Text 13 A The History of Chemistry - раздел Образование, Part One THE PREDICATE There Arc Five Periods In The History Of Chemistry. The Ancient Period Compri...
There arc five periods in the history of chemistry. The ancient period comprising the older civilizations of China, India, Greece, and their contemporaries to 350 A. D. developed practical arts as in Egypt, and a philosophical approach to the study of matter as in Greece, where a theory of numbers, an atomic theory, and a theory of five elements, earth, air, fire, water and die quintessence were proposed.
The alchemical period (350-1500), of which the principal goals were an elixir of life and the philosopher's stone by which base metals could be changed to gold, introduced pure substance and improved techniques.
Iatrochcmists (1500-1650) devoted their chemical pursuits to alleviation of disease. During the phlogiston period (1650-1774) men postulated a hypothetical matter whose presence was required for combustion and calcination. Gain in weight by calcination of metals led to a search for a very light material and subsequent discovery of gases, one of which was oxygen, and the answer to the problem. Ibis is the date when modern chemistry begins.
When qualitative and quantitative analysis had identified enough pure substances, inorganic chemistry grew in scope. Oiganic chemistry was little understood until 1828 when synthesis of urea by Fricdcrich Wohler (1800-1828), a German chemist, proved that the "vital force" which was considered imperative to produce compounds that occurrcd in living matter was not needed.
Meanwhile reliable physical and chemical measurement began with the laws of Boyle (1660), Charles (1785), Gay-Lussac (1808) and Dalton (1807). Dalton *s atomic theory (1807), postulated after the laws of the conservation of mass and definite proportions were tacitly assumed, stimulated the 19di-ccntury effort to determine accurate atomic weights, ideas for combination as expressed in valence[5], and the studies of molecular structure until the thrcc-dimcntional models appeared.
Gradual determination of physical properties of the elements indicated a periodicity of property expressed by the periodic law which has withstood the onslaught[6] of the discovery of the subatomic particles which make up the nucleus and outer electrons of the atom.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
accurate, A. D., ancient, approach, assume, comprise, date, definite, determine, effort, express, force, gain, goal, gold, gradual, improve, inorganic, matter, model, organic, outer, particle, principal, problem, prove, qualitative, reliable, require, stimulate, subsequent, synthesis, technique, there be, until, urea, withstand
Ex. 5. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
the history of chemistry, an ancient period, comprize, civilization, develop, a philosophical approach to, a theory of numbers, a theory of elements, propose, the alchemical period, the principal goal, base metals, change to, introduce, pure substancc, an improved technique, devote, during the period, postulate, a hypothetical matter, require, gain in weight, the answer to the problem, identify a substancc, synthesis of urea, produce a compound, reliable measurements, stimulate the effort, accurate weight, until, gradual, withstand smth., subatomic particles
Ex. 6. Give the English equivalents for the following:
древний период, в истории химии, метод изучения материн, атомная теория, теория элементов, теория чисел, земля, вода, воздух, огонь, главная цель, превратить в золото, чистое вещество, требовать, увеличение веса, очень легкое вещество, последующее открытие, современная химия, качественный/количественный анализ, определить вещество, органическая/неорганическая химия, синтез вещества, доказать, получить соединение, надежный метод, закон сохранения массы, определить точный вес, последующие попытки, новая модель, постепенный, указывать на периодичность, открытие частиц, составлять ядро, внешние электроны
Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
1. There arc five periods... the history... chemistry. 2. A philosophical approach ... the study ... matter was developed ... Greece. 3. Alchemists thought that there was a way ... which base metals could be changed ... gold. 4. ... the phlogiston period men postulated a hypothetical matter. 5. Gain... weight... calcination... metals led... a search ... a very light material. 6. Organic chemistry was little understood ... the synthesis of urea... Wohler... 1828.7. Reliable physical and chemical measurements began... die laws... Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac and Dalton. 8. Subatomic particles make ... the nucleus ... the atom.
Ex. 8. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to different functions of the verb do.
