. 4. Many students ….. (to go in for) different kinds of sport according to their liking.

ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

LEAD-IN

 

Match the picture to the branch of industry.

Chemical industry, 2) metallurgical industry, 3) machine building, 4) mining industry, 5) aircraft industry, 6) food industry

 

 

Work with a partner to discuss the following questions.

1. What branches of industry and agriculture are best developed in it?

2. What natural resources are there in the region you come from?

 

READING

 

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Ukraine is an industrial and agricultural country. Most of the gross national product comes from metallurgy, chemical industry, machine building and… Ukraine has extremely rich mineral resources in high concentrations and close… Ukraine is an industrial country. The industrial heartland of the country is the Donetsk Coal Basin. It is the most…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

1. _______ coal used for coke are mined in the Donetsk Coal Basin. 2. Bees are kept in all parts of _______ for honey and wax. 3. Ukraine has extremely rich mineral resources in high _______.

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the English words / combinations with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1. liquefied natural gas	a) покупці
2. delivered	b) витрати
3. customers	c) відкладення
4. pipeline	d) прибуток
5. costs	e) трубопровід
6. reserves	f) доставляти
7. profit	g) скраплений газ

 

Listen to a business news report about the gas industry. While listening complete these sentences with the words from the frame.

a) 50	b) Russia	c) financial	d) gas
e) capital	f) natural gas	g) liquid

1. There is now a process which makes it easier to transport _____ over longer distances.

2. It’s called liquefied _____.

3. Put simply, gas can now be frozen into _____ form and transported to distant countries in refrigerated tankers.

4. There are _____ and political risks associated with the development of LNG.

5. Despite high _____ costs, energy firms are investing heavily in LNG projects.

6. _____ could soon have a high level of control over the LNG market.

7. Experts say that gas could be the dominant fuel for the next _____ years.

SPEAKING

11. Work in pairs. You are a reporter interviewing someone who has his / her own business. Find out how he / she started it. Was it easy or difficult? Is his / her company profitable? (Student A – a reporter, student B – a businessman / a businesswoman).

12. You are a participant of the annual scientific conference and your task is to make a report entitled "Economy and Industry of Ukraine in the 21st century – our achievements".

WRITING

13. Imagine that you work as an analyst for a multinational company. You are looking for a new overseas market to manufacture and sell your products. Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) about advantages and disadvantages of the economy and industry of our country. The following words and word combinations may help you:

- manufacturing system - customer - modern equipment

- management system - seller - new technologies

- make/get a profit - employer - industrial robots

- recover losses - worker - numerical control

- means of production - wages/salary - economic growth

- productivity of labour - tax - recyclable materials

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Present Continuous Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 205 - 206 and then do the exercises.

Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences.

2. Besides wheat, Ukraine is producing / produces such grains as barley, buckwheat and rice. 3. Rich iron ore reserves located near Kryvy Rih, Kremenchuk, Bilozerka,… 4. The industrial heartland of the country is / are the Donetsk Coal Basin.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Наша країна вирощує такі зернові як пшеницю, гречку та рис.

2. Цього року фермери вирощують ячмінь.

3. Україна має добре розвинені хімічну та харчову промисловість.

4. Мідь проводить проводить електрику краще ніж інші метали.

5. На території нашої країни більш ніж 50 заводів виробляють широкий спектр сільськогосподарського обладнання.

6. Потяг прибуває завтра о 6 годині.

7. Не заходьте до тієї кімнати. Там студенти нашої групи складають екзамен з математики.

UNIT 3

FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER

LEAD-IN

1. Look at the pictures. What uses of computers do they show?   A B C D … 2. What do you know about the history of computer development in Ukraine?

READING

A. Computers penetrate almost into all spheres of our modern society, from nuclear energy production and missile design to the processing of bank… B. If Babbage had been able to get enough money to build the computer, the… C. But the educated man of today needs to have some significant knowledge of science and a little significant…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Fill in the gaps with the proper item from the text: 1. Technical experts say that _______ help children to learn much more… a) toys b) computers c) animals d) books

LISTENING

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. What place is called “home” to the world’s largest technology companies?

2. What computer technology companies are mentioned?

3. How long did the project take?

4. What does the new exhibit tell to their visitors?

5. What is the first object people can see in the exhibition?

6. Can visitors handle some of the objects in the exhibit?

7. How have computers changed for the last ten years?

Listen to the text again and complete the sentences.

1. Silicon Valley in __________ is home of the world’s largest technology companies.

2. The valley is also home to the __________ in Montain View.

3. It reopened last month after __________worth of improvements.

4. And the first __________ people see walking into the exhibit is an abacus from the 1800.

5. He says one of the more popular items is a portable __________ from 1981.

6. But Osborne One was about the size of sewing __________ and weighed 24 pounds.

7. So, just been able to pick one of those up will help our ________visitors to understand how _________ portability was about 30 years ago.

 

SPEAKING

11. You have found an interesting article in the Internet. The author of this article says: "There are similarities between brains and computers. Computers can do complicated calculations at incredible speeds. But they work in a fixed way, because they can't make memory associations. If we need a screwdriver and there isn't one, we will think laterally and use a knife or coin instead. Computers can't do this." In a group discuss some other similarities or differences between human brains and computers.

In the Internet find some information about new computers, computer games or educational programmes and explain how they work to your group mates.

 

WRITING

 

13. Write a paragraph (60-80 words) about the computer you have or the one you would like to have. Pay attention to the phrases and words in the box:

- type - hard disk - folders

- CPU - operating system - games

- RAM - floppy disks - programs

- monitor - word processor - price

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Present Perfect Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 208 - 209 and then do the exercises.Pay attention to the list of the most common irregular verbs (Appendix 2).

14. Divide the following infinitives into two columns and give their second and third forms.

To buy, to produce, to play, to be, to have, to become, to provide, to develop, to satisfy, to need, to take, to rise, to grow, to cost, to situate, to give, to get, to understand, to decide, to make, to compose, to divide, to do, to reflect, to find, to say, to tell, to speak, to return, to sell.

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

  15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect Tense. 1. Computers ….. (to help) the children to learn much more quickly.

UNIT 4

ROBOTICS

LEAD-IN

1. Work in pairs. What could these robots be used for? A B C D …   2. What other applications of robots do you know? What are advantages and disadvantages of using robots in industry?

READING

1. A robot is described as a machine designed to …. one or more tasks repeatedly, with speed and precision 2. Guided …. using video cameras, there are mini-androids that investigate and… 3. Feelers, contact switches and bump sensors let a robot know when it has made …. with walls or objects.

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:

reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator, material, tool, specialized device, various programmed motions, performance, variety of tasks, speed, precision, dictionary, package drugs, dangerous job, investigate, defuse bombs, polluted environment, chemical spills, nuclear power plant, extreme radiation, human, ultrasonic sound, contact switch, bump sensor, luggage, recognition, maintain.

 

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).

2. One of the most important uses of smelling robots is in ….. 3. Robots can also go into dangerously polluted environments ….. 4. Feelers, contact switches and bump sensors let a robot …..

LISTENING

9. Listen to the text and decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1. You can now buy a robot in convenience stores in Japan.

2. Housework has become a thing of the past in Japan.

3. A new robot is on sale in Japan for $150,000.

4. The robot has an independent personality.

5. The robot has a vocabulary of 10,000 words.

6. The robot can help its owners become rich and live longer lives.

7. The robot will give you your daily schedule.

8. The robot will relax and watch television when no one is at home.

 

Listen again and answer the questions.

1. What do you think about Wakamaru home robot?

2. Would you like to have a home robot?

3. Do you think home robots will become as popular as computers in our life?

4. Do you think robots will become more intelligent than humans in future?

5. How do you think home robot should look like?

6. What do you think a home robot should do?

7. Will robots have an independent personality?

SPEAKING

In the Internet or in magazines find the information about new robots. Choose one of these robots and make notes of its specifications. Bring your notes to the class and explain why you like this robot.

12. We can’t imagine modern society without robots. They play very important role in our life. Find examples of robots in a story, a film and in real life. Share your information with your fellowmates and after that you’ll decide who has found the most interesting or technologically advanced robots?

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are an inventor. Try to design a robot to do a dangerous or boring job for you. Make notes (60 - 80 words) about:

- what the robot is for

- how it works

- what it is made from

- how much it costs

- why it is useful.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Past Simple Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 199 - 203 and then do the exercises.

Change the verbs in the following sentences into the Past Simple Tense.

1. There are many types of robots in the world.

2. Robots can make and package drugs, textiles, and foods.

3. Touch sensors also help otherwise blind robots navigate.

4. They can detect vibration, impact, and even heat.

5. Robots do more and more things humans can't.

6. Ninety percent of robots work in factories.

7. Robots assemble car body panels and weld them together, finish and paint the car bodies.

 

15. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple Tense.

Sir William Thomson, Lord Kelvin (1824 - 1907).

Born in Belfast, Thomson 1) ….. (to move) to Glasgow as a child, and 2) ….. (to enter) university there when he 3) ….. (to be) only 11 years old. During his long career, he 4) ….. (to make) many important discoveries about heat, movement, electricity and magnetism. He 5) ….. (to work out) a new way of measuring temperature – the Kelvin Scale – and 6) ….. (to become) famous for over 50 inventions. These 7) ….. (to include) insulated cables and a compass for use at sea. The cables 8) ….. (to be) used to send messages by newly invented telegraph.

 

Fill in the gaps with the proper item.

