Lecture 3. Categorial Structure of the Word.
Lecture 3.
Categorial Structure of the Word.
Grammatical meanings are very abstract, very general. Therefore the grammatical form unites a whole class of words, so that each word of the class… Examples:
1) The meaning of the plural of nouns is rendered by the regular plural suffix –(e)s, (in some cases by other means,…
Types of the grammatical meaning
Explicit
The explicit grammatical meaning is always marked morphologically – it has its marker (cats – the grammatical meaning of plurality is shown in the form of the noun; cat’s – here the grammatical meaning of possessiveness is shown by the form ‘s; is asked – shows the explicit grammatical meaning of passiveness).
Implicit
The implicit grammatical meaning is not expressed formally (e.g. the word table does not contain any hints in its form as to it being inanimate).
The implicit grammatical meaning may be of two types
General
The general grammatical meaning is the meaning of the whole word-class, of a part of speech (e.g. nouns – the general grammatical meaning of thingness).
Categorial grammatical meanings are the most general meanings rendered by language and expressed by systemic correlations of word-forms. These forms… The categorial meaning (e.g. the grammatical number) unites the individual… The grammatical category is a system of expressing a generalised grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic…
Thus grammatical oppositions expose the paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category.
All grammatical categories find their realization through oppositions, e.g.… The opposition may be defined as a generalised correlation of lingual forms by means of which a certain function is…
Privative ïðèâàòèâíûå
Gradual ãðàäóàëüíûå
Equipollent ýêâèïîëåíòíûå
II) quantitative types
Binary áèíàðíûå
is formed by a contrastive pair of members in which one member (the ‘marked’, ‘strong’, ‘positive’ member commonly designated by the symbol +), is… Examples:
ïðîäàâåö (–) – ïðîäàâùèöà (+)
1) Be ready to define the following terms:
lexical meaning, grammatical meaning, grammatical form, explicit grammatical meaning, implicit grammatical meaning,…