1. Do it as quickly as you can. 2. Do you know when the periodic law was stated? 3.1 can't do it now, 1 must be going. 4. The alchemists did improve techniques during their search of the philosopher's stone and an elixir of life. 5. They do synthesize new materials in their laboratory. 6. Scientists did not understand organic chemistry before the synthesis of urea. 7. He will have done it by 5 o'clock.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian.
a) 1. In the period 350-1500 A. D. alchemists devoted their efforts to a search for the philosopher's stone. 2. Our understanding of atomic energy levels is based on modern advances in chemistry. 3. Reliable physical and chemical measurements stimulated the determination of accurate atomic weight. 4. Until the discovery of the subatomic particles, the structure of atoms was not fully understood. 5. These laws (the laws of die Conservation of Mass and Definite Proportions) were an important stimulation for the 19th-century chemistry. 6. The first period in the development of chemistry is the ancient period (until 350 A. D.). 7. There arc five periods in the history of chemistry. 8. Mcndclcycv's law of periodicity of elements has withstood the onslaught of the discovery of the subatomic particles. 9. Five "elements" (earth, air, fire, water and the quintessence) were considered by the ancients as the building blocks of matter.
b) 1. Is your text difficult? — It is easy. 2. Was the philosopher's stone found? — No, it was not. 3. What is this? — It is a text-book. 4. Whose book is it? — It is Nick's book. 5. It is a very interesting phenomenon. 6. It is winter. 7. It is snowing now. 8. It was early morning when wc camc to the laboratory. 9. It is a long way from our hostel to die university. 10. It is believed that Wohler synthesized urea in 1828. 11. During the phlogiston period it was considered that some hypothetical maUer was required for combustion and calcination. 12. It is necessary to know the periodicity in the history of chemistiy. 13. It is never too late to learn. 14. It is chemistry that is my favourite subject. 15. It was Lomonosov who was the founder of Russian physico-chemical science. 16. It was early in the 19th century that Dalton founded his atomic theory. 17. It was after urea was synthesized that the development of organic chemistry was stimulated. 18. It was not the alchemical period which was the shortest in the history of chemistry. 19. It was not until qualitative and quantitative analysis had identified enough pure substances that inorganic chemistry grew in scope. 20. It was not until 1808 that Gay-Lussac's law was postulated. 21. Theirs was a very important discovery. 22. Ours is a most essential science. 23. These arc the latest
journals. 24. Accuratc measurements began with the laws of Boyle, Charles, Gay-Lussac and Dalton. These stimulated the efforts to determine accuratc atomic weights. 25. How can one prepare urea? 26. One can express the idea for combination in valence. 27. Why docs one call Mcndeleycv's law the periodic law? 28. One must clearly understand the idea of chemical transformation. 29. One should be accuratc in laboratory measurements.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into English.
1. В истории развития химии есть несколько периодов. 2. Еще в Древней Греции был разработан философский подход к изучению материи. 3. Нужно помнить, что главной целью периода алхимии был поиск философского камня. 4. Считали, что именно философский камень превращает обычные металлы в золото. 5. Только тогда, когда были разработаны методы количественного и качественного анализа, стало возможно получить достаточное количество чистых веществ. 6. Увеличение веса металлов при прокаливании привело впоследствии к открытию газов. 7. Что такое качественный анализ? 8. До 1928 года органическую химию мало понимали. 9. Многие ученые создавали свои модели строения атомов.
Ex. 11. Answer the following questions:
1. How many periods arc there in the history of chemistry? 2. What arc these periods? 3. What do you know about the ancient period? 4. What were the principal goals of the alchemical period? 5. What was the period of iatrochemistiy devoted to? 6. Why is the period between 1650 and 1774 callcd .the phlogiston period? 7. When does modern chemistry begin?
8. What stimulated the development of chemistry in the 19th ccntury?
9. What investigations led to the discovery of the Periodic Law?
Section II
Упр. 1. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
instrumental, biochemistry, colloid, progress, fact, thermodynamics, structure, practical, application, standard, method, empirical, pioneer, geographic, plastic, gasoline, rocket, type, principle, correlation, interpretation, talent, energy, to confront, human, construction, limit
Упр. 2. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту;
1. Twenty-first ccntury chemistry has narrowed into different fields of chemistry such as analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, organic chemistry, etc. 2. Why were you absent at the classes, were you ///? 3. Promise little, but do much. 4. One of the most important among the past achievements of chemistry was the discovery of the atomic structure. 5. Chemical engineers' principal goal is to improve the technology of chemical production. 6. Almost all the students in our group arc of the
same age. 7. To explore the phenomenon is to learn everything about it.
