Fascinating Phosphorus - раздел Образование, Part One THE PREDICATE Phosphorus Is One Of The Most Interesting Of All The Elements. Its Peculiar P...
Phosphorus is one of the most interesting of all the elements. Its peculiar property of glowing in the dark places it in a special and rare category. For some unexplained reason, man has always been intrigued by any substance with phosphorescent properties.
ТЪе history of phosphorus is no less interesting than the element itself. It was first prepared in 1669 by a German alchemist Hcnnig Brand, who like every other alchemist of his day, was searching for the elusive philosopher's stone. We can never tell you what gave him the idea that his magic stone could be found in human urine, but, nevertheless, he carried on a scries of elaborate experiments with urine. After much experimentation he could obtain a yellowish waxy substancc by distilling a residue from the urine. We can imagine how thrilled he must have been when he noticed that the strange substance glowed in the dark.
Brand kept the details of the preparation of this strange substance secret, but the news soon leaked out. He then sold his formula to other chemists, who also made the clement in secret. The method of isolating phosphorus was made known to the world in general only in 1737. It was soon discovered that the clement could be obtained from bones, and the unpleasant method of obtaining it from urine could be abandoned. It is truly remarkable that Brand could prepare phosphorus with very limited equipment and knowledge then available. Even today with all of our modern equipment, phosphorus is not isolated with ease.
Phosphorus may be fascinating, but is also intensely poisonous. It should never be allowed to touch the skin, as it causes painful burns which are extremely difficult to heal. We must always handle it with forceps and keep it under water when it is not in use.
Phosphorus has a garlic-like colour. Its fumes are poisonous too.
Words and Word-Combinations to Be Memorized
allow, category, detail, distil, in general, handle, isolate, itself, limit, method, notice, phosphorus, poisonous, preparation, rare, reason, for this (that) reason, residue, strange, urine, wax
Ex. 6. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:
be one of the most interesting, a peculiar property, a special category, for some reason, phosphorescent properties, nevertheless, carry on experiments, a series of experiments, keep the details of the preparation secret, in secret, make the method known to the world in general, obtain some element, abandon some method, very limited equipment, available knowledge, isolate an element with ease, be poisonous, causc pain, be extremely difficult, handle phosphorus, keep under water
Ex. 7. Give the English equivalents for the following:
редкая категория, быть интересным, в темноте, по какой-то причине, сам элемент, как всякий другой алхимик, искать что-либо, навести на мысль, проводить ряд экспериментов, желтоватое вещество, заметить какое-то свойство, держать в сскрстс, метод выделения фосфора, вообще, только в 1737 году, получать элемент из, имеющееся оборудование, даже сегодня, современное оборудование, быть ядовитым, обращаться с, держать (хранить) под водой
Ex. 8. Fill in the blanks with prepositions where necessary.
in, under, at, with, of, on, by, for
1. Phosphorus is one ... the most interesting ... all the elements. 2. Phosphorus has a peculiar property ... glowing ... the dark. 3.... some unexplained reason man has always been interested ... any substance ... phosphorescent properties. 4. Phosphorus was first prepared ... 1669 ... a German alchcmist Brand. 5. Brand carricd ... a series ... experiments to obtain phosphorus. 6. Brand kept the details... the preparation... phosphorus ... secret. 7. The method ... isolating phosphorus was made known ... the world... general only... 1737.8. Brand prepared phosphorus... very limited equipment and knowledge. 9.... present phosphorus is not isolated... ease. 10. Phosphorus should be kept... water when it is not... use.
Ex. 9. Translate the sentences into Russian paying attention to the word one/ones.
1. Hydrogen atom contains only one electron and one proton. 2. Red phosphorus is more stable than the white one. 3. An element is a substancc which consists of only one kind of atoms. 4. The salts formed by hydrochloric acid are called chlorides, the ones formed by sulphuric acid arc callcd sulphides. 5. Chlorinc exists in two isotopic forms: the one has the atomic weight of 35 and the other—of 37.6. Phosphorus is one of the elements of Group V. 7. Reactions of dilute acids and the conccntratcd ones arc not alike. 8. Phosphorus exists in several allotropic modifications, yellow and red arc die most common ones. 9. The chcmical properties of ozone arc similar to those of oxygen, but one must point out that ozone is more chemically active. 10. Phosphorus is readily dissolved in carbon disulphide, one part of it will dissolve nine parts of phosphorus. 11. This modern apparatus gives more accurate results than the old one and it is much easier to handle.