1. Jacques Cousteau ….. the oceans.

a) explores b) explored c) has explored

2. He ….. a bicycle, but now he drives a car.

a) is riding b) used to ride c) rides

3. I ….. an interesting magazine at the moment.

a) don’t read b) am reading c) read

4. Mr. Jones ….. but he does now.

a) used to travel b) didn’t use to travel c) travelled

5. I ….. a noise, so I went to see what it was.

a) heard b) hear c) have heard

6. She ….. how to use computer at present.

a) learnt b) is learning c) learns

7. The ferry boat ….. every day at quarter past two.

a) leaves b) is leaving c) leave

UNIT 5

THE ERA OF HIGH-TECH POLLUTION

LEAD-IN

Make a list of what causes environmental pollution. Look at the pictures for some ideas and share them with your partner.

A	B	C	D
E	F	G	H

 

2. Work in pairs and discuss what can be done to prevent damage being done to the environment?

READING

Read the text and correct the statements that follow.

Nowadays, the recycling of high tech garbage is becoming a big concern. In the last few decades we've been like children in a toy shop, rushing to… The speed of turnover is very high. Anyone who has ever bought a computer will… This trend isn't confinedto computers either. Germany, Europe's richest nation, discards 1.5 million tons of…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text:

1. And of course the more we _______, the more we have to throw away.

2. The speed of turnover is very _______.

3. So what is to be done about electronic _______?

4. Nowadays, the _______ of high tech garbage is becoming a big concern.

5. Even such seemingly simple things as computer casings are bafflingly _______.

6. _______ have obliginglybrought out new toys faster than we can buy them.

7. All the casings contain bromine, a kind of _______ flame retardant.

 

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

1. latest ….. gadgets 2. dumping toxic ….. 3. ….. tech garbage

LISTENING

Pre-listening. Match the English words on the left to their Ukrainian equivalents on the right.

 

SPEAKING

11. Think of any product you or your friends buy regularly. Is it environmentally friendly? Discuss the problem in pairs.

Imagine that you work as a reporter for the well-known newspaper and you are given the task to write about one of the most polluted cities in the world. Choose one of the cities below and prepare a short report describing the impression the city made on you.

TOKYO

MOSCOW

NEW YORK

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are a young scientist and you have to speak at an annual international conference. The theme of your report is «The Era of High-Tech Pollution». Read the text again and express the main idea of the text in the shortest way in order to be ready for presenting your report (60 - 80 words) at the conference. Your may use the following opening phrases:

- On the whole …

- Fortunately …

- Luckily …

- In any case ...

- Unfortunately …

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Past Continuous Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 207 and then do the exercises.

Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences.

2. Klaus Brodersen is trying / was trying to produce a definite classification of what chemicals should and should not be allowed in the production… 3. The manufacturer Loewe was developing / has developed a green TV which… 4. We were discussing / discussed the problems of pollution at 2 o’clock yesterday.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Ви дивились телевізійну програму про забруднення навколишнього середовища о 9 годині вчора?

2. Що вона робила, коли ви прийшли до лабораторії? - Вона проводила експеримент.

3. Я подивився телевізійну передачу про проблему переробки відходів, прочитав в бібліотеці цікаву інформацію про нові методи та потім написав статтю.

4. В той час як ми створювали класифікацію хімікатів, вони записували результати.

5. Чоловік готував доповідь, коли хтось постукав у двері.

6. Де ти був о 3 годині? - Я ремонтував велосипед.

7. Вчора вона готувалась до екзамену з англійської мови цілий день.

UNIT 6

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

LEAD-IN

 

Look at the pictures which show the problems of the environment and match the suggestions with their problems.

2. People should get involved in recycling schemes. 3. Governments should protect rare species of animals from hunters. 4. Governments should force logging companies to plant new trees.

READING

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

The planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but it's the only place where human beings can live. People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was… Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues one day we won't have enough…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

tiny, universe, surroundings, pollution, rural areas, pollution-causing machines, industrial cities, danger, acid rains, global warming, air and… 5. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents: 1. pollution a) отрута

LISTENING

10. Listen to three people taking part in a survey about recycling. Mark statements as Yes (Ö) or No (c).   …  

Listen again and answer the following questions.

1. How many people are interviewed?

2. Is a woman concerned with recycling?

3. Does a man recycle only paper?

4. Does a girl recycle just everything at home?

5. Do you agree that a lot of recycled products are good for the environmental protection?

6. Do you think that recycling saves a lot of energy?

7. Do you recycle products at home?

SPEAKING

12.Work in groups. Imagine that you are going to have a videoconference devoted to the problems of the environmental protection with scientists from another country. Make up a list of questions to ask them. Decide what to show and tell them about the environmental protection in our country.

13.You are going to talk about different ways of environmental protection at the symposium "What can we do to save our planet for future generations?" Use information from the text to prepare for the report.

WRITING

14. Imagine that you are an active member of the “Green Peace organization”. Make a list of DOS and DON’TS for people to protect the environment and to save disappearing species of animals and plants. Write 60 – 80 words. Use these phrases.

- On the one hand …

- On the other hand …

- In any case …

- Actually …

- By the way …

- Anyway …

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice The Past Perfect Tense. Read grammar rules on p. 208 - 209 and then do the exercises.

15. Underline the correct verb form in each of the following sentences. 1. People have always polluted / had always polluted their surroundings. 2. Before we came, they had discussed / were discussing the problems that threaten human life on Earth.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

A: What 1) ….. (you / to do) when I 2) ….. (to call) at eight, Burt?

B: I 3) ….. (to work) in the garden because the wind 4) ….. (to blow down) the fence during the night.

A: Oh, 5) ….. (you / to manage) to fix it?

B: Yes, I ….. (to do ) it eventually, but it 7) ….. (to be) very hard work. I 8) ….. (to ask) my neighbor to help in the end. Why 9) ….. (you / to call) me?

A: I 10) ….. (to want) to tell you about the factory. It 11) ….. (to close down) yesterday.

B: I know. The company 12) ….. (to have) problems for a long time before they finally 13) ….. (to decide) to close down the factory.

A: I 14) ….. (to hope) they would change their minds about it, though. It 15) ….. (to be) a part of the town for years.

B: Well, at least everyone who worked there 16) ….. (now / to find) a new job. That’s good news.

UNIT 7

FACTS ABOUT FORCES

LEAD-IN

 

1. What is force? Give examples of forces acting on people and objects around us.

 

2. What kinds of forces do you know? How are they related to motion?

READING

3. Read the text and be ready to define Newton’s three laws of motion.

Facts about Forces

Force and Motion.Force and motion describe everyday things that are happening all the time. Hundreds of times every day, you use force and motion.… Newton's Three Laws of Motion.Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three… Law 1 - An object moving in a straight line will continue moving in a straight line, unless acted on by an outside…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Group the following words into three columns: nouns, adjectives and verbs. Some of them fit into more than one column. Force, different, meaning, use, electrical, gravity, magnetism, nuclear, atom,…   NOUNS ADJECTIVES VERBS      

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).

2. Force and motion are also parts of a complicated ….. 3. When several forces act on an object, the forces can ….. 4. Sir Isaac Newton is well known for his three laws of .….

LISTENING

10. Listen to the text and answer the following questions: 1. What does the turning moment depend on? 2. What is turning moment equal to?

SPEAKING

11.Think of examples of natural materials that can change shape or colour, or repair themselves. Discuss with your partner what forces are used in these processes.

12.Work in small groups. You need to prepare some information about different forces and their application in engineering. Use the Internet resources. Then tell your groupmates about the results of your research.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are a lecturer and you have to give a lecture on physics about different types of forces for the first year students. Before writing read the text again and express the main idea of the text in the shortest way in the written form (60-80 words). The following opening phrases may help you:

- As a matter of fact …

- On the whole …

- In any case ...

- On the other hand …

GRAMMAR IN USE

14. A salesman is describing a new product to a customer. Complete their conversation with will or won't. S: This is an excellent new material which 1) …... (to revolutionize) the use… C: I see, and how many hours of sunshine 2) ….. we ….. (to need) to produce energy?

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Якщо ми візьмемо два магніти, то північний полюс одного буде притягувати південний полюс іншого.

2. Він збирається купити нову машину.

3. Дивись! Ці коробки зараз впадуть.

4. Ми поїдемо на конференцію?

5. Небо захмарене. Збирається на дощ.

6. Я думаю, що він створить ескіз для цього проекту наступного тижня.

7. Ти допоможеш мені прибрати цей безлад?

UNIT 8

GRAVITY, FRICTION, MAGNETISM

LEAD-IN

 

1. What kinds of forces in action can you see in these pictures?

A	B	C

 

2. What do you know about the forces of gravity, friction and magnetism? How do they influence our lives?

READING

Read the text and correct the statements that follow.

Gravity, Friction, Magnetism

Gravity is not just a force on planet Earth. Each planet has its own gravity, and each planet's gravity is different. Here on Earth we measure… Friction.What is the difference between socks and sneakers? OK – there are a… Different kinds of motion give rise to different types of friction between objects. Static friction occurs between…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

4. Match each adjective from the text with its antonym:

1. different a) simple

2. stationary b) equal

3. opposite c) solid

4. close d) movable

5. slow e) distant

6. complicated f) similar

7. fluid g) fast

 

5. Match up the words in column A with the words in column B to form meaningful phrases, translate them into Ukrainian:

Column A Column B

1. interplanetary a) object

2. static b) mathematics

3. stationary c) theory

4. north d) mechanics

5. electromagnetic e) traveler

6. quantum f) pole

7. advanced g) friction

 

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

1. different types of ….. 2. made from ….. wire 3. the ….. of gravity

LISTENING

10. Listen again to the text and decide whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F): 1. All things in the universe can be measured 2. The mass of a quark and the charge on an electron are constants.

