Text C. PEACEFUL ATOMS. - раздел Образование, КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ Achievements In Studying Atom Structure Have Opened Up New, Practically Unli...
Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces. The discovery of atomic energy provides as profound effect for the benefit of civilization as the discovery of fire and electricity.
After having recovered from the shock of unimaginable horror of the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima people asked scientists how soon they would be able to apply the immense power of fissioned nucleus to peaceful purposes. Many problems had to be solved: the main one was that of "braking" the released neutrons efficiently so that the chain reaction could be controlled.
The "classical" solution to this problem is conducting the heat generated by the fission process out of the reactor, making it boil water and forcing the resulting steam to drive turbines which, in their turn, drive electric generators. It is a way which works well although it is still rather expensive.
It is to be noted that the first power station fed by atomic fuels which was also the world's first atomic power station started working in Obninsk, near Moscow, in 1954. Its capacity was 5,000 kilowatts. Thirty years later in the Soviet Union there were already 13 atomic power stations with the total capacity of over 21 million kilowatts.
At the same time with large atomic stations smaller mobile electricity producing units have been created based on the discovery of radioactive sources — isotopes. Mobile nuclear installations may be carried by rail and then by transporters to the out-of-the-way regions even in areas having no roads. Such a station according to estimates can operate without being recharged for two years.
Today scientists are looking for new more efficient nuclear processes of producing energy. But it was only lately that the physicists understood that the process of producing tremendous energy by stars, including our Sun, was the very process they were looking for. Now we know that this thermonuclear process is called fusion and it takes place at fantastically high temperatures. It can be done only by imitating on the Earth the process that makes the Sun shine.
There are many difficult problems to overcome before thermonuclear power stations based on this process can become a reality, but the problem of fuel supply is the least of them: the oceans of the Earth are practically an inexhaustible source of deuterium which plays the decisive part in the fusion process and its extraction from sea water is neither complicated nor expensive.
In short, peaceful uses of atomic energy are vast — but we must stop using it on weapons of mass annihilation.
Vocabulary:
provides as profound effect for the benefit of civilization — оказывает такое же глубокое влияние на развитие цивилизации
in their turn — в свою очередь
out-of-the-way regions — отдаленные районы
in short — короче говоря
according (to)— согласно
inexhaustible— неистощимый
although— хотя
lately— недавно brake— тормозить, обуздывать
purpose— цель
decisive — решающий
recover — приходить в себя
explosion— взрыв
release— освобождать
feed (fed)— питать
shine (shone)— светить
fusion— синтез
(the) very— тот самый humanity— человечество
Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
What possibilities have the achievements in the study of atom structure opened up?
What question did people ask scientists after the explosion of the first atomic bomb?
What was the main problem in applying the immense power of fissioned nucleus to peaceful purposes?
When and where did the first atomic power station start working?
What was its capacity?
Why are mobile nuclear installations convenient?
How long can they operate without being recharged?
What thermonuclear process takes place at fantastically high temperatures?
What element plays the decisive part in fusion process?
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Text C. PEACEFUL ATOMS.
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УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
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Text A. AUTOMATION.
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automat
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Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done
Text B. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION.
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Exercise 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century? 2. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles? 3. Discuss efficiency and produ
Exercise 2.Озаглавьте текст.
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come
Exercise 3.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are some elements of an automated system? 2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system? 3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work. What are so
Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturi
Vocabulary
equipment— оборудование
sequence— последовательность
initial— первоначальный, начальный
investment— ин
Automated production lines
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are se
Numerical control
Numerical control is a form of programmable automation in which a machine is controlled by numbers (and other symbols) that have been coded on punched paper tape or an alternative storage medium .
Automated assembly
Assembly operations have traditionally been performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. Owing to the high labour content and high cost o
Действие отнесено к будущему.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только),
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Text B. ROBOT CONTROL SYSTEM.
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Text C. ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING.
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Text D. ROBOTS – THE IDEAL WORKERS?
We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative doesn't have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.
The answer
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write t
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Consider — считать
nuclear power plant — атомная электростанция
engine — двигатель
pipeline— трубопровод
feed — питать
Text D. NUCLEAR POWER? WELL, YES.
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Основные способы словообразования.
Словообразование путем конверсии.При конверсии от одного слова без изменения его формы образуется новое слово, относящееся к другой части речи, например: Сущ
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According to the prominent scientist in this country V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Rec
Text B.
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The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of the laser.
It is impossible to list all the
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Интернациональная лексика.
Накопление словарного запаса, необходимого для понимания и перевода иностранной литературы, является одним из наиболее трудных видов работы при изучении иностранного языка.
В английских о
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