Miscellaneous Grammar - раздел Образование, Part One THE PREDICATE Translate The Sentences Into Russian.
1. The Work Referred To Also B...
Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The work referred to also brought to light many examples of abnormal behaviour. 2. Having examined it carefully, wc found out that the gas under investigation exhibited anomalous behaviour. 3. The abnormal osmotic pressures can be explained by the hypothesis of a hydrolytic decomposition. 4. To conclude, there arc two features of high abnormal chcmical reactivity. 5. If the temperature is raised, a small amount of phenol must be added in order to producc a separation of liquid. 6. If water is added to ether, solution will not occur. 7. Shown in the following table is the degree of agreement between the two sets of values. 8. The experimental facts wc obtained are in agreement with the law. 9. And to sum up, the pressure must be considered in agreement with the modern kinetic theory. 10. If wc prepare some HgCd alloys and allow the alloy to reach the ordinary temperature, it will generally solidify provided enough Cd is present. 11. Other conditions being equal, the dissociation theory is in good agreement with these observations. 12. The agreement between the final columns shows the hydrolysis of the salt to have practically disappeared. 13. The results of several methods to be described later are in satisfactory agreement. 14. If a solid be allowed to cool down, it becomes heterogeneous. 15. a- and P-rays were found to consist of pulsations analogous to Rontgcn rays. 16. Though somewhat different, analogous behaviour may be observed in the case of the gaseous system. 17. It follows from the above that the case is analogous to a mixture of alcohol and water. 18. Returning to van't HofFs argument, it will be remembered that the striking feature of his argument is that he actually calculated the normal constant for substanccs dissolved in a given solvent. 19. To understand Arrhcnius* argument more clcarly, it is ncccssary that wc should refer to the work of Kohlrauch. 20. The gas law has been seen to apply only to dilute solutions. 21. With the help of the kinetic theory applied to the thermal expansion, one can calculatc that the absolute zero is -273°C.
22. Applying the law of mass action, the following equation was obtained.
23. The values given below arc calculated on the assumption that 1 gram- molecule of the substancc under examination is dissolved in 10 litres of water. 24. This assumption is shown to be quite inadequate. 25. The formula quoted earlier is based on a number of assumptions which restrict its applicability. 26. It has been shown experimentally diat this assumption is
a corrcct one in the inorganic colloids examined. 27. Further assumptions were made about the clcctrical work required for the vibration of the particles. 28. One has to make separate assumption in each single case. 29. It was on the basis of the electrolytic dissociation theory that the factor i was shown later by Arrhcnius. 30. It is not uninteresting to note that the subjcct of osmotic pressure of clcctrolytcs is discussed on the basis of the theory put forward in 1883. 31. One should never forget that the Phase Rule is based on thcrmodynamical considerations. 32. Unfortunately, this formula is based on a number of assumptions which necessarily restrict its applicability. 33. It should be admitted that the behaviour of matter at -273°C is practically inconccivablc to us. 34. The behaviour of gases and, to a less extent, the behaviour of liquids can, thus, be accounted for. 35. The authors were the first to endeavour to investigate the behaviour of liquids and gases from the physical standpoint. 36. The behaviour of several gases has been investigated but no definite conclusion could be drawn. 37. It is not unlikely that when mercury and water arc brought together the two liquids will remain side by side. 38. If alcohol and water be brought together, complete miscibility takes placc. 39. The relation enables us to calculate к quite easily. 40. Lord Kelvin calculated that when the air spacc between them was 10~5 cm, the attraction was 2 grams weight. 41. One can calculate by Gay-Lussac's law, what the density would be. 42. Let us now calculatc the equilibrium constant for the above case. 43. It is essential that die case of mixed crystals of thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate should be taken here. 44. Take the case of iodine and benzene. 45. In certain eases, one could find that in the mixed crystal one of the components would have a smaller molecular weight than in the ordinary ease. 46. Whatever reasons may be given, Henry's law is a particular case of the distribution law. 47. Whatever considerations may be presented, the ease is different with organic colloids. 48. If the experiment be carried out at a very low temperature, hydrogen is found to behave like other gases. 49. The work earned out is based on certain relationships which proved to be incorrect. 50. Unless otherwise specified, the analyses arc earned out in an analogous manner. 