SPEAKING

11. Imagine that you are a great physicist working on problems of forces. You are invited to the students’ scientific conference to tell students about your research in the field of gravity, friction or magnetism and to answer their questions. Work in small groups.

12. You are going to take part in a students’ scientific conference. Prepare a report about gravity on different planets, magnetic poles of our planet, friction in nature and its role in our life.

WRITING

13.Imagine that your friend asks you for help, because he has to write a test on the topic «Gravity, Friction, Magnetism». In order to help him you have to be well prepared and understand the topic. Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) about these forces and be ready to tell about them to your friend. You may use words and word combinations from the box below:

- force of gravity - magnetism - north/south pole

- measurement - attract/repel objects - electricity

- motion/movement - quantum mechanics - electrons

- distance - coefficient of friction - electromagnet

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice grammar topic “Question types”. Read the rules on p. 195 - 197 and then do the exercises.

Write questions to which the words in bold are the answers.

2. Here on Earth we measure gravity using a scale. 3. The coefficient of friction for two materials may differ depending on the… 4. Other types of friction include rolling friction and fluid friction.

UNIT 9

SIMPLE MACHINES

LEAD-IN

 

1. In pairs, discuss what is meant by “simple machines”. Are they still in use today? If yes, give some examples.

 

2. What simple machines can you see in the picture? Which one is missing?

 

READING

3. Read the text about simple machines and complete the following sentences:

1. A …. looks a lot like a wheel and axle with a rope over it.

2. A …. is a bar with a balance point called the fulcrum.

3. A …. helps you do more work than you could do by yourself.

4. A nail is a familiar form of the …. .

5. The …. was the probable method employed by the Egyptians for manipulating into place the huge blocks of stone in the pyramids.

6. The …. is a triangle with two chief surfaces that meet in a sharp angle or taper to a thin edge.

7. The mechanical engineer more frequently uses the …., a spiral form of the inclined plane.

 

 

Simple Machines

The traditional list of simple machines is: - The inclined plane - The wheel and axle

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Decide, whether the statements below are true or false: 1. Wedges are used for splitting close or pushing apart. 2. A nail is a familiar shape of the wedge.

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).

2. Today we are most familiar with the screw as a .…. 3. Wedges were used from very early times for such .…. 4. The mechanical engineer more frequently uses the …..

LISTENING

  10. Listen and fill in the blanks with the correct words from the list: having, lever, slide, ponding, uphill, inclined plane, stair, knife, choose, lid, cut, wedge, base, screw, twist

SPEAKING

11. If two or more simple machines work together, they form a complex machine. Most of the machines we use today are created by combining several simple machines. Can you think of creative ways to combine simple machines to make work easier? Think about it and discuss in pairs.

Discuss the following quotations in small groups.

1. “The wheel is an extension of the foot, the book is an extension of the eye; clothing, an extension of the skin, electric circuitry, an extension of the central nervous system.”

Marshall McLuhan (Canadian writer and social reformer)

2. “Coincidence is the word we use when we can't see the levers and pulleys.”

Emma Bull (Writer)

3. “An inventor is a person who makes an ingenious arrangement of wheels, levers and springs, and believes it civilization.”

Ambrose Bierce (American writer, journalist and editor)

4. “For 50,000 years, ever he invented fire, the wheel and very recently the microprocessor, mankind has been striving endlessly to make himself 100 percent redundant.”

5. “If you wedge a rocket between the Rocky Mountains, you can reverse the rotation of the Earth.”

WRITING

13. Why is manufacture so closely connected to science? Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) to answer this question using phrases and words in the box:

- to improve production processes - equipment

- to research new methods - technological progress

- to provide the basis for solution - the importance of science

- application - to develop

GRAMMAR IN USE

14. Fill in the gaps with can, can’t, could, couldn’t or was / wasn’t able to. 1. Like all simple machines, a lever ….. either give you more force or more… 2. Early men and women knew that a weight …... be pushed up a hill or a ramp of earth with less effort than would be…

Match two parts to form sentences.

1. She can't run very fast now,	a) now be used to send emails.
2. Mobile phones can	b) but as you get more of one you always give up some of the other.
3. A machine breakdown means that we can't	c) but when she was in school she could run faster than anyone else.
4. She wasn’t at home when I phoned her	d) but I was able to contact her at her office.
5. Using a videophone allows you to	e) but luckily all the crew were able to save themselves.
6. The fishing boat sank	f) finish the order this week.
7. Like all simple machines, a lever can either give you more force or more distance,	g) see the person you are talking to.

 

UNIT 10

COMPLEX MACHINES

LEAD-IN

 

1. Look at the picture and say, what simple machines does a bike consist of?

 

2. In pairs, discuss what is meant by “complex machines”. Give examples of such machines.

READING

3. Read the text and match the questions (a-g) to the paragraphs (1-7):

a. What is a complex machine?

b. How many simple machines do we know today?

c. Why is an automobile an example of a complicated complex machine?

d. Which simple machines are used in doorknobs and scissors?

e. How are simple machines used in a computer?

f. Which modern machines use gears?

g. What simple machines does a bicycle combine?

Complex Machines

Let’s look at a bicycle for an example. A bicycle is a much newer machine than the simple lever that a cave man used to move a big old rock, but… Gears, along with other simple machines, make up many of the machines you use… The doorknob is a wheel and axle system that transfers the force applied by a person to a system of levers. The levers…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations:

inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel, axle, pulley, laptop computer, combination, gear, lawn sprinkler, watch, gearbox, escalator, elevator, hand drill, sewing machine, windmill, fulcrum, pivot pin, cutting edge, engine, transmission, gear shaft, speed, direction, rotation, mechanical, electronic device, cooling fan, disk drive, data, complex machine, threaded bolt, teeth.

5. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. simple lever a) система осей

2. inclined plane b) шестеренчастий вал

3. axle system c) електронний пристрій

4. pivot pin d) простий важіль

5. cutting edge e) точка обертання штифта

6. gear shaft f) нахилена площина

7. electronic device g) ріжуча кромка

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).

2. By choosing the size of the gears, the speed and direction of .…. 3. Gears, along with other simple machines, make up many .…. 4. The transmission uses gears, which are a form of wheel .....

LISTENING

10. Listen to Recording 1 and answer the questions: 1. Was the explanation correct for you? 2. Do you agree with the… 11. Listen to Recording 2 and answer the questions: 1. How many people take part in the conversation?

SPEAKING

13. Work in small groups. Imagine that you are working as an engineer and soon you are going to take a group of foreign visitors around your enterprise. Think what you will tell them about different complex machines in the shops. Be ready for the questions the delegation members may ask you during their visit (student A – an engineer, students B, C, D – foreign visitors).

14. Find some information in the Internet about a new, improved model of a car. Compare the original model and the new one. Which features are different? Is the new model better? Discuss in pairs.

WRITING

15. What will be the car of the future to your mind? Write a paragraph (60 – 80 words) to describe:

- design

- interior and exterior car parts

- performance and technical specifications.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice grammar topic “Modals: Permission - Obligation”. Read the rules on p. 215 - 219 and then do the exercises.

Choose one correct sentence for each picture. There are more sentences than you need.

  4. 5. 6.  

Each of the following sentences contains a mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. Machines should to make our lives easier in many ways.

2. You should to enclose the invoice.

3. Machines can to do all kinds of jobs today.

4. By choosing the size of the gears, the speed and direction of the rotation of the axles can controlled.

5. The customer has pay import duty before he can get the goods.

6. Do I may come in?

7. This new monitor should displays more than two thousand colours.

UNIT 11

METALS

LEAD-IN

 

1. Look at the objects in the pictures. What metals do you think they are made of?

A	B	C	D

 

2. Name as many metals as you can? Where are they used?

READING

Read the text and correct the statements that follow.

Metals

One basis of classification of the elements groups them into metals and non-metals. It is now 2,000 years since Julius Caesar was stabbed in a small auditorium known as Pompey's Curia and his body cremated in the Roman Forum. Since that time, many changes have taken place, but many things have remained the same. Steel is still the basic material of armaments, although, it is not used in the manufacture of shields and short swords. Gold, silver, and copper are, as 2,000 years ago, the coinage metals. Bronze is still used for objects intended to resist the corrosive action of the atmosphere.

Knowledge of the metals, of course, has increased, greatly since Caesar's day. The Roman world knew, at least, copper, lead, gold, silver, tin, iron, mercury, and zinc (in a copper alloy). To this list, the twentieth-century's man in the street might add aluminium, magnesium, nickel, chromium, cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum, uranium, and one or two others.

The first metals which were used by primitive man were those that are found free in nature to a comparatively large extent. These are gold, silver, and copper. Tin entered the metal picture when someone discovered, probably accidentally, that if it was mixed with copper the resulting substance was harder. So there came into being the alloy that we call bronze, a material which was so important in the ancient world that its name is given to one of the cultural stages in human development. The Bronze Age began in Egypt around 3,000 BC and in Europe some 500 or 1,000 years later.

Since almost no iron exists free in nature, it undoubtedly came into general use somewhat later than those just mentioned. As soon as methods were developed for separating iron from its ores in reasonably large quantities and at fairly low cost, it ceased to be classed as a precious material and began its career as the world's most valuable metal from the standpoint of actual use.

Metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperature and have comparatively high melting points with the exception of mercury. They are for the most part good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be drawn into fine wires and hammered into thin sheets, characteristics that are called ductility and malleability, respectively. An ounce of gold can be drawn into a wire almost 50 miles long or hammered into a sheet that has an area of between 175 and 200 square feet.