8. Comrade N will replace comrade В while he is away on holidays.
9. Drugs arc substanccs used for medical purposes. 10. In future, oil and coal arc to be replaced by new fuels, i. c., materials for producing heat or energy. 11. Cancer is one of the most serious diseases of the 21st century.
Giosa к тексту:
assembly—сбор; statement — формулировка; surpass—превосходить; create — создавать; environment — окружающая среда; assurance — убежденность; frontier — граница; miracle — чудо; superior — лучший; explosive — взрывчатое вещество; fibre — волокно; opportunity—возможность; benefit—польза; выгода; mankind—человечество; cure—лекарство; fabric—ткань; cell — клетка
Все темы данного раздела:
Fluorine
Fluorine, the lightest of the halogens, is the most rcactivc of all the elements, and it forms compounds with all the elements cxccpt the lighter inert gases. This great reactivity may be attribute
Lesson 10
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы н употребление сослагательного наклонения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
С + e, i,y
M
Text 10 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — б минут). Uses of Indium
Indium finds most of its uses as an addition to other materials for the purpose of obtaining more desirable pro
Lesson 11
ГРАММАТИКА: Употребление и перевод глаголов may, might, could, ought в сослагательном наклонении.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words.
pb
Fascinating Phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of the most interesting of all the elements. Its peculiar property of glowing in the dark places it in a special and rare category. For some unexplained reason, man has always bee
Modifications of Phosphorus
Yellow Phosphorus. Phosphorus may occur in three allotropic forms: yellow, violet, and black. However, the two most common forms arc yellow and red. There can be traccd a difference of opinion as t
Lesson 12
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение темы «Сказуемое».
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
Помните, что в многосложных словах ударение часто падает на 3-й слог от конца сло
Chemical Symbols for Representing Compounds
It is a short step from using a symbol for an element to using a formula for a compound. However, it is often forgotten that die very act of writing the formula for a compound assumes the law of co
Weight of У12 atom of carbon 12
can be measured experimentally. Therefore the formula NHj can either refer to one molcculc of ammonia, containing one atom of nitrogen, and three atoms of hydrogen, or, alternatively, to one gram-m
Lesson 13
ГРАММАТИКА: Подлежащее. Существительное в функции подлежащего. Местоимение в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) period ['pionod], anci
Text 13 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время — 4 минуты). New Frontiers in Chemistry
Twenty-first-ccntury chemistry has narrowed into units such as instrumental analysis, biochemistry, chemi
Lesson 14
ГРАММАТИКА: Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом».
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) thought [0o:t], continuous [kon'tinjoos], surfacc ['s3:fis], argue
Text 14 A The Idea of the Atom
Many times during the coursc of history men believed that the solid matter, of which the different things in the world arc made, was really continuous matter. They thought that if you could look at
Text 14 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Atomic Theory of Democritus and Dalton
The Greek philosopher Democritus (about 460-370 B.C.) who had adopted some of his
Lesson 15
ГРАММАТИКА: Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык оборота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот «именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным, числительным».