51. A scries of freezing point determinations at various concentrations was carried out which is consistent with the data from the literature. 52. A further addition of phenol causes a second liquid phase to be formed. 53. Refer once more to Figure 2, it is seen therefrom what made the gas concentrate in water. 54. A very striking confirmation of the dissociation theory was afforded by the work of Ostwald on the permanganates in aqueous solutions. 55. Sufficc it to say, this has been confirmed in the case of the salts of quinic acid only. 56. It is small wonder that the observed change of degree of dissociation is likewise satisfactory confirmation of the law of mass action. 57. In the present chaptcr, the systems will be considered in which combination between compounds can occur with the formation of definite compounds. 58. There arc three separate curves to be considered in the case of sodium sulphate and water. 59. Consider one molcculc moving in a straight line. 60. One might consider gases simply as systems of small particlcs. 61. The substancc obtained is believed to be cither an impure form of Ag2Oj or a basic sulphate of tripositivc silver. 62. The residue left after most of the liquid air had boiled away consisted largely of oxygen and nitrogen. 63. To obtain phosphoric acid, one must dissolve the oxide of phosphorus in water. 64. To balancc an equation, the formulas of all rcactants and products must be known. 65. The acidity of solutions is often expressed in terms of pH; the lower the pH, the more acid in the solution. 66. No precipitate forms unless the value of the ion product for the mixture is greater than Kps for the salt being considered. 67. To destroy sulphur compounds, Courtois added sulphuric acid, and on one eventful day in 1811 he must have added it in excess. 68. Bunscn's early cacodyl researches were followed by a study of blast furnace gases. 69. It was not until 1870 that Bcrthclot began to study the explosive force of powders. 70. Having added the ncccssary amount of sulphur to bromine and mixed the solution obtained with icc, wc obtained hydrogen bromide. 71. Compounds of phosphorus are likely to be reduced by hot carbon. 72. Catalysts accelerate the reactions that otherwise would be too slow. 73. Soon after hearing of the discovery of argon, Lccoq dc Boisbaudran predicted that it might belong to a family of absolutely inert elements, all of which were then unknown. 74. Whether our observation is of significance remains to be proved. 75. Should the Sun cease to give us heat, the air and the whole surfacc of the earth would slowly cool off. 76. The pcrfcrritcs arc rather stable in alkaline media, but when acidified evolve oxygen, the iron being reduced to the tripositivc state. 77. These striking properties made him suspect the presence of a new clement. 78. For many purposes, it is desirable that water should be pure. 79. Because of the complications introduced by operating at elevated temperatures it was clear that the reaction of silver nitrite with alkyl halides ought to be conducted at as low a temperature as possible. 80. The first step in the reaction appears to be the formation of fcrritc, which is followed by atmoshpcric oxidation of the iron. 81. Increasing temperatures up to 50° С and high alkali concentration favour ferrate formation. 82. Upon washing these plates with a little distilled water, one obtains the substance in the pure state. 83. For one substancc to dissolve in another their molecules must attract cach other strongly. 84. Copper and gold oxides are weak bases, the basic charactcr decreasing as the atomic weight rises. 85. The liquid a substancc dissolves in is callcd a solvent. 86. That coppcr comes off the anode in the tripositivc form is confirmed by calculations involving the anodic loss of weight and Faraday's law. 87. The discovery of spectral analysis increased Bunscn's fame enormously and led to his being callcd to Berlin. 88. Having cooled the concentrated solution of naphthalene in hexane wc obtained white precipitate of pure naphthalene. 89. During the remaining years of his life Franhofcr continued his studies of spectra without ever realizing the significance of the lines which today bear his name. 90. None of the fourteen colourlcss gases studied showed lines. 91. It was Bcrthclot who, starting from the elements, synthesized the various
