Exercise 2.Озаглавьте текст. - раздел Образование, КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ We Now Use The Term Automation For Specific Techniques Combined To Operate A...
We now use the term automation for specific techniques combined to operate automatically in a complete system. These techniques are possible because of electronic devices, most of which have come into use in the last thirty years. They include program, action, sensing or feedback, decision, and control elements as components of a complete system.
The program elements determine what the system does and the step-by-step manner in which it works to produce the desired result. A program is a step-by-step sequence that breaks a task into its individual parts. Some steps in an industrial automation program direct other parts of the system when and how to carry out their jobs.
The action elements are those which do the actual work. They may carry or convey materials to specific places at specific times or they may perform operations on the materials. The term mechanical handling device is also used for the action elements.
Perhaps the most important part of an automated system is sensing or feedback. Sensing devices automatically check on parts of the manufacturing process such as the thickness of a sheet of steel or paper. This is called feedback because the instruments return or feed back this information to the central system control.
The decision element is used to compare what is going on in the system with what should be going on; it receives information from the sensing devices and makes decisions necessary to maintain the system correctly. If some action is necessary the decision element can give instructions or commands to the system.
The control element consists of devices to carry out the commands of the decision element. They may be many kinds of devices: valves that open or close, switches that control the flow of electricity, or regulators that change the voltage in various machines; they make the necessary corrections or adjustments to keep the system in conformity with its program.
An industrial engineer working with automated systems is part of a team. Many components of the system, such as computers, are electronic devices so electronic engineers and technicians are also involved. Many of the industries in which automation has proved particularly suitable — chemicals, papermaking, metals processing— involve chemical processes, so there may be chemical engineers at work too. An industrial engineer with expertise in all these fields may become a systems engineer for automation projects thereby coordinating the activities of all the members of the team.
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Exercise 2.Озаглавьте текст.
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И.В. ПЛЮХИНА
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине
«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»
для студентов специальности «Управление и информатика в технических системах» очно-заочной формы обучения.
Text A. AUTOMATION.
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automat
Automation in Industry
Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done
Text B. INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND AUTOMATION.
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Exercise 4. Ответьте на вопросы.
1.What is a major development in manufacturing in the twentieth century? 2. How is mass production often exemplified by the assembly of automobiles? 3. Discuss efficiency and produ
Exercise 3.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What are some elements of an automated system? 2. What is a program? What does it do in an automated system? 3. Name two terms used to describe the elements which do the actual work. What are so
Applications of Automation and Robotics in Industry
Manufacturing is one of the most important application area for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturi
Vocabulary
equipment— оборудование
sequence— последовательность
initial— первоначальный, начальный
investment— ин
Automated production lines
An automated production line consists of a series of workstations connected by a transfer system to move parts between the stations. This is an example of fixed automation, since these lines are se
Numerical control
Numerical control is a form of programmable automation in which a machine is controlled by numbers (and other symbols) that have been coded on punched paper tape or an alternative storage medium .
Automated assembly
Assembly operations have traditionally been performed manually, either at single assembly workstations or on assembly lines with multiple stations. Owing to the high labour content and high cost o
Действие отнесено к будущему.
В придаточных предложениях условия и времени с союзами if (если), when (когда), after (после), before (перед тем, как), as soon as (как только),
Text A. ALL ABOUT ROBOTS.
Robotics, or the science and application of robots, has its root in Greek antiquity. However, the word "robot" was first used by the Czech writer Karel Capec in 1920 in a play entitled &q
Text B. ROBOT CONTROL SYSTEM.
Today's robot control system - the computer that controls all of the motions of the robot - has difficulty in modifying the robot's behavior relative to it's working environment. In
Text C. ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING.
Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: materialhandling, processing operations, assembly and insp
Text D. ROBOTS – THE IDEAL WORKERS?
We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative doesn't have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.
The answer
Сослагательное наклонение (Subjunctive mood).
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия.
Изъявительное наклонение.
If I learn his address I shall write t
Text A. SOURCES OF POWER.
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where powe
Text B. HYDROGEN – SOURCE OF POWER.
Scientists consider hydrogen a very promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are practically unlimited. Per unit of weight it contains almost three times more thermal energy than benzene.
Consider — считать
nuclear power plant — атомная электростанция
engine — двигатель
pipeline— трубопровод
feed — питать
Text C. PEACEFUL ATOMS.
Achievements in studying atom structure have opened up new, practically unlimited possibilities to humanity for further mastering nature's forces. The discovery of atomic energy provides as profou
Text D. NUCLEAR POWER? WELL, YES.
Although nuclear reactors have generated electricity commercially for 40 years and nearly 400 now in operation, two major accidents - in the US in 1979 and Chernobyl in the USSR in 1986 - put the i
Основные способы словообразования.
Словообразование путем конверсии.При конверсии от одного слова без изменения его формы образуется новое слово, относящееся к другой части речи, например: Сущ
Text A. SUPERCONDUCTIVITY.
According to the prominent scientist in this country V. L. Ginzburg the latest world achievements in the field of superconductivity mean a revolution in technology and industry. Rec
Text B.
Superconductivity is a state of matter that chemical element compounds and alloys assume on being cooled to temperatures пи to absolute zero. Hence, a superconductor is a solid material that abrupt
Text C. NEW HOPE FOR ENERGY.
Recently some ceramic materials have been found to be super conductors. Superconducting ceramics are substances which can transmit electric currents with no loss of energy at temperatures much high
Text A. THE LASER TODAY AND TOMORROW.
The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.
Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the forming of an intense beam of light. The l
Text B. THE ELECTRO-IONIZING LASER.
The 20th century was often called the age of the atom, the age of polymers, or the space age. It would be equally correct to call it the age of the laser.
It is impossible to list all the
Text C. AN ENCYCLOPEDIA ON A TINY CRYSTAL.
Scientists have discovered that a laser beam can be effectively used to record alphanumeric data and sound on crystals. According Russian researchers a method for recording informat
Text D. LASER TECHNOLOGY.
In the last decade there was outstanding progress in the development of laser technology and it's application in science, industry and commerse. Laser cutting, welding and machining are beginning t
Интернациональная лексика.
Накопление словарного запаса, необходимого для понимания и перевода иностранной литературы, является одним из наиболее трудных видов работы при изучении иностранного языка.
В английских о
Новости и инфо для студентов