Section I
Text 15 A The Atomic Theory
In 180S the English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766-1844) put forward the hypothesis according to which all substanccs were stated to consist of small particles of matter, of several differ
Text 15 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
Most our knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms has been obtained by the study o
Lesson 16
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфннитивный оборот в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) molcculc ["mohkju:!], peculiar [pi'kjuiho], rear
Text 16 A Molecules
To the modern chcmist, the atom is the smallest particle of an clement that can enter into a chcmical reaction. Thus, each clement has atoms that are peculiar to itself and different from those of
Molecular Composition and Size
Molecules are chemical units composed of one or more atoms. The simplest molecules contain one atom each; for example, helium atoms (one atom per molecule) arc identical with helium molccules. Oxyg
I Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) equal ['i.kwolj, pressure ['prcjo], consequence ['konsikwons], gaseous ['gasidsj, weight [weit], cohesion [кэо'Ы.зэп], adjacent [o'dseisont], average
Text 17 A Molecules in Gases and Liquids
According to Avogadro's principle, equal volumes of gases regardless of composition, contain the same number of molccules at the same temperature and pressure. As a consequence of the principle, th
Lesson 18
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) iodine faiodirn], equilibrium [ ,i:kwi'libnom], fluidity [flu'
Text 18 A The Nature of a Liquid
When iodine crystals arc heated to 114°C, they melt forming liquid iodine. The temperature at which the crystals and the liquid arc in equilibrium — that is, at which crystals have no tendency to m
Text 18 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Nature of a Gas
That the molcculcs of a gas arc not held together, but arc moving freely in a volume rather large compare
Lesson 19
ГРАММАТИКА: Место дополнения в предложении. Существительное и местоимение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) originally [o'ridsonoh],
The Study of the Structure of Molecules
The study of the structure of molcculcs was originally earned on by chemists using methods of investigation that were essentially chcmical in nature, relating to the chemical composition of a subst
Lesson 20
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) covalent [koo'veilont], distribute [dis'tribjot], elec
The Structure of Covalent Compounds
The clcctronic structure of molcculcs of covalcnt compounds involving the principal groups of the periodic table can usually be written by counting the number of valcncc electrons in the molcculc a
Covalcncc
Many compound substanccs do not have particularly high melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity when they arc molten, and, thus, give no indication of being ionic. The particlcs of su
Lesson 21
* ГРАММАТИКА: Причастный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) require [n'kwaid], completion [kom'pli'Jon], extremely (iks'tri:mh]
Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions
Eveiy chemical reaction requires some time for its complctiQn, but some reactions arc very fast and some arc very slow. Reactions between ions in solution without changc in oxidation state arc usua
A Catalyst
A catalyst is a substancc that alters the speed of a chcmical reaction without itself undergoing any chcmical change, usually only a small quantity of it is required.
Catalysts arc usually
Lesson 22
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) determine [df t3:min]f prevail [pn'veil], co
Text 22 A Factors Affecting the Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid boils, is dependent not only upon the nature of the liquid itself, but also upon the pressure prevailing at the time the boiling point is determined. An increase i
Text 22 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—4,5 минуты). Temperature Scales
If two objects are placed in contact with one another, thermal energy may flow from one objcct to the othe
Lesson 23
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) measure ['тезэ], centigrade ['scntigrcid], advance [od'va:ns],
Text 23 A Celsius versus Centigrade
The Ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in October, 1948, adopted the name "Celsius" for the scalc of temperature which had more commonly been callcd "ccntigradc&q
The Kelvin Temperature Scale and Modern Means of Measuring the Temperature
About 200 years ago scientists noticed that a sample of gas that is coolcd decreases in volume in a regular way, and they saw that if the volume were to continue to dccrcasc in the same way, it wou
Gas Thermometer
The establishment of the International Temperature Scalc has required that the thermodynamic temperatures of the fixed points be determined with as much accuracy as possible. For this purpose a dcv
Lesson 24
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение тем «Подлежащее» и «Дополнение»
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) recognize ['rckognaiz], relative ['relotiv], carefully ['kcofuli],
The Composition and Structure of Water
Water was thought by the ancients to be an clement. Henry Cavendish in 1781 showed that water is formed when hydrogen is burned in air, and Lavoisier first recognized that water is a compound of th
Lesson 25
ГРАММАТИКА: Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение, существительное, наречие в функции определения.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The subject of acids and ba
Text 25 A Bases
The subject of acids and bases has long been one of the most controversial in chcmistry, and led to the development of an interesting series of theories.
In the 17th century, during t
The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
There is perhaps no other class of equilibria as important as that involving acids and bases. As wc continue the study of chcmistry, wc shall find that the classification "acid-base reaction&q
Lesson 26
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции определения. Причастие и причастный оборот в функции определения. Инфинитив после причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain.