From the point of tonnage produced and used, iron is the world's most common metal, followed in turn by copper, zinc, lead and aluminium.

 

1. Bronze is still the basic material of armaments, although, it is not used in the manufacture of shields and short swords.

2. The Roman world knew, at least, copper, lead, gold, silver, tin, iron, mercury, aluminium and zinc.

3. Non-metals are mostly solids at ordinary temperature and have comparatively high melting points.

4. The Bronze Age began in Europe around 3,000 BC and in Egypt some 500 or 1,000 years later.

5. One basis of classification of the elements groups them into solids and liquids.

6. Gold, silver, and bronze are, as 2,000 years ago, the coinage metals.

7. Iron is still used for objects intended to resist the corrosive action of the atmosphere.

 

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

4. Match the English phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. melting point a) основний матеріал

2. ordinary temperature b) низька вартість

3. basic material c) хороший провідник

4. human development d) квадратний фут

5. good conductor e) звичайна температура

6. square foot f) точка плавлення

7. low cost g) людський розвиток

 

5. Match up the words in column A with the words in column B to form meaningful phrases, translate them into Ukrainian:

Column A Column B

1. basic a) metal

2. corrosive b) temperature

3. valuable c) feet

4. actual d) point

5. ordinary e) action

6. melting f) material

7. square g) use

 

 

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

1. the world's most ….. metal 2. comparatively large ….. 3. classification of the ….. groups

LISTENING

9. Listen to the text and decide whether the following sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1. It takes a lot of energy to produce aluminium, compared with steel.

2. Recycling aluminium takes more energy.

3. Car bodywork has to be coated with zinc.

4. Aluminium can be derived from ore.

5. Aluminium takes less energy to transport.

6. Aluminium takes much energy to cut.

7. Life span of things made of aluminium lasts longer.

 

10. Listen to the text again and answer the questions:

1. What metals are discussed?

2. How is aluminium produced?

3. Can it be recovered from recycled material?

4. Should steel car bodywork be galvanised?

5. Why does aluminium take less energy to transport?

6. How can life span of things be important for environment?

SPEAKING

11. Do you agree with the following proverbs? Discuss them with your classmates.

-All that glitters is not gold.

-Strike while the iron is hot.

Work in small groups. Choose one of the metals mentioned in the text. Think of seven interesting ways it could be used nowadays. Compare your ideas with other groups.

WRITING

13. What do you think will happen when the world runs out of metals? Write a short paragraph (60 - 80 words) to answer this question.Use the phrases in the box:

First of all let’s try to analyse … In my opinion, …

Another negative aspect of … It’s also true that …

I can (can’t) agree that … To sum up, …

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice Present Simple Passive. Read grammar rules on p. 213 - 215 and then do the exercises.

14. Transform sentences from Active into Passive Voice.

1. People develop different methods.

2. Metals can conduct heat and electricity.

3. They can draw an ounce of gold into a wire.

4. People use bronze for objects intended to resist the corrosive action of the atmosphere.

5. You can bend elastic materials.

6. People know zinc as one of the constituents of the alloy brass.

7. We call bronze an important material in the scientific and technical progress.

 

Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple Passive.

1. The post ….. (to deliver) at about 7 o'clock every morning.

2. The rubbish ….. (to take) away three times a week.

3. The name of the person who committed the crime ….. (not / to know).

4. The building ….. (not / to use) anymore.

5. These computers ….. (to make) in Taiwan.

6. Coffee ..... (not / to grow) in Europe.

7. The Statue of Liberty ….. (to locate) on Liberty Island, in New York.

 

Complete the sentences, as in the example.

Example:

1. It is thought that the college has good teachers.

The college is thought to have good teachers.

2. It is known that people use metals.

People ………………………………………...

3. It is reported that our students work hard.

Our students ……………………………….....

4. It is said that she speaks seven languages.

She …………………………………………….

5. It is said that he is a talented scientist.

He ……………………………………………..

6. It is said that our university team trains for eight hours every day.

Our university team ……………………………

7. It is reported that the world leaders discuss different problems.

The world leaders ………………………………

UNIT 12

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

LEAD-IN

 

1. Look at the objects in the pictures. What materials do you think they are made of and why?

A	B	C	D

 

2. In pairs, discuss what is meant by mechanical properties. What mechanical properties do you know?

READING

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Mechanicalproperties are those associated with how a material reacts when subjected to external forces. Force will cause material to become… Strengthis the ability of a material to withstand force without breaking or… Elasticityis the ability of a material to bent and flex when subjected to a force and then to return to its previous…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

4. Match each adjective from the text with its antonym:

1. mechanical a) unstable

2. external b) unimportant

3. unstable c) automatic

4. durable d) short

5. long e) internal

6. important f) following

7. previous g) stable

 

Match each word from the text with its synonym.

2. tool b) solidity 3. force c) characteristic 4. application d) power

LISTENING

9. Listen to the text and answer the questions:

1. Where does the conversation take place?

2. What tool is being discussed?

3. Which materials can be used for its different parts?

4. What material is mentioned as expensive?

5. What material is mentioned as one of the hardest?

6. What requirements to the material do the engineers need?

7. Why it is important for the material of a tool to have a good degree of thermal stability?

Listen to the text and complete the sentences.

1. That’s certainly a scary-looking collection of __________.

2. The latest ones can __________ at over half a million revs per minute.

3. The requirement is abrasion __________, of course.

4. Obviously, they need to be very __________.

5. The last thing, you want is __________ material.

6. Drilling into a tooth at __________ speed, you obviously get a lot of heat build-up.

7. You can actually __________ burning.

 

SPEAKING

11. Work in small groups. Imagine that you are a 1^st year student and you have to prepare for an examination in physics. Discuss the differences between the following mechanical properties of materials:

- strength and strain

- strength and resistance

- elasticity and plasticity

- stability and durability

- hardness and toughness.

Work in pairs. Discuss the following quotations with your partner.

1. “After a certain high level of technical skill is achieved, science and art tend to coalesce in esthetics, plasticity, and form. The greatest scientists are always artists as well.”

Albert Einstein

2. “Man is unique not because he does science, and he is unique not because he does art, but because science and art equally are expressions of his marvelous plasticity of mind.”

Jacob Bronowski (Mathematician and science writer)

3. “Every man of action has a strong dose of egoism, pride, hardness, and cunning. But all those things will be regarded as high qualities if he can make them the means to achieve great ends.”

Charles de Gaulle

4. “There is only one quality worse than hardness of heart and that is softness of head.”

Theodore Roosevelt

5. “I try not to break the rules but merely to test their elasticity.”

Bill Veeck (American businessman)

WRITING

13. Imagine you are an architect and you are going to design a building, a bridge, a sky-scraper, etc. What should be done to avoid engineering or design disaster? Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) to express your point of view. You may use words and word combinations in the box:

- design and construction - dimensions of the object

- analysis of the design - moveable structure

- detailed structural analysis - substandard design

- draw a diagram - collapse

- scientific calculations - mechanical properties

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice Past Simple Passive. Read grammar rules on p. 213 - 215 and then do the exercises.

In the following sentences underline the verbs and decide if they are active or passive.

2. Stabilityis the ability to resist changes in shape and size over time. 3. Force caused material to become stressed. 4. Geothermal energy was produced below the earth's surface.

Complete the following report of an accident which happened in a factory with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

On Friday morning at 9.25 a worker in the chemical plant (a) ….. ( to find) by female colleague. He (b) ….. (to lie) on the floor. His colleague (c) ….. (to check) that he (d)….. still ….. (to breathe) and then (e) ….. (to call) the emergency services. The injured man (f) ….. (to take) to hospital where he later (g) ….. (to recover). An investigation at the factory (h) ….. (to find) that a bottle containing a dangerous chemical liquid (i) ….. (to leave) open. Vapour from the liquid (j) ….. (to escape) into the air. While he had been working in the room he (k) ….. (to become) unwell. He (l) ….. (to become) drowsy and then (m) ….. (to fall) unconscious. Investigating officers are interviewing everyone who (n) ….. (to work) in the factory that morning.

UNIT 13

NUMBERS

LEAD-IN

1. How are numbers classified? Give examples of rational and irrational numbers.

 

Work in pairs. Take turns to give examples of everyday use of numbers in our lives. Look at the pictures and say the time.

READING

3. Read the text and find the expressions which mean:

a. the totality of the rational and irrational numbers;

b. a positional numeral system employing 10 as the base and requiring 10 different numerals, the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and a dot (decimal point);

c. the positive and negative integers and fractions, and the number 0.

Numbers

RATIONAL NUMBERS. The simplest numbers are the natural numbers, 1, 2, 3, .... The natural numbers are also called the whole numbers, or positive… IRRATIONAL NUMBERS. The development of geometry indicated the need for more… NUMBER SYSTEM is any of various sets of symbols and the rules for using them to express quantities as the basis for…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: to designate quantities, natural number, positive rational integer, addition,…  

LISTENING

Listen and practise.

Money

£ 400 50 p € 9.40 € 47.99 ¥ 5,000 $ 100

Fractions

1/4 3/4 2/3 7/8 12 ½

Decimal and percentage

6.2 17.25 50% 75.7% 100%

Dates

1995 2020 1789 15/7/94 30/10/02

Phone numbers

01865-556890 800 451-7545 919 677-1303

 

Listen to the conversations. Write the numbers.

Conversattion 1:

“When you are going away on holiday?”

“On the ________.”

“And when do you get back?”

“On the __________ I’ll give you a ring when we get home.”