Ex. 10. Translate the sentences into Russian, paying attention to the verbs may, might, could, ought.
1. Phosphorus may be fascinating, but it is also intensely poisonous. 2.Whcncvcr you may work with phosphorus, remember, it must not be handled with bare hands. 3. The instruction was quite clcar so that the students might perform the analysis themselves. 4. Such uncxpcctcd results might be accountcd for by the fact that the substance was not very pure. 5. However slow the reaction may proceed, it gives a good yield. 6. They suppose they could finish their scries of experiments by Friday. 7. The calculations ought to be done after each scries of measurements. 8. Important as this question may be, wc have no time to discuss it now. 9. In order that the glassware might be used, it should be thoroughly washed. 10. The author gives a very detailed description of the properties of each clement lest anything may be missed. 11. It is quite clear that the reaction could go to completion after some heating. 12. The methods of preparation of phosphorus could have been mentioned together with the description of properties. 13. The experiment ought to be repeated several times, so that you could get some results to comparc. 14. In the middle of the 18th century it was discovered that phosphorus could be obtained from bones.
15.Oxygen and hydrogen could be obtained by the electrolysis of water.
16. The question how many elements arc essential to life couldn't be answered with certainty. 17. Some generalizations ought to be made about the role of various elements. 18. The scheme of the process is given in addition to the photograph so that the reader may understand it better. 19. Such research might tell us about the carbon chemistry. 20.Thcsc observations reveal chcmical mechanisms that could only have been uncovered by studies of reactions at high energies.
Ex. 11. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Фосфор обладает интересным свойством светиться в темноте. 2. История фосфора не менее интересна, чем сам элемент. 3. Фосфор был впервые приготовлен в 1669 году, но метод его приготовления стал известен миру только в 1737 году. 4. Как и все алхимики, свои метод приготовления фосфора Бранд держал в секрете. 5. Необходимо помнить, что фосфор очень ядовит. 6. Известны несколько аллотропных форм фосфора. 7. Фосфор нелегко выделять даже при современном оборудовании. 8. Одна из форм фосфора — это желтоватое воскообразное вещество, такой фосфор называют желтым или белым.
Ex. 12. Make up questions to the italicized parts of the sentences.
1. For some unexplained reason, man has always been intrigued by any substance with phosphorescent properties (3). 2. It was soon discovered that phosphorus could be obtained from bones (3). 3. Its peculiar property of glowing in the dark places phosphorus in a special and rare category (3).
Ex. 13. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the most interesting property of phosphorus? 2. When was phosphorus first prepared? 3. What kind of substance is it? 4. What methods were used to prepare phosphorus? 5. Why is it necessary to be careful working with phosphorus? 6. How must phosphorus be kept when it is not in use?
Scction II
Упр. 1. Прочтите заглавие текста 11 В. Скажите, чему будет посвящен этот текст? Что вы об этом знаете?
Упр. 2. Назовите значения следующих интернациональных слов:
modification, allotropic, violent, regular, amorphous, action, catalyze, separate, crystallization, distillation, condense, disulphide, spontaneously
Упр. 3. Определите значения выделенных слов по контексту. Синонимы в скобках помогут вам.
1. As to the properties of phosphorus, they arc very interesting. 2. Phosphorus ignites (takes fire) in the air at the temperature of 30 degrees. 3. Substanccs that easily take fire are called inflammable substanccs. 4. A pressure of 760 mm Hg is callcd normal atmospheric pressure. 5. Phosphorus combines readily (easily) with oxygen. 6. Some reactions can be catalyzed by traces (very small amounts) of substanccs. 7. Opinions (points of view) conccrning this problem differ. 8. Reduction is a proccss when a pure substancc is obtained from an oxide. 9. It is difficult to realize (understand) that yellow and red phosphorus arc the same clement. 10. A very finely divided substancc is a powder. 11. Red phosphorus can be prepared by heating yellow phosphorus in the absence of air (without air).