hydrocarbons. 92. The initial rate is only slightly afTcctcd by the acid concentration, or by the ionic strength of the solution. 93. Three products are likely to be formed by the electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode. 94. Experiments similar to those just described were performed in aqueous medium in the prcscncc of various coordinating agents. 95. On adding barium chloride reagent to the reaction mixture white barium sulphate is formed if nitrite is present. 96. It was well known among silver miners that a ccrtain ore found as a white mineral, horn silver, turned dark upon exposure to sunlight. 97. In the early years of the science of chemistry a substancc was accepted as an clement so long as no reaction showing it to be a compound had been observed. 98. To vaporize means to change a solid into a vapour by heating it. 99. Different elements consist of different kinds of atoms, the most significant being their weights. 100. Mcndclcycv's succcss in working out the Periodic Table was largely due to the exhaustive study he gave to the properties of the elements. 101. The explosion of a mixture of hydrogen and chlorinc might have occurred, had the ncccssary precautions not been taken in time. 102. The policy of some countries seems to favour agriculture more than all other employments, which results in particular development of agricultural chcmistry. 103. The cathodic reduction of Yb(III) in a cell of a type similar to that used for the production of dipositivc europium results in the formation of Yb(II). 104. The spectroscope shows the outer atmosphere of the Sun to consist largely of hydrogen. 105. Ramsay continued to search for other inert gases, and in this he was aided by his assistant, Morris William Travcrs. 106. No conclusion can be drawn as to whether chlorination occurred at the 9-position. 107. Tlirce presently unknowrn ionic species have to be prepared and studied for a complete examination to be possible. 108. When an clement exists in more than one form, it is said to be allotropic. 109. To measure any quantity is to comparc it with something already known, taken as a standard. 110. This phenomenon is the more pronounccd, die more non- homogeneous the metal. 111. Had the method of electrolytic reduction of the nitrobenzene been employed, the yield of aniline would have been considerably higher. 112. To separate the thorium from iron, this precipitate is dissolved in hydrochloric acid. 113. This group being inert to most reagents, it is impossible to hydrolizc it. 114. Upon being warmed with concentrated sulphuric acid, the ion is decomposed with the liberation of oxygen. 115. The alkali metals do form positive ions. 116. Hydrogen is placcd by itself in the periodic table because its chcmical behaviour is not closcly similar to that of any other element. 117. It is an experimental fact that two fluorine atoms will combine to form a diatomic molcculc F2. 118. It was while systematizing his ideas for his famous textbook, Principles of Chemistry, that D. I. Mendeleyev devised his periodic table. 119. If Avogadro's hypothesis had been acceptcd, chcmists would have been spared half a century of confusion. 120. Titanium seems to combinc all the best properties of steel and aluminium with other valuable ones of its own.
Все темы данного раздела:
Fluorine
Fluorine, the lightest of the halogens, is the most rcactivc of all the elements, and it forms compounds with all the elements cxccpt the lighter inert gases. This great reactivity may be attribute
Lesson 10
ГРАММАТИКА: Формы н употребление сослагательного наклонения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
С + e, i,y
M
Text 10 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — б минут). Uses of Indium
Indium finds most of its uses as an addition to other materials for the purpose of obtaining more desirable pro
Lesson 11
ГРАММАТИКА: Употребление и перевод глаголов may, might, could, ought в сослагательном наклонении.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words.
pb
Fascinating Phosphorus
Phosphorus is one of the most interesting of all the elements. Its peculiar property of glowing in the dark places it in a special and rare category. For some unexplained reason, man has always bee
Modifications of Phosphorus
Yellow Phosphorus. Phosphorus may occur in three allotropic forms: yellow, violet, and black. However, the two most common forms arc yellow and red. There can be traccd a difference of opinion as t
Lesson 12
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение темы «Сказуемое».
Section I
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
Помните, что в многосложных словах ударение часто падает на 3-й слог от конца сло
Chemical Symbols for Representing Compounds
It is a short step from using a symbol for an element to using a formula for a compound. However, it is often forgotten that die very act of writing the formula for a compound assumes the law of co
Weight of У12 atom of carbon 12
can be measured experimentally. Therefore the formula NHj can either refer to one molcculc of ammonia, containing one atom of nitrogen, and three atoms of hydrogen, or, alternatively, to one gram-m
Lesson 13
ГРАММАТИКА: Подлежащее. Существительное в функции подлежащего. Местоимение в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) period ['pionod], anci
Text 13 A The History of Chemistry
There arc five periods in the history of chemistry. The ancient period comprising the older civilizations of China, India, Greece, and their contemporaries to 350 A. D. developed practical arts as
Text 13 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время — 4 минуты). New Frontiers in Chemistry
Twenty-first-ccntury chemistry has narrowed into units such as instrumental analysis, biochemistry, chemi
Lesson 14
ГРАММАТИКА: Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом».
