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ПЕРЕДМОВА
Інтеграція української системи освіти у загальноєвропейську в межах Болонського процесу вимагає більш комплексного підходу до взаємопов’язаного і одночасного формування у студентів
THE COMMA
1. We use a comma to separate adjectives which give both similar and different kinds of information in predicative position. (see grammar commentary)
Many omit the
Exercise 2. Comment on the use of colons.
1. At night the ground is cold: - 8 C. 2. It goes together easily with onion, potato, carrots and broth. 3. Try to get things into prospective: how serious is the argument? 4. If you want to improv
THE SEMICOLON
‘We saved your life. However, your colon is now a semicolon’
THE PARENTHESES
1. Parentheses are used within sentences, around entire sentences, and even around entire paragraphs. Parentheses are used to enclose words, numbers, or clauses that provide examples
THE BRACKETS
1. Brackets are used to enclose explanations, corrections, or comments we wish to make in material we are quoting.
From the very date the war began [June 22, 1941], t
Exercise 1. Comment on the use of brackets and parentheses.
1. The witness said: ‘He [the policeman] hit me.’2. The two teams in the finals of the first FIFA Football World Cup were both from South America [Uruguay and Argentina]. 3. Mount Everest (in the H
Exercise 2. Insert brackets and parentheses where appropriate.
1. He is the author of 14 novels and nine non-fiction books which might explain why he needed to slow down a little. 2. The problem is, we still want to go shopping, whether for summer basics sunta
Dashes are especially common in informal writing.
1. A dash is used to indicate an abrupt break in thought within a sentence.
By breaking off at the dash, the writer of these sentences implies there is much more to be told. The re
Exercise 1. Comment on the use of dashes.
1. Button up your coat, Nina – it’s cold. 2. The view was spectacular – I’ll never forget it. 3. Watch your fingers – I’m closing the door. 4. Dave’s been working really hard – he needs a holiday.
Exercise 2. Make up sentences using the following phrases.
The need for low-cost housing; low-alcohol beer; a stress-free life; a fat-free yoghurt; an opportunity to buy duty-free goods; tax-free earnings; twenty-sixth birthday; people suffering from tobac
THE INVERTED COMMAS
1. Single inverted commas are more common in British English for quotes.
The punctuation should be inside the inverted commas when the quotation forms a complete sentence.
Exercise 1. Comment on the use of inverted commas.
1. The sign said, 'Ring for service'. 2. The sign said 'Back in 10 minutes'. 3. Margret Thatcher was a strong and determined leader who would not change her mind easily and would not accept disagre
THE EXLAMATION POINT
1. The exclamation mark (the exclamation point) is used at the end of a
Exercise 1. Insert punctuation marks where appropriate.
1. Keep your hands off me 2. He's a troublemaker Always was and always will be 3. Happy Thanksgiving everyone 4. Never was he as happy as that day 5. You really are something else 6. You've got to
Exercise 3. Read and translate the following sentences.
1. Oh yuck! I hate mayonnaise. 2. Wow! Look at that! 3. Ah! There you are! 4. Phew! I’m so glad it’s Friday. 5. Aha! I knew you were trying to trick me! 6. Whoops! I nearly dropped it. 7. Ouch! Tha
THE FULL STOP
1. The full stop (the period) is used to mark the end of a sentence exp
Exercise 1. Insert full stops and comment on their use.
1. The Great Pyramid dates from around 2600 BC. 2. Can you lend me £1020 until tomorrow? 3. No 11 Downing Street is the official home of the British Chancellor of the Exchequer (the chief fin
THE QUESTION MARK
1. The question mark is used to end a direct question.
Exercise 1. Insert punctuation marks and comment on their use.
1. Do you have a clear picture in your mind of what you want 2. Can you find a home for the piano 3. How about a game of chess 4. Will you stay for a cup of tea 5. Would you like another cup 6. Wha
THE SLASH
1. The slash is used to separate alternatives.
Each app
Exercise 1. Comment on the use of slashes.
1. The offer on the table is a 10% wage increase. 2. Cornish Rattler, £2.50/500ml, is a strong, cloudy apple cider. 3. Club members can stay from just £100 per night B&B (until 30/1
THE APOSTROPHE
1. The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive case of nouns and
Exercise 1. Comment on the apostrophe use.
1. MTV’s core audience is 18 to 24 years old. 2. There's something in my eye. 3. The booklet lists the dos (do’s) and don'ts of caring for dogs. 4. The meeting is at 10 o'clock. 5. Vegetables are s
Exercise 2. Change to contracted forms.
1. We have been spending too much money. 2. We do not have much time left. 3. You had better phone to say you'll be late. 4. Yes, please, I would love a coffee. 5. I hope they will not be late. 6.
THE ELLIPSIS
1. The ellipsis (…) indicates the omission of one or more words within
Exercise1. Comment on the punctuation marks.
1. “To think you might have been…” Carlos didn’t finish his sentence.
2. Emotions – such as shame – are bodily preparations, physical things telling us to act – to flee, fight, laugh…
GRAMMAR COMMENTARY
Adverbial clauseis a clause which begins with a conjunction and makes
REFERENCES
1. Ashley A. A Handbook of Commercial Correspondance / A. Ashley. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. – 297 p.
2. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of C
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