Слова к тексту:
trace — прослеживать; partially — частично; careful — осторожный; drum — барабан; vaporize — испаряться; pretty — хорошенький, прелестный; dangerous — опасный; dispose of— избавляться от
Text И В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 5 минут).
Все темы данного раздела:
Fluorine
Fluorine, the lightest of the halogens, is the most rcactivc of all the elements, and it forms compounds with all the elements cxccpt the lighter inert gases. This great reactivity may be attribute
Lesson 10
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы н употребление сослагательного наклонения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
С + e, i,y
M
Text 10 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — б минут). Uses of Indium
Indium finds most of its uses as an addition to other materials for the purpose of obtaining more desirable pro
Lesson 11
ГРАММАТИКА: Употребление и перевод глаголов may, might, could, ought в сослагательном наклонении.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words.
pb
Modifications of Phosphorus
Yellow Phosphorus. Phosphorus may occur in three allotropic forms: yellow, violet, and black. However, the two most common forms arc yellow and red. There can be traccd a difference of opinion as t
Lesson 12
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение темы «Сказуемое».
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
Помните, что в многосложных словах ударение часто падает на 3-й слог от конца сло
Chemical Symbols for Representing Compounds
It is a short step from using a symbol for an element to using a formula for a compound. However, it is often forgotten that die very act of writing the formula for a compound assumes the law of co
Weight of У12 atom of carbon 12
can be measured experimentally. Therefore the formula NHj can either refer to one molcculc of ammonia, containing one atom of nitrogen, and three atoms of hydrogen, or, alternatively, to one gram-m
Lesson 13
ГРАММАТИКА: Подлежащее. Существительное в функции подлежащего. Местоимение в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) period ['pionod], anci
Text 13 A The History of Chemistry
There arc five periods in the history of chemistry. The ancient period comprising the older civilizations of China, India, Greece, and their contemporaries to 350 A. D. developed practical arts as
Text 13 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время — 4 минуты). New Frontiers in Chemistry
Twenty-first-ccntury chemistry has narrowed into units such as instrumental analysis, biochemistry, chemi
Lesson 14
ГРАММАТИКА: Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом».
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) thought [0o:t], continuous [kon'tinjoos], surfacc ['s3:fis], argue
Text 14 A The Idea of the Atom
Many times during the coursc of history men believed that the solid matter, of which the different things in the world arc made, was really continuous matter. They thought that if you could look at
Text 14 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Atomic Theory of Democritus and Dalton
The Greek philosopher Democritus (about 460-370 B.C.) who had adopted some of his
Lesson 15
ГРАММАТИКА: Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык оборота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот «именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным, числительным».
Section I
Text 15 A The Atomic Theory
In 180S the English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766-1844) put forward the hypothesis according to which all substanccs were stated to consist of small particles of matter, of several differ
Text 15 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
Most our knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms has been obtained by the study o
Lesson 16
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфннитивный оборот в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) molcculc ["mohkju:!], peculiar [pi'kjuiho], rear
Text 16 A Molecules
To the modern chcmist, the atom is the smallest particle of an clement that can enter into a chcmical reaction. Thus, each clement has atoms that are peculiar to itself and different from those of
Molecular Composition and Size
Molecules are chemical units composed of one or more atoms. The simplest molecules contain one atom each; for example, helium atoms (one atom per molecule) arc identical with helium molccules. Oxyg
I Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) equal ['i.kwolj, pressure ['prcjo], consequence ['konsikwons], gaseous ['gasidsj, weight [weit], cohesion [кэо'Ы.зэп], adjacent [o'dseisont], average
Text 17 A Molecules in Gases and Liquids
According to Avogadro's principle, equal volumes of gases regardless of composition, contain the same number of molccules at the same temperature and pressure. As a consequence of the principle, th
Lesson 18
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) iodine faiodirn], equilibrium [ ,i:kwi'libnom], fluidity [flu'
Text 18 A The Nature of a Liquid
When iodine crystals arc heated to 114°C, they melt forming liquid iodine. The temperature at which the crystals and the liquid arc in equilibrium — that is, at which crystals have no tendency to m
Text 18 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Nature of a Gas
That the molcculcs of a gas arc not held together, but arc moving freely in a volume rather large compare
Lesson 19
ГРАММАТИКА: Место дополнения в предложении. Существительное и местоимение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) originally [o'ridsonoh],
The Study of the Structure of Molecules
The study of the structure of molcculcs was originally earned on by chemists using methods of investigation that were essentially chcmical in nature, relating to the chemical composition of a subst
Lesson 20
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) covalent [koo'veilont], distribute [dis'tribjot], elec
The Structure of Covalent Compounds
The clcctronic structure of molcculcs of covalcnt compounds involving the principal groups of the periodic table can usually be written by counting the number of valcncc electrons in the molcculc a
Covalcncc
Many compound substanccs do not have particularly high melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity when they arc molten, and, thus, give no indication of being ionic. The particlcs of su
Lesson 21
* ГРАММАТИКА: Причастный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) require [n'kwaid], completion [kom'pli'Jon], extremely (iks'tri:mh]
Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions
Eveiy chemical reaction requires some time for its complctiQn, but some reactions arc very fast and some arc very slow. Reactions between ions in solution without changc in oxidation state arc usua
A Catalyst
A catalyst is a substancc that alters the speed of a chcmical reaction without itself undergoing any chcmical change, usually only a small quantity of it is required.