Section
Text 26 A Liquids and Solutions
Solids and gases represent the extreme states of behaviour of molcculcs. The liquid state can be thought of as an intermediate condition in which some of the properties found in cither solids or ga
Lesson 27
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции определения. Придаточное предложение в функции определения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is often tr
Text 27 A The Properties of Solutions
It is difficult to give a definition which tells clcarly and briefly how <r solutions differ from mixtures and compounds, in spite of the fact that solutions arc among the most familiar substanc
Text 27 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Types of Solutions
Just as the variables, pressure, volume, and temperature, were used to describe the state or condition of
Lesson 28
ГРАММАТИКА: Обстоятельство. Существительное, наречие, герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции обстоятельства.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
As long ago as 183
Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions
In a solution of an electrolyte, it is often ncccssary to have a detailed knowledge of the spccics present. New ions or uncharged molcculcs resulting from interactions in the solution may behave qu
Text 28 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—3,5 минуты). Ionic Theories
About the mid-1880's, Arrhcnius postulated in his ionization theory that (1) electrolytes arc completely disso
Lesson 29
ГРАММАТИКА: Причастие и причастный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Независимый причастный оборот.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The temperature remaining cons
Text 29 A Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
A liquid of relatively low boiling temperature, when placed in a container open to the atmosphere, will eventually evaporate entirely. Remembering that molcculcs in the liquid arc "bound&
Temperature Dependence of Vapour Equilibrium
Experimental measurements show that the equilibrium vapour pressure of a liquid increases as the temperature increases. In the temperature range in which the vapour pressure is small, it is relativ
Lesson 30
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфишпив и инфинитивный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is a matter o
Text 30 A Solubility
While there arc many pairs of substanccs which, like water and tfthyl alcohol, can be mixed in any proportions to form homogeneous solutions, it is a matter of common experience that the capacity o
Nonideal Solutions
Consider a solid substancc dissolving in a liquid solvent. The solid is such that when melted, it is converted to a liquid that, in turn, can form an ideal solution with the solvent. The dissolutio
Lesson 31
ГРАММАТИКА: Вводные члены предложения. Инфинитив и причастие в функции вводного члена предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The terms "oxidation"
Text 31 A Oxidation and Reduction
Generally speaking, the simple meanings of these terms arc that oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substancc and reduction is the
removal of oxygen. Needless to say, hydrogen se
Text 31 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction
Prior to the discovery of oxygen independently by Scheclc of Sweden in 1771-1772
Lesson 32
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические конструкции. Усилительное do. Эмфатические конструкции типа It is... that...
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It was largely analytical c
Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry
Analytical chcmistiy is probably the oldest field in the broad spectrum of the scicncc of chcmistry. Many years were required to dispel the lure of alchcmy; more were needed to demonstrate the fall
Two Branches of Analytical Chemistry
The relatively small chcmical manufacturing plants producing such chcmicals as alkalis, sulphuric acid, ctc., indeed, some of the factories making consumer goods and employing chcmicals in the proc
Lesson 33
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические уступительные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Gradually, chemists began synthesizing some things found in nature and later t
Text 33 A Classical Methods of Analysis
Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the "works chemist" of the 18th and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently defined today as the classical methods of an
Text 33 В Modern Methods of Analysis
Прочтите следующий текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты).
The so-called classical gravimetric and volumctric methods have by no means been superseded by physical chcmistry a
Lesson 34
ГРАММАТИКА: Различные случаи инверсии.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation are various statistical m
Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical methods, as used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation, arc not a substitute for common sense or for what scientists refer to as scientific judgement; they rather
Lesson 35
ГРАММАТИКА: Предложения с парным союзом the... the... . Двойное отрицание.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
When a solid is heated to incandescence, it emits more
Text 35 A Investigations of Spectra
The more profound is the investigation of the structure of atoms and molcculcs, the more problems arise. It was not long ago that consideration of the cxtra-nuclcar clcctrons was rcstrictcd to
Text 35 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Who Is the Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis?
The more detailed is the scrutiny of the history of chcmistry, the greater is the
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Why Study Chemistry?