Conversation 2:

And now the business news. The unemployment rate has risen slightly this month. The national unemployment rate is now __________ and in our area, an estimated __________ people are out of work.”

Conversation 3:

“Can I pay by visa?

“Yes, that’s fine. Erm – what’s your card number, please?”

“It’s __________”

“Let me read that back. _____ … _____ … _____ … _____.”

“That’s right.”

SPEAKING

11. Work in pairs. What numbers do people usually consider lucky and unlucky and why?

12. Find out the answers to these questions and discuss them with your partner:

-Who introduced Arabic numbers to European maths?

-Who developed the idea of ‘zero’?

WRITING

13. Think of a number you like (your fortunate number), or not like (your unfortunate number). Write a short paragraph (60 - 80 words) to explain your choice. You may use the following opening phrases to express your opinion:

- I think that …

- From my point of view …

- In my opinion …

- To my mind …

- It seems to me …

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice Future Simple Passive. Read grammar rules on p. 213 - 215 and then do the exercises.

Complete the sentences with the future passive form of the verbs in brackets, as in the example.

2. German cars ….. (to sell) all over the world in future. 3. The orders ….. (to place) by fax or online. 4. The cars ….. (to assemble) by robots.

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Всі спостереження будуть проведені групою відомих вчених.

2. Залізо притягується магнітом.

3. Усім відомо, що метали використовували багато років тому.

4. Вони побудують новий міст через 2 роки.

5. Текст буде перекладено українською мовою.

6. Біля нашого університетету будують багатоповерховий будинок.

7. Нові транзистори будуть вироблені в Японії наступного року.

UNIT 14

NUMERALS

LEAD-IN

 

Look at the picture and read the following Roman numerals.

2. Match the Arabic and Roman numbers. Why are Arabic numbers used in mathematics? a M …

READING

3. Read the text and match the sentences (A-C) to the numbered spaces (1-3) in the text:

A. Positional notation is made possible by the use of a symbol for zero.

B. Such a system is inconvenient when dealing with large numbers, and as early as 3400 BC in Egypt and 3000 BC in Mesopotamia a special symbol was adopted for the number 10.

C. The symbols are usually added together.

Numerals

The addition of this second number symbol made it possible to express the number 11 with 2 instead of 11 individual symbols and the number 99 with… ROMAN NUMERALS. The system of number symbols created by the Romans had the… Roman numerals are read from left to right. The symbols representing the largest…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text: 1. The common _______ of number notation in use in most parts of the world… 2. The system of number symbols created by the _______ had the merit of expressing all numbers from 1 to 1,000,000. …

LISTENING

Pre-listening match the words from the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.

2. When I was a kid I was _______________ in maths. 3. Things were _______________, It was all addition and subtraction,… 4. I knew my times tables _______________ my hand.

SPEAKING

Discuss the following questions in small groups.

- What counting systems do you know?

- Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of each system.

12. Make a short presentation on one of the following topics: "Maya numerals", "Babylonian numerals" or find another to your liking.

WRITING

Choose one of the following quotations and explain what it means. Write a short paragraph (60 - 80 words) to express your opinion.

1. “Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.”

Thomas Edison

2. “To do two things at once is to do neither.”

Publius Syrus (Latin author).

3. “One friend in a lifetime is much; two are many; three are hardly possible.”

Henry Adams (American journalist, historian and novelist).

4. “A man who dares waste one hour of time has not discovered the value of life.”

Charles Darwin

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice Conditionals: Type 0 - Type 1. Read grammar rules on p. 226 and then do the exercises.

Match the items in two columns in order to make correct Type 0 conditional sentences, as in the example.

Example. If you wash woolen clothes in hot water, they shrink.

 

1. Wash woolen clothes in hot water.	a. They shrink.
2. Mix blue and yellow.	b. They die.
3. Don’t water plants.	c. It becomes ice.
4. Put water in the freezer.	d. It falls to the ground.
5. Leave metal out in the rain.	e. It sinks.
6. Drop something.	f. You get green.
7. Throw a pebble into the sea.	g. It gets rusty.

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. Add a comma where necessary.

2. If he ….. (to arrive) on time we’ll discuss our plans before we go out. 3. She won’t go to Australia unless I ….. (to pay) for her tickets. 4. ….. she ….. (to be) angry if we don’t go to the meeting?

UNIT 15

GEOMETRIC FIGURES

LEAD-IN

 

Match the geometric figures to their names.

2. What other geometric figures do you know? Name the objects in the classroom that have the shape of a circle, triangle, square, rectangle, oval,…

READING

Read the text and correct the statements that follow.

Geometric Figures

Circles, triangles, squares, rectangles, trapezoids, and parallelograms are some of the most memorable geometric figures. The area and perimeter of… · Square: Squares are four sides polygon and all the four sides are equal in… · Area = a2square units,

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Match up the words in column A with the words in column B to form meaningful phrases, translate them into Ukrainian:

Column A Column B

1. geometric a) section

2. regular b) body

3. conic c) angle

4. solid d) object

5. right e) figure

6. acute f) line

7. two-dimensional g) hexagon

5. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. polygon a) коло

2. curve b) прямокутник

3. arc c) обертання

4. circumference d) трикутник

5. triangle e) дуга

6. rotation f) багатокутник

7. rectangle g) крива

 

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

1. ….. parallel circles 2. opposite sides of the ….. 3. the most ….. geometric figures

LISTENING

 

9. Listen and underline the stressed syllable in each of the following words:

rectangle	triangle	cylinder	line
rectangular	triangular	cylindrical	linear

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

 

1. What is a 3-D object?

2. How are 3-D objects created in design?

3. What science is concerd with 2-D objects?

4. Where can you find 2-D objects in nature?

5. How is a 3-d object different from 2-D one?

Listen to the text again and fill in the gaps.

 

3-Dimensional, 3-Dimensional, this means the shape or something has 1)_____ dimensions that means a curves up and 2)_____, side to side and front and ­­­3)_____ . That is 3-D. The opposite would be 2-D. So on the 4)_____ screen everything is 2-D. This is up and down and side to side. For 3-D you need 3-D 5)_____ for depth perception.

 

SPEAKING

12.Work in small groups; name the things which are usually round, triangle or square.

13.Imagine that you are a professor preparing for a lecture on Geometric Figures and Shapes. Think about the main ideas that you would like to cover in this lecture. You may also use the information from the text.

WRITING

14. Imagine that you are an examiner and you have to prepare some questions on the topic «Geometric Figures». Read the text again and use it to make a list of questions the students will have to answer at the exam. The following opening questions may help you.

- What is the difference between the …?

- How can we calculate the area/perimeter of …?

- How many straight/curved sides/angles …?

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These exercises can help you to practice grammar topic “Comparisons”. Read the rules on p. 188 - 190 and then do the exercises.

Complete the table.

adjective	comparative	superlative
accurate	more accurate	the most accurate
pure
tall
hard
heavy
thin
far
impractical
bad

Use the information from the table to complete the sentences below.

 

Four of the sentences below contain a mistake. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. This silk fabric is the best quality we produce.

2. Following the fire, many people have been affected by smoke than we had originally thought.

3. Pollution of the ground is most serious in area A than in area B.

4. Please wear ear protection because it's noisier here than in the other areas.

5. That was the loudest explosion I've ever heard.

6. These chemicals should be kept in good containers than those.

7. Sending the goods by air is certainly the most quick but it's also the most expensive.

UNIT 16

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

LEAD-IN

 

Match the measuring instruments to their names.

2. What do we use scales, thermometers, speedometers, clocks for? What other measuring instruments do you know? What are they used for?

READING

3. Read the text about measuring instruments and complete sentences 1-5 with words from the text:

1. Weight is measured by …. .

2. Heat is measured by …. .

3. Time is measured by …. .

4. Light is measured by …. .

5. Altitude is measured by …. .

Measuring Instruments

Scientists, engineers and other humans use a vast range of instruments to perform their measurements. These instruments may range from simple… •Scale – for measuring weight, •Altimeter – for measuring altitude,

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

1. quality control a) вимірювальний інструмент 2. theoretical determination b) гарантія якості 3. measuring instrument c) різні цілі

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the words in the left column with their Ukrainian equivalents in the right column.

1. gauge	a) спідометр
2. estimate	b) додатковий
3. amount	c) вимірюючий пристрій
4. tool	d) додатковий
5. speedometer	e) температура
6. additional	f) інструмент
7. temperature	g) кількість

Listen to the text and fill in the gaps.

Gauge, sometimes also spelled “gage”, means to estimate the size or amount of something. A gauge is also a 1)_____ such as a 2)_____ inside a 3)_____ to see how fast the car is going. See the additional examples below:

I wasn’t able to gauge how tall he was from the 4)_____.

The gauge was broken so I didn't know the 5)_____ was so high.

SPEAKING

11.Use the Internet or magazines to find information about history of measurement. Which countries developed the earliest standard systems? Why did they need them? Work in small groups.

12.Find out which are the cheapest and the most expensive measuring instruments? How are they made? Work in pairs.

WRITING

Choose one of the following quotations and explain what it means. Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) to express your point of view.

H. James Harrington (American author and engineer) 2. “An experiment is a question which science poses to Nature, and a… Max Planck (German physicist, 1858-1947)

Decide if the following nouns are countable or uncountable and write them in the appropriate column below.

Drill, dye, electronic mail, equipment, factory, fault, information, laboratory, machine, machinery, packaging, pollution, reliability, silk, tunnel.

Countable Uncountable

UNIT 17

INVENTIONS

LEAD-IN

Match the invention to its inventor.

