Morphological structure of the word
Lecture 2.
2.1. Morphology: definition. The notion of morpheme.
Morphology (Gr. morphe – form, and logos – word) is a branch of grammar that concerns itself with the internal…
The distribution of a unit is the total of all its environments; in other words, the distribution of a unit is its environment in generalised terms… The aim of distributional analysis (äèñòðèáóòèâíûé àíàëèç) is to fix and study… Examples:
Contrastive distribution,
Non-contrastive distribution,
Example:
the suffixes -(e)d and -ing in the verb-forms returned, returning.
The morphs are said to be in non-contrastive distribution if their meaning (function) is the same. Such morphs…
Free morphemes (ñâîáîäíûå ìîðôåìû)
Example:
handful
the root hand is a free morpheme
Overt morphemes (îòêðûòûå)
Example:
dogs – two morphemes, both overt: one lexical (root) and one grammatical… dog – two morphemes, the overt root and the covert grammatical suffix of the singular.
Segmental morphemes (ñåãìåíòíûå)
Supra-segmental morphemes (ñóïðàñåãìåíòíûå).
Supra-segmental morphemes are intonation contours, accents, pauses.
These elements of language form the secondary line of speech (âòîðè÷íàÿ çâóêîâàÿ ëèíèÿ ÿçûêà), accompanying its primary phonemic line. These units are functionally connected not with morphemes, but with larger elements of language: words, word-groups, sentences, supra-sentential constructions.
IV) according to grammatical alternation (ãðàììàòè÷åñêîå ÷åðåäîâàíèå)
Additive morphemes (àääèòèâíûå)
look+ed;
small+er,
The root phonemes of grammatical interchange are considered as replacive morphemes, since they replace one another in…
Ñontinuous (linear) morphemes (íåïðåðûâíûå)
The discontinuous morpheme is a grammatical unit built up of an interrupted string of phonemes. It is seen in the analytical grammatical form… Example:
be ... ing — for the continuous verb forms (e.g. is going);
Seminar 2
1) Be ready to define the following terms:
... we know that the phonemes by themselves have no meaning. Therefore, we conclude that the meaning must somehow be associated with the way the… meaning, we can say that the two morphs belong to the same morph-type or… We may sum up the material of this section, then, as follows: A morph is a meaningful group of phones which cannot be…
Definition: A morpheme is a group of allomorphs that are semantically similar and in complementary distribution.
As we have suggested in the title of this chapter, morphemes are the building…
[We can differentiate between] two types of suffixes, a distinction that will be of considerable importance in our discussion of words, as well as… The suffixes of present-day English can thus be divided into 2 groups,… Bound Bases. If we study such combinations as ‘conclude’, ‘conceive’, and ‘consist’, we can observe that the stem of a…
a) Bound vs. Free Forms
Bound morphemes never occur in isolation, that is are not regularly uttered… b) Roots vs. Nonroots