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) thought [0o:t], continuous [kon'tinjoos], surfacc ['s3:fis], argue
Text 14 A The Idea of the Atom
Many times during the coursc of history men believed that the solid matter, of which the different things in the world arc made, was really continuous matter. They thought that if you could look at
Text 14 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Atomic Theory of Democritus and Dalton
The Greek philosopher Democritus (about 460-370 B.C.) who had adopted some of his
Lesson 15
ГРАММАТИКА: Некоторые особенности перевода на русский язык оборота «именительный падеж с инфинитивом». Оборот «именительный падеж с причастием, прилагательным, числительным».
Section I
Text 15 A The Atomic Theory
In 180S the English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766-1844) put forward the hypothesis according to which all substanccs were stated to consist of small particles of matter, of several differ
Text 15 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Bohr Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
Most our knowledge of the electronic structure of atoms has been obtained by the study o
Lesson 16
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфннитивный оборот в функции подлежащего.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) molcculc ["mohkju:!], peculiar [pi'kjuiho], rear
Text 16 A Molecules
To the modern chcmist, the atom is the smallest particle of an clement that can enter into a chcmical reaction. Thus, each clement has atoms that are peculiar to itself and different from those of
Molecular Composition and Size
Molecules are chemical units composed of one or more atoms. The simplest molecules contain one atom each; for example, helium atoms (one atom per molecule) arc identical with helium molccules. Oxyg
I Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) equal ['i.kwolj, pressure ['prcjo], consequence ['konsikwons], gaseous ['gasidsj, weight [weit], cohesion [кэо'Ы.зэп], adjacent [o'dseisont], average
Text 17 A Molecules in Gases and Liquids
According to Avogadro's principle, equal volumes of gases regardless of composition, contain the same number of molccules at the same temperature and pressure. As a consequence of the principle, th
Lesson 18
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции подлежащего.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) iodine faiodirn], equilibrium [ ,i:kwi'libnom], fluidity [flu'
Text 18 A The Nature of a Liquid
When iodine crystals arc heated to 114°C, they melt forming liquid iodine. The temperature at which the crystals and the liquid arc in equilibrium — that is, at which crystals have no tendency to m
Text 18 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). The Nature of a Gas
That the molcculcs of a gas arc not held together, but arc moving freely in a volume rather large compare
Lesson 19
ГРАММАТИКА: Место дополнения в предложении. Существительное и местоимение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) originally [o'ridsonoh],
The Study of the Structure of Molecules
The study of the structure of molcculcs was originally earned on by chemists using methods of investigation that were essentially chcmical in nature, relating to the chemical composition of a subst
Lesson 20
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) covalent [koo'veilont], distribute [dis'tribjot], elec
The Structure of Covalent Compounds
The clcctronic structure of molcculcs of covalcnt compounds involving the principal groups of the periodic table can usually be written by counting the number of valcncc electrons in the molcculc a
Covalcncc
Many compound substanccs do not have particularly high melting and boiling points, do not conduct electricity when they arc molten, and, thus, give no indication of being ionic. The particlcs of su
Lesson 21
* ГРАММАТИКА: Причастный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) require [n'kwaid], completion [kom'pli'Jon], extremely (iks'tri:mh]
Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions
Eveiy chemical reaction requires some time for its complctiQn, but some reactions arc very fast and some arc very slow. Reactions between ions in solution without changc in oxidation state arc usua
A Catalyst
A catalyst is a substancc that alters the speed of a chcmical reaction without itself undergoing any chcmical change, usually only a small quantity of it is required.