READING

3. Read the text and put the inventions in the chronological order:

- invention of writing;

- the use of fossil fuels as sources of energy, the improvement of metallurgical processes, the development of electricity and electronics, the invention of the internal-combustion engine, and the use of metal and cement in construction work;

- inventive use of stone and metal implements;

- invention of movable type;

- inventive use of metal implements.

Inventions

In most countries, certain classes of inventions are legally recognized, and their use is temporarily restricted to the control of the inventor. In… The earliest artifacts show evidence of human inventiveness. The names of the… The machine age, which began with the Industrial Revolution and continues to this day, developed from a group of…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

 

Match the first part of the sentence (1-7) with the second one (A-G).

2. In some cases, although two individuals working independently achieved the same innovation .…. 3. Today most modern inventions and discoveries take place in .…. 4. In most countries, certain classes of inventions are legally recognized,.....

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

1. injury	a) рідкий
2. threat	b) розробляти
3. handgun	c) куля
4. liquid	d) загроза
5. develop	e) пістолет
6. fibers	f) жилет
7. bullet	g) травма
8. vest	h) волокна

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. What is Kevlar?

2. Where is Kevlar used?

3. Who invented Kevlar?

4. What was the basis for a new fiber material?

5. What company financed the development of a new fiber material?

SPEAKING

Discuss the following questions in small groups.

1. What is the definition of the term “invention”?

2. What is the difference between the invention and the discovery?

3. What are the most important inventions of the 20^th century?

12. Work in pairs. Choose the invention that to your mind is the most important for the mankind and discuss the following questions:

1. What invention have you chosen?

2. Who was the inventor?

3. When did he/she make the invention?

4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this invention?

WRITING

Imagine that you are a researcher and you have to make a report about different inventions. Read the text again and give subtitles to each paragraph of the text in order to use them in your report.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These exercises can help you to practice Pronouns: Some / Any / No. Read the rules on p. 185 - 187 and then do the exercises.

Choose the proper item.

a) anything b) nothing c) anywhere 2. ….. knows that he is a great inventor. a) No b) Something c) Everybody

Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Розкажіть нам все про ваш винахід.

2. Ніхто не знав нічого про Америку до того як Колумб відкрив її.

3. Хтось залишив журнал у нашій аудиторії вчора.

4. Чи є тут хтось хто знає англійську мову?

5. Деякі винаходи покращили життя людей.

6. Вони не сказали нічого.

7. Чи є в будинку хто-небудь? – Так, там є хтось.

UNIT 18

TYPES OF ENGINES

LEAD-IN

 

1. What types of engines are used to drive these means of transport?

A	B	C	D

 

2. What other types of engines do you know? What is the difference between them?

READING

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Types of Engines

Devices converting heat energy into motion are referred to as engines, which come in many types. A common type is a heat engine such as an internal… A common type of motor is the electric motor. This takes electrical energy and… Other motors include pneumatic motors that are driven by compressed air. Motors can also be driven by elastic energy,…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once.

engine, steam, mechanical, external, combustion, vehicle, chemical

1. air-breathing …..

2. internal ….. engine

3. original ….. engine

4. non combustive ….. reactions

5. useful ….. motion

6. engine-powered …..

7. ….. combustion engine

 

Match each word from the text with its synonym.

2. engine b) apparatus 3. energy c) substance 4. motion d) car

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the words from the left column with their definitions from the right column.

1. train	a) винахід
2. electrify	b) збільшувати
3. locomotive	c) паровий двигун
4. invention	d) вимірювання
5. measurement	e) електрифікувати
6. steam engine	f) локомотив
7. increase	g) потяг

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. Who invented the first steam engine for trains?

2. How did steam engines help the progress?

3. What speed did the first locomotive travel?

4. What was the Golden Age of Steam?

5. What replaced steam engines?

6. How fast can trains travel now?

SPEAKING

11. Work in small groups. Imagine that you are a graduate student and the topic of your degree work is «Types of Engines». Read the text again and be ready for the defence of your diploma and for the questions the State Exam Board members may ask you (student A – a graduate student, students B, C, D – members of the State Exam Board).

Use the Internet or magazines to find information about new or improved engines. Choose one and make a list of the features it has and share the information with your group mates.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are an engineer working at the plant and you have to explain the functions of different engines to your new colleague. Make an outline of your explanation (write 60-80 words). Describe:

- where it is used

- how it works

- its capacity

- its efficiency

- its main parts.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These exercises can help you to practice Pronouns: few / a few / little / a little. Read the rules on p. 187 - 188 and then do the exercises.

14. Fill in the gaps with little / a little or few / a few.

1. I have ….. questions about engines.

2. The assembly hall was almost empty: there were ….. people in it.

3. I bought a new engine ….. months ago.

4. If you have ….. spare time, look through this book. You will find ….. stories about history of engines which are rather interesting.

5. She gave him ….. water to wash his face and hands.

6. My bus goes in ….. minutes.

7. We have ….. knowledge of this phenomenon.

 

Choose and underline the proper item to complete the sentences.

2. There was little / a little water on the mountain and we all got very thirsty. 3. Foreign languages are difficult, and few / a few people learn them… 4. I’m going to the USA with few / a few friends next week.

UNIT 19

INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

LEAD-IN

1. Work in pairs. Look at the products in the pictures. What do you think makes their design good or bad?

A	B	C	D

 

2. Why do you think design is necessary in industry?

READING

3. Read the text and find the expressions which mean:

a. the art and science involved in the creation of machine-made products;

b. farm machinery, industrial tools, transportation equipment;

c. air conditioners, irons, electrical kettles, microwave ovens and other domestic electrical devices.

Industrial Design

The term industrial design was originated in 1919 by the American industrial designer Joseph Sinel. Initially, industrial designers dealt only with… CRITERIA. Under prevailing standards of design, a product should have beauty… PRODUCT DESIGN. Today industrial design has been applied to practically all consumer products, notably to home…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Complete the sentences with the appropriate words from the text: 1. After the industrial designer is informed of the needs of the client,… 2. Industrial _______ is concerned with aesthetic appearance as well as with functional efficiency.

LISTENING

9. Pre-listening: match the English words with their definitions.

1. bulb	a) чудове майбутнє
2. illuminate	b) матеріал, речовина
3. curvaceous	c) вражаючи витрати
4. cherish	d) лампочка
5. stuff	e) піклуватися
6. funky costs	f) освітлювати
7. dazzlingfuture	g) спокусливий

Listen to the text and complete the sentences.

1. Now here is a bright idea- a designer, low-energy light _______.

2. The _______ spent a great deal of time worrying about what might turn people on, and what might turn them off.

3. Nicolas Roope: And that's really the _______ of the designer, I think, is to make objects that people really connect with and really cherish, you know.

4. This is about, you know, obviously, the underlying _______of getting people to adoptthis stuff, because obviously that's in everybody's interests.

5. That is if _______ is not too much of an issue - funky costs.

6. That's up to twenty times the _______ of some other low-energy bulbs.

7. It's too early to judge if this product has a dazzlingfuture, but its creators will be reassured to know that at least one major household goods retailer said its customers did not consider _______ bulbs dull.

SPEAKING

11. Imagine that you are occupied with the industrial design. Design your own brand. Think of a product – anything you like. What ideas and values do you want to be associated with it? Give it a name and discuss with your fellowmates.

Find some information in the Internet and tell your partner about one or two new things in industrial design you have found.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you are working at the manufacturing company. Describe the design of your website (write 60-80 words). For example, it can be for selling manufacturing tools. Decide:

- what the website is for

- who will visit it

- what information may be included in the website

- what you want visitors to be able to do.

GRAMMAR IN USE

These exercises can help you to practice Pronouns: much / many / a lot of. Read the rules on p. 187 - 188 and then do the exercises.

 

Put the following in order from the most to the least.

1. Some of our clothing is made of silk.

2. None of our clothing is made of silk.

3. Most of our clothing is made of silk.

4. Little of our clothing is made of silk.

5. A lot of our clothing is made of silk.

6. A little of our clothing is made of silk.

7. All of our clothing is made of silk.

 

Complete the sentences with the words given in brackets.

2. We don't manufacture ….. jackets of pure wool. There isn't ….. demand for them. (many, much) 3. There aren't ….. people working at night. ….. of the staff work during the… 4. ….. of the timber which was delivered last week was of very poor quality. We had to return ….. of the boards. (a…

UNIT 20

MANUFACTURING

LEAD-IN

 

1. What do you think can be done to make manufacturing more environmentally friendly? Why is it important?

 

In pairs, discuss the benefits and problems of recycling technologies in manufacturing.

 

A	B

READING

Read the text and decide whether the statements that follow are true or false.

Manufacturing

There are three main processes involved in virtually all manufacturing: assembly, extraction, and alteration. Assembly is the combination of parts… TYPES OF MANUFACTURING. Manufacturing processes can produce either durable or… FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES. Manufacturing systems today are designed to recycle many of their components. For example, in the…

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

4. Find Ukrainian equivalents to the following English words and word combinations: goods, necessary, modern life, raw materials, manufacturing operations,…  

LISTENING

Listen to the text and answer the following questions.

1. What kind of product is made in the United States for China?

2. What is this product made of?

3. Why is it made in the USA?

4. Where is the product produced in the USA?

5. Does the American company make profit on the product for

China?

6. How many chopstiks does Japan use each year?

7. How much does it cost to make a pair of chopsticks?

Listen to the text again and complete the sentences.

1. Some Asian countries use chopsticks to eat _______.

2. Those companies need more _______.

3. They started making _______ for export to China.

4. End of this month, we’ll have seven _______ coming in. So it’ll increase to four million per day.

5. Georgia Chopsticks isn’t making any _______ yet.

8. 10.