Certainly, the student who has had one year of chcmistry remembers virtually no detail after a few months. The things that stick will generally include some notion of atomic structure, and this inf
Conductance and Electrolysis
Generally speaking, the classification of a substance as a non-clcctrolytc or as an clcctrolytc is based on the conductance of its aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions of non-clcctrolytcs do not con
Text 2 Library and You
Because of the vast accumulation of data, today's student of chcmistry must rely on the literature more than ever before; it is therefore to his advantage to bccomc acquainted with the organization
Text 3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy resembles Raman spectroscopy in that it provides information on the vibrational and rotational energy levels of a spccics, but it differs from the latter technique in that it
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The nuclei of atoms can be likened in some respects to. elementary magnets. In a strong magnetic field, the different orientations that the elementary magnets assume correspond to different energie
Text 5 Gold
Perhaps no other metal has played such an important part in the destiny of man as gold has. For ccnturics, it has stood as a barometer of wealth and nobility. To secure it, men have fought, suffere
Text 6 Actinium
Radioactive transition metal of Group III. Atomic number 89. Symbol Ac. All isotopes arc radioactive; atomic weight tables list the atomic weight as [227], the mass number of the most stable isotop
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Insulator Itirns into Superconductor
Having used ultrahigh pressures and critically low temperatures, scientists at the Institute of High Pressures of the USSR Academy of Sciences have managed to cffcct such a unique transformation as
Text 10 Salt Shaker Wedding
On Friday evening, April 13, at five o'clock, Miss Chlorinc Halidc became the bride of Mr. Sodium Alkali in a double beaker ccrcmony at the Little Church of Mother Nature. Rev. Elcctro Valcncc perf
The Role of Theory in Chemistry
We start at the beginning and define science as a set of observations and theories about observations. Wc then define theory as a device for making predictions and correlations of observations. A t
Theories of Matter
There is a wide varicly of chcmical and physical theories from which wc select as our example theories of matter (atoms, molcculcs, solids, nuclei, and elementary particles). Wc can illustrate the
Molecular Theory
Matrix mechanics theory of matter (MMTM) is a better molecular theory than the ball-and-stick molccular theory. In thcal> initio MMTM molecular theory the only parameters required by the procedu
Differentiating between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols
A primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol dissolved in pure glacial acetic acid decolourizes a water solution of KMnO*, while a tertiary alcohol fails to do so. A secondary alcohol will continue to
A Brief History of Polypeptide Chemistry
Protein chcmistry really began in the 1830s with Mulder's systematic investigation of nitrogenous biological materials, such as blood fibrin, egg white, gelatins, and silk. In 1840, Huncfeld was th
Characteristics of Mossbauer Spectra
To obtain a resonant gamma-ray absorption spectrum it is ncccssary to relate the transmission intensity to the instantaneous source-absorber velocity. In practice there arc a number of methods whic
Text 17 Free Radicals
An atom or group of atoms with one or more unshared electrons, which may enter into chemical-bond formation is callcd a free radical. (The same group in a molcculc is called a radical; for example
The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
It is a matter of common knowledge among chemists that sulphuric acid is made by two processes, the contact proccss and the lead-chamber proccss, which arc now about equally important.
In
What Is Light? What Is an Electron?
During rcccnt years many people have asked the following questions: "Docs light really consist of waves or of particles? Is the electron really a particlc, or is.it a wave?"
Thes
Text 20 The Nature of Resonance
The idea of resonance has brought clarity and unity into modern structural chcmistry, has led to the solution of many problems of valence theory, and has assisted in the correlation of the chcmical
Benjamin Franklin and Electricity
January 17,2006, will be the 300th anniversary of the birth of Franklin.
Kant once remarked that Benjamin Franklin was a new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven. In his own day, Fra
Text 22 Future Perspectives
The production of protein from chemicals is not the only proccss one can employ for converting chemicals to food, but it is representative of one major type of proccss: fermentation. Microorganisms
Gas Chromatography Methods
Gas chromatography (GC), or, more recently, gas-liquid chromatography, is based on the volatilization of thermally stable analytcs which have a vapour pressure of approximately 0.1 mm or greater a
Liquid Chromatography Detectors
During the last years, there has been a marked increase of interest in column liquid chromatography (LC). One reason that this technique, whose discovery preceded gas chromatography (GC) by many ye
Miscellaneous Grammar
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The work referred to also brought to light many examples of abnormal behaviour. 2. Having examined it carefully, wc found out that the gas under in
Words a Student Should Know before Studying the Textbook
a[10]
about* above active after
afternoon
in the afternoon again against ago agree all* alo
Struggle
student
study
suit
summer
in summer sun
Sunday supper swim
table take
take part in tea teach teacher tell ten tenth
that* (th
Chemical Elements
Ac
actinium
(rck'tiniom)
актиний
Ag
silver
j'sdvoj
серебро
Word-building
В английском языке словопроизводство (derivation), т. е. образование одного слова из другого, является самым распространенным способом образования слов.
Образование одного слова из другог
Общие схемы образования производных слов
{ Г"
anion cation
I i
ion
an
Irregular Verbs
arise
arose
arisen
возникать
be
was, were
been
быть, являться; находиться
Новости и инфо для студентов