Catalysts arc usually
Lesson 22
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) determine [df t3:min]f prevail [pn'veil], co
Text 22 A Factors Affecting the Boiling Point
The temperature at which a liquid boils, is dependent not only upon the nature of the liquid itself, but also upon the pressure prevailing at the time the boiling point is determined. An increase i
Text 22 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—4,5 минуты). Temperature Scales
If two objects are placed in contact with one another, thermal energy may flow from one objcct to the othe
Lesson 23
ГРАММАТИКА: Придаточное предложение в функции дополнения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) measure ['тезэ], centigrade ['scntigrcid], advance [od'va:ns],
Text 23 A Celsius versus Centigrade
The Ninth General Conference on Weights and Measures, held in October, 1948, adopted the name "Celsius" for the scalc of temperature which had more commonly been callcd "ccntigradc&q
The Kelvin Temperature Scale and Modern Means of Measuring the Temperature
About 200 years ago scientists noticed that a sample of gas that is coolcd decreases in volume in a regular way, and they saw that if the volume were to continue to dccrcasc in the same way, it wou
Gas Thermometer
The establishment of the International Temperature Scalc has required that the thermodynamic temperatures of the fixed points be determined with as much accuracy as possible. For this purpose a dcv
Lesson 24
ГРАММАТИКА: Повторение тем «Подлежащее» и «Дополнение»
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your pronunciation.
a) recognize ['rckognaiz], relative ['relotiv], carefully ['kcofuli],
The Composition and Structure of Water
Water was thought by the ancients to be an clement. Henry Cavendish in 1781 showed that water is formed when hydrogen is burned in air, and Lavoisier first recognized that water is a compound of th
Lesson 25
ГРАММАТИКА: Определение. Прилагательное, местоимение, существительное, наречие в функции определения.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The subject of acids and ba
Text 25 A Bases
The subject of acids and bases has long been one of the most controversial in chcmistry, and led to the development of an interesting series of theories.
In the 17th century, during t
The Arrhenius Theory of Acids and Bases
There is perhaps no other class of equilibria as important as that involving acids and bases. As wc continue the study of chcmistry, wc shall find that the classification "acid-base reaction&q
Lesson 26
ГРАММАТИКА: Герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции определения. Причастие и причастный оборот в функции определения. Инфинитив после причастия II и слов likely, sure, certain.
Section
Text 26 A Liquids and Solutions
Solids and gases represent the extreme states of behaviour of molcculcs. The liquid state can be thought of as an intermediate condition in which some of the properties found in cither solids or ga
Lesson 27
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфинитив и инфинитивный оборот в функции определения. Придаточное предложение в функции определения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is often tr
Text 27 A The Properties of Solutions
It is difficult to give a definition which tells clcarly and briefly how <r solutions differ from mixtures and compounds, in spite of the fact that solutions arc among the most familiar substanc
Text 27 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Types of Solutions
Just as the variables, pressure, volume, and temperature, were used to describe the state or condition of
Lesson 28
ГРАММАТИКА: Обстоятельство. Существительное, наречие, герундий и герундиальный оборот в функции обстоятельства.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
As long ago as 183
Interactions in Electrolyte Solutions
In a solution of an electrolyte, it is often ncccssary to have a detailed knowledge of the spccics present. New ions or uncharged molcculcs resulting from interactions in the solution may behave qu
Text 28 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения—3,5 минуты). Ionic Theories
About the mid-1880's, Arrhcnius postulated in his ionization theory that (1) electrolytes arc completely disso
Lesson 29
ГРАММАТИКА: Причастие и причастный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Независимый причастный оборот.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The temperature remaining cons
Text 29 A Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
A liquid of relatively low boiling temperature, when placed in a container open to the atmosphere, will eventually evaporate entirely. Remembering that molcculcs in the liquid arc "bound&
Temperature Dependence of Vapour Equilibrium
Experimental measurements show that the equilibrium vapour pressure of a liquid increases as the temperature increases. In the temperature range in which the vapour pressure is small, it is relativ
Lesson 30
ГРАММАТИКА: Инфишпив и инфинитивный оборот в функции обстоятельства. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It is a matter o
Text 30 A Solubility
While there arc many pairs of substanccs which, like water and tfthyl alcohol, can be mixed in any proportions to form homogeneous solutions, it is a matter of common experience that the capacity o
Nonideal Solutions
Consider a solid substancc dissolving in a liquid solvent. The solid is such that when melted, it is converted to a liquid that, in turn, can form an ideal solution with the solvent. The dissolutio
Lesson 31
ГРАММАТИКА: Вводные члены предложения. Инфинитив и причастие в функции вводного члена предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The terms "oxidation"
Text 31 A Oxidation and Reduction
Generally speaking, the simple meanings of these terms arc that oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substancc and reduction is the
removal of oxygen. Needless to say, hydrogen se
Text 31 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Original Meanings of Oxidation and Reduction
Prior to the discovery of oxygen independently by Scheclc of Sweden in 1771-1772
Lesson 32
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические конструкции. Усилительное do. Эмфатические конструкции типа It is... that...
