Text A. THE LASER TODAY AND TOMORROW. - раздел Образование, КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ The Laser Has Become A Multipurpose Tool. It Has Caused A Real Revolution In...
The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.
Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The laser forces its atoms to emit rays having the same length and travelling in the same direction. The result is a narrow, extremely intense beam of light that spreads out very little and is therefore able to travel very great distances.
The most common laser is the helium-neon laser in the laser tube, containing 10 per cent helium gas and 90 per cent neon gas. At the end of the tube there is a mirror, and at the other end there is a partial mirror. The electrons get energy from a power supply and become "excited", giving off energy as light. This light is reflected by the mirror at one end of the tube. It can only escape through the partial mirror at the other end of the tube.
The first laser was built in 1960. Since then scientists have developed several types of the laser which make use of luminescent crystals, luminescent glass, a mixture of various gases and finally semiconductors.
Having been developed at Lebedev Institute of Physics in 1962, semiconductor quantum generators occupy a special place among the optical generators. While the size of the ruby crystal laser comes to tens of centimetres and that of the gas generator is about a metre long, the semiconductor laser is a few tens of a millimetre long, the density of its radiation being hundreds of thousands of times greater than that of the best ruby laser.
But the most interesting thing about the semiconductor laser is that it is able to transform electrical energy directly into light wave energy. With an efficiency approaching 100 per cent as compared to a maximum of about 1 per cent of other types, the semiconductor laser opens up new possibilities of producing extremely economical sources of light.
But it is in the field of communication that the laser will find its most extensive application in future. Scientists foresee the day when a single laser beam will be employed to carry simultaneously millions of telephone conversations or a thousand of television programmes. It will serve for fast communications across continents, under the sea, between the Earth and spaceships and between men travelling in space
The potential importance of these applications continues to stimulate new development in the laser field
Vocabulary:
the laser — слово лазер состоит из начальных букв фразы, описывающей функцию прибора: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation — усиление света в результате вынужденного излучения
partial mirror — полупрозрачное стекло
power supply — источник питания
approach — приближаться; достигать
beam — луч
carry — передавать
compare— сравнивать
density — плотность
emit— излучать
employ — использовать
extensive — обширный
foresee (foresaw; foreseen) — предвидеть
intense — интенсивный
mirror— зеркало
narrow — узкий
prevent— препятствовать
single — один, единственный
spread (spread)— распространяться
travel v — двигаться
Exercise 1. General understanding:
What is the laser?
What is the function of the laser?
What beam of light does the laser produce?
When was the first laser built?
What types of quantum generators did scientists develop after 1960?
What type of the laser is the most common one at present?
Where will the laser find the most extensive applications in future?
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ... ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ филиал Государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования...
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Text A. THE LASER TODAY AND TOMORROW.
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И.В. ПЛЮХИНА
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине
«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»
для студентов специальности «Управление и информатика в технических системах» очно-заочной формы обучения.
Text A. AUTOMATION.
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automat
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done
Text B. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION.
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Exercise 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century? 2. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles? 3. Discuss efficiency and produ
Exercise 2.Озаглавьте текст.
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come
Exercise 3.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are some elements of an automated system? 2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system? 3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work. What are so
Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturi
Vocabulary
equipment— оборудование
sequence— последовательность
initial— первоначальный, начальный
investment— ин
Automated production lines
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are se
Numerical control
Numerical control is a form of programmable automation in which a machine is controlled by numbers (and other symbols) that have been coded on punched paper tape or an alternative storage medium .
Automated assembly
Assembly operations have traditionally been performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. Owing to the high labour content and high cost o
Действие отнесено к будущему.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только),
Text A. ALL ABOUT ROBOTS.
Robotics, or the science and application of robots, has its root in Greek antiquity. However, the word "robot" was first used by the Czech writer Karel Capec in 1920 in a play entitled &q
Text B. ROBOT CONTROL SYSTEM.
Today's robot control system - the computer that controls all of the motions of the robot - has difficulty in modifying the robot's behavior relative to it's working environment. In
Text C. ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING.
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: materialhandling, processing operations, assembly and insp
Text D. ROBOTS – THE IDEAL WORKERS?
We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative doesn't have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.
The answer
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write t
Text A. SOURCES OF POWER.
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where powe
Text B. HYDROGEN – SOURCE OF POWER.
Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unlimited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene.
Consider — считать
nuclear power plant — атомная электростанция
engine — двигатель
pipeline— трубопровод
feed — питать
Text C. PEACEFUL ATOMS.
Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces. The discovery of atomic energy provides as profou
Text D. NUCLEAR POWER? WELL, YES.
Although nuclear reactors have generated electricity commercially for 40 years and nearly 400 now in operation, two major accidents - in the US in 1979 and Chernobyl in the USSR in 1986 - put the i
Основные способы словообразования.
Словообразование путем конверсии.При конверсии от одного слова без изменения его формы образуется новое слово, относящееся к другой части речи, например: Сущ
Text A. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
According to the prominent scientist in this country V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Rec
Text B.
Superconductivity is a state of matter that chemical element compounds and alloys assume on being cooled to temperatures пи to absolute zero. Hence, a superconductor is a solid material that abrupt
Text C. NEW HOPE FOR ENERGY.
Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be super conductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much high
Text B. THE ELECTRO-IONIZING LASER.
The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of the laser.
It is impossible to list all the
Text C. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ON A TINY CRYSTAL.
Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According Russian researchers a method for recording informat
Text D. LASER TECHNOLOGY.
In the last decade there was outstanding progress in the development of laser technology and it's application in science, industry and commerse. Laser cutting, welding and machining are beginning t
Интернациональная лексика.
Накопление словарного запаса, необходимого для понимания и перевода иностранной литературы, является одним из наиболее трудных видов работы при изучении иностранного языка.
В английских о
Новости и инфо для студентов