SPEAKING

11. Work in pairs. You are a reporter interviewing a chief manager of a big manufacturing company. Think about questions that you would like to ask him during the interview (student A – a reporter, student B – a chief manager).

Work in small groups. Use the Internet, magazines and newspapers to find stories about modern technologies of recycling waste materials which big manufacturing companies introduce. Discuss benefits and problems of these technologies.

WRITING

13. Imagine that you work in the technical department of a manufacturing company. Write a short paragraph (60-80 words) about one of the modern manufacturing processes. Describe:

- how the process works

- what stages are involved in manufacturing

- any advantages / disadvantages it has

- what it is used for.

 

GRAMMAR IN USE

These tasks can help you to practice Prepositions. Read grammar rules on p.190 - 192 and then do the exercises.

Complete the following sentences using the correct preposition or linking word.

1. Manufacturing is producing goods that are necessary ….. modern life….. raw materials.

2. Originally manufacturing was accomplished ….. hand, but most of today's modern manufacturing operations are highly mechanized and automated.

3. There are three main processes involved ….. virtually all manufacturing: assembly, extraction, and alteration.

4. Extraction is the process ….. removing one or more components ….. raw materials, such as obtaining gasoline ….. crude oil.

5. Assembly is the combination ….. parts to make a product.

6. The Industrial Revolution began ….. England ….. the middle ….. the 18th century.

7. Manufacturing has existed ….. long ….. civilizations have required goods.

 

Five of the following sentences contain mistakes. Find the mistakes and correct them.

2. He took a book from his shelf and put it into his bag. 3. The jacquard loom for weaving cloth was created at 1801. 4. During the 19th and 20th centuries, great advances were made in treating illnesses.

Appendix 1

Grammar references

В англійській мові іменники вживаються з артиклем, мають відмінок (загальний і присвійний) та число (однину і множину). Іменник не має закінчень… of – родовий відмінок He is a student of our university.

Артикль (the Article)

Неозначений артикль a/an вживається з одниною злічуваних іменників. Ми використовуємо a, якщо наступне слово починається з приголосного звука, та… Означений артикль the вживається з незлічуваними іменниками, а також одниною… Неозначений артикль a/an

Займенник (the Pronoun)

    Особові Присвійні Зворотні і підсилювальні Число Називний відмінок …   Особові займенники мають два відмінки: називний і об’єктний. Особові займенники в називному відмінку вживаються перед…

Прийменник (the Preposition)

Прийменник – це частина мови, яка служить для зв’язку слів у реченні. Відповідно до значення розрізняють прийменники часу, місця, напрямку та ін.

Прийменники часу

    Час: at 5 o’clock at Свята at Christmas, at Easter   Вирази: …   Примітка: ми використовуємо from…to, щоб показати тривалість. Напр.. She works from 9 am to 6 pm every day.

Прийменники напрямку

  Along – Вздовж The car is going along the road. Across – Через They are walking across the…   Числівник (the Numeral)

Present Simple

I/You work.-He /She /It works. Doyou work? –Doeshe work? Yes, I do. / No, he doesn’t. I do not (don’t) work.– He doesn’t work.

Past Simple

I / He / She / We returned / left. Didhe return /leave? –Yes, he did. / No, he didn’t. He did not (didn’t) return / leave.

Future Simple

He / They will (’ll) call. Willhe / they call? – Yes, he will. / No, theywon’t. He / they will not (won’t) call.

Вживання

Часи Simple називають дію як факт, не вказуючи на її тривалість чи завершеність. Вони також називають повторювану дію чи постійний стан у теперішньому, минулому або майбутньому.

I go to the university every day.

She studied at school last year.

He will be a good engineer.

She said he would be a good engineer.

Present Simple

Називає:

· Повторювані дії або щоденні заняття (часто з прислівниками: always, never, usually, often, та ін).

Напр.. He usually starts work at 9 am. He often stays at the office until late in the evening.

· Постійні стани. Напр.. Sandra is a student.

· Загальні істини або закони природи. Напр.. Water boils at 100°C. Програми або розклади (поїздів, автобусів, та ін.). Напр.. The bus leaves in ten minutes.

 

Вирази часу:

always, never, usually, often, seldom, rarely, sometimes, та ін. (прислівники частоти), every day/week/month/year, та ін., on Mondays/Tuesdays, та ін., in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, та ін.

 

 

Past Simple

· Минулі дії, і вживається тоді, коли є вказівка на час, у який ці дії відбулись. Напр.. They graduated three years ago. · Минулі звички або дії, що повторювалися в минулому, але більше не… · Дії, що відбулись відразу одна за одною в минулому. Напр..

Future Simple

· Дії, які, можливо, відбудуться або не відбудуться у майбутньому. Напр.. We will visit Disney World one day. · Передбачення стосовно майбутнього, які базуються на тому, що ми думаємо.… · Погрози або попередження. Напр.. Stop talking or I’ll send you out of the classroom.

Present Continuous

I am (’m) /You are (’re) /He is (’s) working. Areyou / Ishe working? – Yes, I am. / No, he isn’t. I am (’m) not /He is not (isn’t) /They are not (aren’t) working.

Past Continuous

I /He /She was /We /They were watching. Washe / werethey watching? – Yes, he was. / No, they weren’t. He was not (wasn’t) /They were not (weren’t) watching.

Future Continuous

I /He / They will be working. WillI / he / they be working? – Yes, I / he / they will. No, I / he / they won’t. I / He / They / will not (won’t) be working.

Вживання

Часи Continuous підкреслюють тривалість дії. А саме: Present Continuous називає дію, що триває у момент мовлення, тобто зараз; Past Continuous називає дію, що тривала у момент або період часу в минулому; Future Continuous називає дію, що триватиме у момент або період часу в майбутньому.

He is reading a book now.

He was reading a book when I came in.

This time tomorrow we will be travelling to the Crimea.

Present Continuous

· Дії, що відбуваються зараз, у момент мовлення. Напр. He is readinga book right now. · Тимчасові дії, що відбуваються навколо моменту мовлення, але не… · Дії, що відбуваються занадто часто, і з приводу яких ми хочемо висловити наше роздратування або критику. (У таких…

Past Continuous

· Дію, що була в процесі розвитку у зазначений момент у минулому. Ми не знаємо, коли ця дія почалась чи завершилась. Напр.. At three o’clock… · Дію, що була в процесі розвитку, коли інша дія перебила її. Ми вживаємо… · Дві або більше дій, які відбувались одночасно у минулому. Напр.. While the wind was blowing the wind turbines were…

Future Continuous

Називає:

· Дію, що перебуватиме в процесі розвитку у зазначений момент у майбутньому. Напр.. This time next week I’ll be flyingon a business trip to Japan.

· Дію, яка обов’язково відбудеться як результат розпорядку або домовленості. Напр.. I will be seeing them at the meeting tomorrow.

 

Завершені часи (Perfect Tenses)

Утворення

Present Perfect

I / You / have (’ve) left / arrived. He / She / It has (’s) left / arrived. Haveyou left /arrived? – Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. You have not (haven’t) left / arrived.He / She / It has not (hasn’t) left / arrived.

Past Perfect

She had arrived / gone. Hadshe arrived/ /gone? – Yes, she had. / No, she hadn’t. She had not (hadn’t) arrived / gone.

Future Perfect

He / She / They will (’ll) have left. Willhe /she / they have left? - Yes, he / she / they will. No, he / she / they won’t. He/ She / They will not (won’t) have left.

Вживання

Часи Perfect підкреслюють завершеність дії. А саме: Present Perfect називає дію, що завершилась перед моментом мовлення; Past Perfect називає дію, що завершилась перед моментом або іншою дією у минулому; Future Perfect називає дію, що завершиться перед моментом або іншою дією у майбутньому.

He hasalready donehis homework.

He had finished his homework by nine o’clock yesterday.

He will have finished his essay by nine o’clock tomorrow.

He promised he would have finished his essay by nine o’clock.

 

 

Present Perfect

Називає:

· Минулі дії, і вживається тоді, коли нема вказівки на час, але підкреслюється результат цих дій. Напр.. Kim has bought a new computer.

· Дії, які почались у минулому і все ще тривають зараз. Примітно, що є вказівка на період тривалості цих дій. У цьому значенні у present perfect вживаються дієслова, які не вживаються в часах continuous. Напр..

He has been a teacher since 1990.

Manufacturers have made a number of improvements in design for the last three dacades.

· Дії, що відбулися у період часу, позначений такими словами та виразами, як today, this morning/afternoon та ін. Вживається тоді, коли цей період часу ще не завершився на момент мовлення. Напр.. He has made three drafts this morning. (It is still morning so this period of time is not finished.)

Вирази часу:

Ever, never, just, already, yet, since, for, always, so far, how long, lately, recently.

 

Past Perfect

Називає:

· Дію, що завершилась перед моментом або іншою дією у минулому. Напр.. She had preparedthe presentationby five o’clock in the afternoon. They had done their homework before they went out yesterday afternoon.

 

Вирази часу:

Before, after, already, just, till/until, when, by, by the time, та ін.

Future Perfect

Називає:

· Дію, що завершиться перед моментом або іншою дією у майбутньому. Напр..They will have finished their meeting by four o’clock this afternoon.

Вирази часу:

By, by the time, before, until, by then, та ін.

Тривало-заверені часи (Perfect-Continuous Tenses)

Утворення

Present Perfect-Continuous

I / You have been reading. He / She / It has been reading. Haveyou been reading? – Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. Hashe / she / it been reading? You have not (haven’t) been reading. He / She / It has not (hasn’t) been reading.