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
It was largely analytical c
Analytical Chemistry — the Oldest Field of Chemistry
Analytical chcmistiy is probably the oldest field in the broad spectrum of the scicncc of chcmistry. Many years were required to dispel the lure of alchcmy; more were needed to demonstrate the fall
Two Branches of Analytical Chemistry
The relatively small chcmical manufacturing plants producing such chcmicals as alkalis, sulphuric acid, ctc., indeed, some of the factories making consumer goods and employing chcmicals in the proc
Lesson 33
ГРАММАТИКА: Эмфатические уступительные предложения.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Gradually, chemists began synthesizing some things found in nature and later t
Text 33 A Classical Methods of Analysis
Strange as it may seem now, the analyst and the "works chemist" of the 18th and 19th ccnturics depended almost entirely on what arc frequently defined today as the classical methods of an
Text 33 В Modern Methods of Analysis
Прочтите следующий текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты).
The so-called classical gravimetric and volumctric methods have by no means been superseded by physical chcmistry a
Lesson 34
ГРАММАТИКА: Различные случаи инверсии.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
Used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation are various statistical m
Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry
Statistical methods, as used in the design and interpretation of chcmical experimentation, arc not a substitute for common sense or for what scientists refer to as scientific judgement; they rather
Lesson 35
ГРАММАТИКА: Предложения с парным союзом the... the... . Двойное отрицание.
Scction I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
When a solid is heated to incandescence, it emits more
Text 35 A Investigations of Spectra
The more profound is the investigation of the structure of atoms and molcculcs, the more problems arise. It was not long ago that consideration of the cxtra-nuclcar clcctrons was rcstrictcd to
Text 35 В
Прочтите текст про себя (контрольное время чтения — 3 минуты). Who Is the Discoverer of Spectrum Analysis?
The more detailed is the scrutiny of the history of chcmistry, the greater is the
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Lesson 36
ГРАММАТИКА: Обшсе повторение.
Section I
Ex. 1. Practise your reading.
The guiding light of theory must be confirmed by the bench of physical manipulation.
Ex. 2.
Why Study Chemistry?
Certainly, the student who has had one year of chcmistry remembers virtually no detail after a few months. The things that stick will generally include some notion of atomic structure, and this inf
Conductance and Electrolysis
Generally speaking, the classification of a substance as a non-clcctrolytc or as an clcctrolytc is based on the conductance of its aqueous solution. Aqueous solutions of non-clcctrolytcs do not con
Text 2 Library and You
Because of the vast accumulation of data, today's student of chcmistry must rely on the literature more than ever before; it is therefore to his advantage to bccomc acquainted with the organization
Text 3 Infrared Spectroscopy
Infrared spectroscopy resembles Raman spectroscopy in that it provides information on the vibrational and rotational energy levels of a spccics, but it differs from the latter technique in that it
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
The nuclei of atoms can be likened in some respects to. elementary magnets. In a strong magnetic field, the different orientations that the elementary magnets assume correspond to different energie
Text 5 Gold
Perhaps no other metal has played such an important part in the destiny of man as gold has. For ccnturics, it has stood as a barometer of wealth and nobility. To secure it, men have fought, suffere
Text 6 Actinium
Radioactive transition metal of Group III. Atomic number 89. Symbol Ac. All isotopes arc radioactive; atomic weight tables list the atomic weight as [227], the mass number of the most stable isotop
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Radiation Effects on Polymers
Radiation exerts two opposing cffccts on polymers. On the one hand, it breaks up the polymer molcculcs into smaller picccs. On the other, it causes liberation of a hydrogen atom from cach of the tw
Insulator Itirns into Superconductor
