Type III (Immune Complex) Reactions

Type III reactions involve antibodies against soluble antigens circulating in the serum. (In contrast, type II immune reactions are directed against antigens located on cell or tissue surfaces.) Immune complexes form only when certain ratios of antigen and antibody occur. The antibodies involved are usually IgG. A significant excess of antibody leads to the formation of complement-fixing complexes that are rapidly removed from the body by phagocytosis. When there is a significant excess of antigen, soluble complexes form that do not fix complement and do not cause inflammation. However, when a certain antigen-antibody ratio exists, usually with a slight excess of antigen, the soluble complexes that form are small and escape phagocytosis.

Figure 4 illustrates the consequences. These complexes circulate in the blood, pass between endothelial cells of the blood vessels, and become trapped in the basement membrane beneath the cells. In this location, they may activate complement and cause a transient inflammatory reaction: attracting neutrophils that release enzymes. Repeated introduction of the same antigen can lead to more serious inflammatory reactions, causing damage to the basement membrane's endothelial cells within 2 to 8 hours.