Past Perfect Continuous

He had been crying. Hadhe been crying?- Yes, he had. / No, he hadn’t. He had not (hadn’t) been crying.

Future Perfect Continuous

I / you / we / will (’ll) have been working. WillI / you / we have been working? – Yes, I / we will. No, I / we won’t. I / You / We / will not (won’t) have been working.

Вживання

Часи Perfect Continuous підкреслюють тривалість і завершеність дії. А саме: Present Perfect Continuous називає дію, що тривала і завершилась перед моментом мовлення; Past Perfect Continuous називає дію, що тривала і завершилась перед моментом або іншою дією у минулому; Future Perfect Continuousназиває дію, що триватиме і завершиться перед моментом або іншою дією у майбутньому.

He is tired because he has been studying for his exam all morning.

She had been studying English for only three months before she went to Great Britain.

By the end of this month he will have been working at the same factory for twenty years.

He told us that by the end of that month he would have been working at the same factory for twenty years.

 

Present Perfect-Continuous

· Дію, що почалась у минулому і все ще триває у момент мовлення. Примітно, що є вказівка на період тривалості цієї дії. Напр.. He has been… · Дію, що тривала і завершилась безпосередньо перед моментом мовлення. Напр..… Примітка:

Past Perfect Continuous

Називає:

Дію, що тривала і завершилась перед моментом або іншою дією у минулому. Напр.. She had been waiting for the bus for half an hour before it came.

 

Вирази часу:

Since, for, how long, before, until, та ін.

Future Perfect Continuous

Називає:

· Дію, що триватиме і завершиться перед моментом або іншою дією у майбутньому. Напр.. By the end of next month, Alec will have been buildinghouses for ten years. By the time she arrives in Paris, she will have been travelingfor four hours.

Вирази часу:

By…for

 

Пасивний стан (Passive Voice)

Ми утворюємо Passive Voice за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be та смислового дієслова у третій формі (Past Participle).   to be + past participle  

Вживання

Часи пасивного стану називають ті ж самі дії, що і відповідні їм часи активного стану. Ми використовуємо активний стан, коли підмет речення сам виконує дію і пасивний стан, коли дія виконується над підметом.

Перетворення активного стану на пасивний

1) додаток речення в активному стані стає підметом речення в пасивному стані. 2) форма активного стану дієслова замінюється відповідною формою пасивного… 3) підмет речення в активному стані стає агентом (виконавцем дії) речення в пасивному стані.

Перетворення стверджувальних та заперечних речень у непряму мову.

Sophie said, ‘I bought a new dictionary yesterday.’ Sophie said (that) shehadbought a new dictionary the day before. · Якщо при перетворенні прямої мови в непряму дієслово – присудок головного речення вжито в минулому часі, то…

Перетворення запитальних речень у непряму мову

· У непрямих запитаннях (запитаннях, що містяться у непрямій мові) – прямий порядок слів, тобто дієслово використовується у стверджувальній формі і… · Коли пряме запитання (запитання, що міститься у прямій мові) починається… · Коли пряме запитання починається допоміжним дієсловом (do, is, have) або модальним дієсловом (can, may, must), тоді…

Appendix 2

IRREGULAR VERBS

Appendix 3

AUDIOSCRIPTS

Unit 1 THE NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF UKRAINE "KYIV POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE"

It’s my job

My apprenticeship lasts for three years. I’m in my final year now. It’s a mix of work, which I get paid for, of course, on-the-job training, and… I’ve learned a lot of practical skills from the on-the-job training. It’s… I had day release to attend college one day a week in the first two years of my apprenticeship and I’ve got two days a…

Unit 2 ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Gas Industry

Having said that, there are two main risks associated with LNG: financial and political. Firstly, the cost of producing and shipping LNG today is… Secondly, Russia and the former Soviet Union hold the world’s largest natural… So, as we can see there are political and financial risks associated with the LNG business. Yet, the potential profits…

Unit 3 FROM THE HISTORY OF COMPUTER

Silicon Valley in Northern California is home of the world’s largest technology companies. These include Apple, Google, Oracle, Intel, Cisco Systems… Alex Bochannek: “Some of the oldest items are actually not computers. They are… Mr. Bochannek says people have the chance to handle some of the objects in the exhibit. He says one of the more…

Unit 4 ROBOTICS

Home Robots

The robot has an impressive number of features. It is capable of recognizing up to ten individuals by name and has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It…  

Unit 5 THE ERA OF HIGH-TECH POLLUTION

I just dread to think what will happen when there’s no coal or oil left! At the moment more than 80% of our energy needs rely on them. Once they’ve… It was just something I never thought of in the past. Nowadays, it’s on…  

Unit 6 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Speaker 1, 2, 3: Yes, of course/ Sure / Alright. Interviewer: Thank you. Um, the first question is “Do you recycle most of your… Speaker 1 (woman): Well to be perfectly honest, I don’t recycle at all. I can’t be bothered.

The Moment of Force

If I apply a force to something, then I find that that force will turn or at least it will try to turn a particular object. It will turn, revolve.… So the turning moment, the moment depends on the force itself … and the… Moment is equal to force times distance. This, incidentally, you have in your notes. Something simple to illustrate.…

Unit 8 GRAVITY, FRICTION AND MAGNETISM

Modern physicists still look mostly at things we can’t see. (They think gravity might happen because of something no-one has ever detected called…    

Unit 9 SIMPLE MACHINES

These simple machines share a plan of attack: A broom, a crowbar and a baseball bat And so does a hammer when it's pounding a tack

Unit 10 COMPLEX MACHINES

Bicycle

Now, count up the parts on your drawing. Did you include wheels? A handlebar? A saddle? A chain? A crossbar? Pedals? Did your bike have at least… Recording 2 P = Presenter W1 = 1st woman

Unit 11 METALS

Peter: What about pre-use, then? Sophia: Well, I think it takes a lot of energy to produce aluminium, compared… Peter: Yeah. So steel's better, presumably.

Unit 12 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

Material properties

Ester: Yes, some of them do look quite menacing, don’t they? Toby: Is that titanium? The drill handle? Ester: Um… yes.

Unit 13 NUMBERS

Conversation 1

“When you are going away on holiday?”

“On the ________” (15)

“And when do you get back?”

“On the __________ I’ll give you a ring when we get home.” (24)

Conversation 2

And now the business news. The unemployment rate has risen slightly this month. The national unemployment rate is now __________ and in our area, an estimated __________ people are out of work. (4.2%, 15,000)

Conversation 3

“Can I pay by visa?”

“Yes, that’s fine. Erm – what’s your card number, please?”

“It’s __________ (4929 … 7983 … 0621 … 8849)

“Let me read that back. _____ … _____ … _____ … _____”.

“That’s right”.

Unit 14 NUMERALS

When I was a kid I was top of the class in maths. I was really good at mental arithmetic and doing sums. Things were easy back then, It was all addition and subtraction, multiplication and division. I knew my times tables like the back of my hand. Then, things got difficult when I was about 14. We had to learn stuff like algebra and geometry and lots of other stuff I can’t remember the names of. Suddenly. I wasn’t so good at maths any more. I think there were a few reasons for this. One was my maths teacher, another was because I sat at the back of the class, and another was I talked a lot. I still like maths and know I would be good at it again if I studied. I did statistics when I was at university and loved that.

Unit 15 GEOMETRIC FIGURES

Dimensional

3-Dimensional, 3-Dimensional, this means the shape or something has three dimensions that means a curves up and down, side to side and front and back. That is 3-D. The opposite would be 2-D. So on the computer screen everuthing is 2-D. This is up and down and side to side. For 3-D you need 3-D classes for depth perception.

 

Unit 16 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Gauge

Gauge, sometimes also spelled “gage”, means to estimate the size or amount of something. A gauge is also a tool such as a speedometer inside a car to see how fast the car is going. See the additional examples below:

I wasn’t able to gauge how tall he was from the pictures.

The gauge was broken so I didn't know the temperature was so high.

Unit 17 INVENTIONS

The fibers form a protective barrier against gunfire. Bullets lose their shape when they strike Kevlar. Those bullets look like mushrooms, and do… BOB DOUGHTY: Kevlar might not have been invented had Stephanie Kwolek been… Today, thousands of people are glad that Stephanie Kwolek became a research chemist. In that job, she developed the…

Unit 18 TYPES OF ENGINES

The next 130 years can be described as a Golden Age of Steam. Railways were built all over the world, and the size, speed and comfort of trains… The fastest steam train in the world was The Mallard. This locomotive traveled… Although it is still possible to travel on the Trans-Siberian railway, and take the Orient Express from Paris to…

Unit 19 INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

Eco-friendly light bulb wins design award

Nicolas Roope: And that's really the role of the designer, I think, is to make objects that people really connect with and really cherish, you know.… It's too early to judge if this product has a dazzlingfuture, but its creators…

Unit 20 MANUFACTURING

Chopsticks for China, Made in America

Areas in China and Japan have run out of wood, but the American State of Georgia has a lot of wood. Georgia’s wood has a nice color. Companies have… One small company in the American city of Americus, Georgia, has the solution… They started making chopsticks for export to China. Jae Lee, the president of Georgia Chopsticks, is Korean American.…

References

2. Англо-українсько-російський словник термінів та визначень / Уклад.: Г.О. Корсун, К.І. Бондаренко. - К.: НТУУ «КПІ», 2009. 3. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ. К.: ВП Логос.… 4. Большой Англо-русский политехнический словарь в 2-х томах./С.М. Баринов, А.Б. Борковский, В.А. Владимиров и др..-…

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