Catalysts arc usually
Lesson 22
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) determine [df t3:min]f prevail [pn'veil], co
Text 22 A Factors Affecting the Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid boils, is dependent not only upon the nature of the liquid itself, but also upon the pressure prevailing at the time the boiling point is determined. An increase i
Text 22 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—4,5 минуты). Temperature Scales
If two objects are placed in contact with one another, thermal energy may flow from one objcct to the othe
Lesson 23
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) measure ['тезэ], centigrade ['scntigrcid], advance [od'va:ns],
Text 23 A Celsius versus Centigrade
The Ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in October, 1948, adopted the name "Celsius" for the scalc of temperature which had more commonly been callcd "ccntigradc&q
The Kelvin Temperature Scale and Modern Means of Measuring the Temperature
About 200 years ago scientists noticed that a sample of gas that is coolcd decreases in volume in a regular way, and they saw that if the volume were to continue to dccrcasc in the same way, it wou
Gas Thermometer
The establishment of the International Temperature Scalc has required that the thermodynamic temperatures of the fixed points be determined with as much accuracy as possible. For this purpose a dcv
Lesson 24
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение тем «Подлежащее» и «Дополнение»
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) recognize ['rckognaiz], relative ['relotiv], carefully ['kcofuli],
The Composition and Structure of Water
Water was thought by the ancients to be an clement. Henry Cavendish in 1781 showed that water is formed when hydrogen is burned in air, and Lavoisier first recognized that water is a compound of th
Lesson 25
ГРАММАТИКА: Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение, существительное, наречие в функции определения.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The subject of acids and ba
Text 25 A Bases
The subject of acids and bases has long been one of the most controversial in chcmistry, and led to the development of an interesting series of theories.
In the 17th century, during t
The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
There is perhaps no other class of equilibria as important as that involving acids and bases. As wc continue the study of chcmistry, wc shall find that the classification "acid-base reaction&q
Lesson 26
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции определения. Причастие и причастный оборот в функции определения. Инфинитив после причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain.