Having used ultrahigh pressures and critically low temperatures, scientists at the Institute of High Pressures of the USSR Academy of Sciences have managed to cffcct such a unique transformation as
Text 10 Salt Shaker Wedding
On Friday evening, April 13, at five o'clock, Miss Chlorinc Halidc became the bride of Mr. Sodium Alkali in a double beaker ccrcmony at the Little Church of Mother Nature. Rev. Elcctro Valcncc perf
The Role of Theory in Chemistry
We start at the beginning and define science as a set of observations and theories about observations. Wc then define theory as a device for making predictions and correlations of observations. A t
Theories of Matter
There is a wide varicly of chcmical and physical theories from which wc select as our example theories of matter (atoms, molcculcs, solids, nuclei, and elementary particles). Wc can illustrate the
Molecular Theory
Matrix mechanics theory of matter (MMTM) is a better molecular theory than the ball-and-stick molccular theory. In thcal> initio MMTM molecular theory the only parameters required by the procedu
Differentiating between Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols
A primary or secondary aliphatic alcohol dissolved in pure glacial acetic acid decolourizes a water solution of KMnO*, while a tertiary alcohol fails to do so. A secondary alcohol will continue to
A Brief History of Polypeptide Chemistry
Protein chcmistry really began in the 1830s with Mulder's systematic investigation of nitrogenous biological materials, such as blood fibrin, egg white, gelatins, and silk. In 1840, Huncfeld was th
Characteristics of Mossbauer Spectra
To obtain a resonant gamma-ray absorption spectrum it is ncccssary to relate the transmission intensity to the instantaneous source-absorber velocity. In practice there arc a number of methods whic
Text 17 Free Radicals
An atom or group of atoms with one or more unshared electrons, which may enter into chemical-bond formation is callcd a free radical. (The same group in a molcculc is called a radical; for example
The Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid
It is a matter of common knowledge among chemists that sulphuric acid is made by two processes, the contact proccss and the lead-chamber proccss, which arc now about equally important.
In
What Is Light? What Is an Electron?
During rcccnt years many people have asked the following questions: "Docs light really consist of waves or of particles? Is the electron really a particlc, or is.it a wave?"
Thes
Text 20 The Nature of Resonance
The idea of resonance has brought clarity and unity into modern structural chcmistry, has led to the solution of many problems of valence theory, and has assisted in the correlation of the chcmical
Benjamin Franklin and Electricity
January 17,2006, will be the 300th anniversary of the birth of Franklin.
Kant once remarked that Benjamin Franklin was a new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven. In his own day, Fra
Text 22 Future Perspectives
The production of protein from chemicals is not the only proccss one can employ for converting chemicals to food, but it is representative of one major type of proccss: fermentation. Microorganisms
Gas Chromatography Methods
Gas chromatography (GC), or, more recently, gas-liquid chromatography, is based on the volatilization of thermally stable analytcs which have a vapour pressure of approximately 0.1 mm or greater a
Liquid Chromatography Detectors
During the last years, there has been a marked increase of interest in column liquid chromatography (LC). One reason that this technique, whose discovery preceded gas chromatography (GC) by many ye
Words a Student Should Know before Studying the Textbook
a[10]
about* above active after
afternoon
in the afternoon again against ago agree all* alo
Struggle
student
study
suit
summer
in summer sun
Sunday supper swim
table take
take part in tea teach teacher tell ten tenth
that* (th
Chemical Elements
Ac
actinium
(rck'tiniom)
актиний
Ag
silver
j'sdvoj
серебро
Word-building
В английском языке словопроизводство (derivation), т. е. образование одного слова из другого, является самым распространенным способом образования слов.
Образование одного слова из другог
Общие схемы образования производных слов
{ Г"
anion cation
I i
ion
an
Irregular Verbs
arise
arose
arisen
возникать
be
was, were
been
быть, являться; находиться
Новости и инфо для студентов