Text A. SOURCES OF POWER. - раздел Образование, КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ The Industrial Progress Of Mankind Is Based On Power: Power For Industrial Pl...
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where power is not required.
At present most of the power required is obtained mainly from two sources. One is from the burning of fossil fuels, i. e. coal, natural gas I and oil. The second way of producing electricity is by means of generators that get their power from steam or water turbines. Electricity so produced then flows through transmission lines to houses, industrial plants, enterprises, etc.
It should be noted, however, that the generation of electricity by these conventional processes is highly uneconomic. Actually, only about 40 per cent of heat in the fuel is converted into electricity. Besides, the world resources of fossil fuels are not ever-lasting. On the other hand, the power produced by hydroelectric plants, even if increased many times, will be able to provide for only a small fraction of the power required in the near future. Therefore much effort and thought is being given to other means of generating electricity.
One is the energy of hot water. Not long ago we began utilizing hot underground water for heating and hot water supply, and in some cases, for the generation of electricity.
Another promising field for the production of electric power is the use of ocean tides. Our engineers are engaged in designing tidal power stations of various capacities. The first station utilizing this principle began operating in Russia on the Barents Sea in 1968.
The energy of the sun which is being used in various ways represents a practically unlimited source.
Using atomic fuel for the production of electricity is highly promising. It is a well-known fact, that one pound of uranium contains as much energy as three million pounds of coal, so cheap power can be provided wherever it is required. However, the efficiency reached in generating power from atomic fuel is not high, namely 40 per cent.
No wonder, therefore, that scientists all over the world are doing their best to find more efficient ways of generating electricity directly from the fuel. They already succeeded in developing some processes which are much more efficient, as high as 80 per cent, and in creating a number of devices capable of giving a higher efficiency. Scientists are hard at work trying to solve these and many other problems.
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Text A. SOURCES OF POWER.
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УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине
«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»
для студентов специальности «Управление и информатика в технических системах» очно-заочной формы обучения.
Text A. AUTOMATION.
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automat
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done
Text B. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION.
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Exercise 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century? 2. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles? 3. Discuss efficiency and produ
Exercise 2.Озаглавьте текст.
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come
Exercise 3.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are some elements of an automated system? 2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system? 3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work. What are so
Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturi
Vocabulary
equipment— оборудование
sequence— последовательность
initial— первоначальный, начальный
investment— ин
Automated production lines
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are se
Numerical control
Numerical control is a form of programmable automation in which a machine is controlled by numbers (and other symbols) that have been coded on punched paper tape or an alternative storage medium .
Automated assembly
Assembly operations have traditionally been performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. Owing to the high labour content and high cost o
Действие отнесено к будущему.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только),
Text A. ALL ABOUT ROBOTS.
Robotics, or the science and application of robots, has its root in Greek antiquity. However, the word "robot" was first used by the Czech writer Karel Capec in 1920 in a play entitled &q
Text B. ROBOT CONTROL SYSTEM.
Today's robot control system - the computer that controls all of the motions of the robot - has difficulty in modifying the robot's behavior relative to it's working environment. In
Text C. ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING.
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: materialhandling, processing operations, assembly and insp
Text D. ROBOTS – THE IDEAL WORKERS?
We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative doesn't have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.
The answer
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write t
Text B. HYDROGEN – SOURCE OF POWER.
Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unlimited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene.
Consider — считать
nuclear power plant — атомная электростанция
engine — двигатель
pipeline— трубопровод
feed — питать
Text C. PEACEFUL ATOMS.
Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces. The discovery of atomic energy provides as profou
Text D. NUCLEAR POWER? WELL, YES.
Although nuclear reactors have generated electricity commercially for 40 years and nearly 400 now in operation, two major accidents - in the US in 1979 and Chernobyl in the USSR in 1986 - put the i
Основные способы словообразования.
Словообразование путем конверсии.При конверсии от одного слова без изменения его формы образуется новое слово, относящееся к другой части речи, например: Сущ
Text A. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
According to the prominent scientist in this country V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Rec
Text B.
Superconductivity is a state of matter that chemical element compounds and alloys assume on being cooled to temperatures пи to absolute zero. Hence, a superconductor is a solid material that abrupt
Text C. NEW HOPE FOR ENERGY.
Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be super conductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much high
Text A. THE LASER TODAY AND TOMORROW.
The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.
Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The l
Text B. THE ELECTRO-IONIZING LASER.
The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of the laser.
It is impossible to list all the
Text C. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ON A TINY CRYSTAL.
Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According Russian researchers a method for recording informat
Text D. LASER TECHNOLOGY.
In the last decade there was outstanding progress in the development of laser technology and it's application in science, industry and commerse. Laser cutting, welding and machining are beginning t
Интернациональная лексика.
Накопление словарного запаса, необходимого для понимания и перевода иностранной литературы, является одним из наиболее трудных видов работы при изучении иностранного языка.
В английских о
Новости и инфо для студентов