Section
Text 26 A Liquids and Solutions
Solids and gases represent the extreme states of behaviour of molcculcs. The liquid state can be thought of as an intermediate condition in which some of the properties found in cither solids or ga
Lesson 27
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции определения. Придаточное предложение в функции определения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is often tr
Text 27 A The Properties of Solutions
It is difficult to give a definition which tells clcarly and briefly how <r solutions differ from mixtures and compounds, in spite of the fact that solutions arc among the most familiar substanc
Text 27 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Types of Solutions
Just as the variables, pressure, volume, and temperature, were used to describe the state or condition of
Lesson 28
ГРАММАТИКА: Обстоятельство. Существительное, наречие, герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции обстоятельства.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
As long ago as 183
Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions
In a solution of an electrolyte, it is often ncccssary to have a detailed knowledge of the spccics present. New ions or uncharged molcculcs resulting from interactions in the solution may behave qu
Text 28 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—3,5 минуты). Ionic Theories
About the mid-1880's, Arrhcnius postulated in his ionization theory that (1) electrolytes arc completely disso
Lesson 29
ГРАММАТИКА: Причастие и причастный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Независимый причастный оборот.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The temperature remaining cons
Text 29 A Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
A liquid of relatively low boiling temperature, when placed in a container open to the atmosphere, will eventually evaporate entirely. Remembering that molcculcs in the liquid arc "bound&
Temperature Dependence of Vapour Equilibrium
Experimental measurements show that the equilibrium vapour pressure of a liquid increases as the temperature increases. In the temperature range in which the vapour pressure is small, it is relativ
Lesson 30
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфишпив и инфинитивный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is a matter o
Text 30 A Solubility
While there arc many pairs of substanccs which, like water and tfthyl alcohol, can be mixed in any proportions to form homogeneous solutions, it is a matter of common experience that the capacity o
Nonideal Solutions
Consider a solid substancc dissolving in a liquid solvent. The solid is such that when melted, it is converted to a liquid that, in turn, can form an ideal solution with the solvent. The dissolutio
Lesson 31
ГРАММАТИКА: Вводные члены предложения. Инфинитив и причастие в функции вводного члена предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The terms "oxidation"
Text 31 A Oxidation and Reduction
Generally speaking, the simple meanings of these terms arc that oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substancc and reduction is the
removal of oxygen. Needless to say, hydrogen se
Text 31 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction
Prior to the discovery of oxygen independently by Scheclc of Sweden in 1771-1772
Lesson 32
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические конструкции. Усилительное do. Эмфатические конструкции типа It is... that...
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It was largely analytical c
Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry
Analytical chcmistiy is probably the oldest field in the broad spectrum of the scicncc of chcmistry. Many years were required to dispel the lure of alchcmy; more were needed to demonstrate the fall
Two Branches of Analytical Chemistry
The relatively small chcmical manufacturing plants producing such chcmicals as alkalis, sulphuric acid, ctc., indeed, some of the factories making consumer goods and employing chcmicals in the proc
Lesson 33
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические уступительные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Gradually, chemists began synthesizing some things found in nature and later t
Text 33 A Classical Methods of Analysis
Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the "works chemist" of the 18th and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently defined today as the classical methods of an
Text 33 В Modern Methods of Analysis
Прочтите следующий текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты).
The so-called classical gravimetric and volumctric methods have by no means been superseded by physical chcmistry a
Lesson 34
ГРАММАТИКА: Различные случаи инверсии.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation are various statistical m
Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical methods, as used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation, arc not a substitute for common sense or for what scientists refer to as scientific judgement; they rather
Lesson 35
ГРАММАТИКА: Предложения с парным союзом the... the... . Двойное отрицание.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
When a solid is heated to incandescence, it emits more
Text 35 A Investigations of Spectra
The more profound is the investigation of the structure of atoms and molcculcs, the more problems arise. It was not long ago that consideration of the cxtra-nuclcar clcctrons was rcstrictcd to
Text 35 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Who Is the Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis?
The more detailed is the scrutiny of the history of chcmistry, the greater is the
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Why Study Chemistry?
Certainly, the student who has had one year of chcmistry remembers virtually no detail after a few months. The things that stick will generally include some notion of atomic structure, and this inf
Conductance and Electrolysis
Generally speaking, the classification of a substance as a non-clcctrolytc or as an clcctrolytc is based on the conductance of its aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions of non-clcctrolytcs do not con
Text 2 Library and You
Because of the vast accumulation of data, today's student of chcmistry must rely on the literature more than ever before; it is therefore to his advantage to bccomc acquainted with the organization
Text 3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy resembles Raman spectroscopy in that it provides information on the vibrational and rotational energy levels of a spccics, but it differs from the latter technique in that it
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The nuclei of atoms can be likened in some respects to. elementary magnets. In a strong magnetic field, the different orientations that the elementary magnets assume correspond to different energie
Text 5 Gold
Perhaps no other metal has played such an important part in the destiny of man as gold has. For ccnturics, it has stood as a barometer of wealth and nobility. To secure it, men have fought, suffere
Text 6 Actinium
Radioactive transition metal of Group III. Atomic number 89. Symbol Ac. All isotopes arc radioactive; atomic weight tables list the atomic weight as [227], the mass number of the most stable isotop
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Insulator Itirns into Superconductor
Having used ultrahigh pressures and critically low temperatures, scientists at the Institute of High Pressures of the USSR Academy of Sciences have managed to cffcct such a unique transformation as
Text 10 Salt Shaker Wedding
On Friday evening, April 13, at five o'clock, Miss Chlorinc Halidc became the bride of Mr. Sodium Alkali in a double beaker ccrcmony at the Little Church of Mother Nature. Rev. Elcctro Valcncc perf
The Role of Theory in Chemistry
We start at the beginning and define science as a set of observations and theories about observations. Wc then define theory as a device for making predictions and correlations of observations. A t
Theories of Matter
There is a wide varicly of chcmical and physical theories from which wc select as our example theories of matter (atoms, molcculcs, solids, nuclei, and elementary particles). Wc can illustrate the
Molecular Theory
Matrix mechanics theory of matter (MMTM) is a better molecular theory than the ball-and-stick molccular theory. In thcal> initio MMTM molecular theory the only parameters required by the procedu
Differentiating between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols
A primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol dissolved in pure glacial acetic acid decolourizes a water solution of KMnO*, while a tertiary alcohol fails to do so. A secondary alcohol will continue to
A Brief History of Polypeptide Chemistry
Protein chcmistry really began in the 1830s with Mulder's systematic investigation of nitrogenous biological materials, such as blood fibrin, egg white, gelatins, and silk. In 1840, Huncfeld was th
Characteristics of Mossbauer Spectra
To obtain a resonant gamma-ray absorption spectrum it is ncccssary to relate the transmission intensity to the instantaneous source-absorber velocity. In practice there arc a number of methods whic
Text 17 Free Radicals
An atom or group of atoms with one or more unshared electrons, which may enter into chemical-bond formation is callcd a free radical. (The same group in a molcculc is called a radical; for example
The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
It is a matter of common knowledge among chemists that sulphuric acid is made by two processes, the contact proccss and the lead-chamber proccss, which arc now about equally important.
In
What Is Light? What Is an Electron?
During rcccnt years many people have asked the following questions: "Docs light really consist of waves or of particles? Is the electron really a particlc, or is.it a wave?"
Thes
Text 20 The Nature of Resonance
The idea of resonance has brought clarity and unity into modern structural chcmistry, has led to the solution of many problems of valence theory, and has assisted in the correlation of the chcmical
Benjamin Franklin and Electricity
January 17,2006, will be the 300th anniversary of the birth of Franklin.
Kant once remarked that Benjamin Franklin was a new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven. In his own day, Fra
Text 22 Future Perspectives
The production of protein from chemicals is not the only proccss one can employ for converting chemicals to food, but it is representative of one major type of proccss: fermentation. Microorganisms
Gas Chromatography Methods
Gas chromatography (GC), or, more recently, gas-liquid chromatography, is based on the volatilization of thermally stable analytcs which have a vapour pressure of approximately 0.1 mm or greater a
Liquid Chromatography Detectors
During the last years, there has been a marked increase of interest in column liquid chromatography (LC). One reason that this technique, whose discovery preceded gas chromatography (GC) by many ye
Miscellaneous Grammar
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The work referred to also brought to light many examples of abnormal behaviour. 2. Having examined it carefully, wc found out that the gas under in
Words a Student Should Know before Studying the Textbook
a[10]
about* above active after
afternoon
in the afternoon again against ago agree all* alo
Struggle
student
study
suit
summer
in summer sun
Sunday supper swim
table take
take part in tea teach teacher tell ten tenth
that* (th
Chemical Elements
Ac
actinium
(rck'tiniom)
актиний
Ag
silver
j'sdvoj
серебро
Word-building
В английском языке словопроизводство (derivation), т. е. образование одного слова из другого, является самым распространенным способом образования слов.
Образование одного слова из другог
Общие схемы образования производных слов
{ Г"
anion cation
I i
ion
an
Irregular Verbs
arise
arose
arisen
возникать
be
was, were
been
быть, являться; находиться
Новости и инфо для студентов