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THE COMMA

THE COMMA - раздел Иностранные языки, A GUIDE TO ENGLISH PUNCTUATION   1. We Use A Comma To Separate Adjectives Which...

 

1. We use a comma to separate adjectives which give both similar and different kinds of information in predicative position. (see grammar commentary) Many omit the comma between the last two adjectives which are usually separated by a conjunction like and or or. She was tall, blonde (,) and beautiful. (similar kinds of information) Our new financial director is young, experienced, but strict. (different kinds of information)  
2. We use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives. (see grammar commentary) We do not use commas between adjectives which give different kinds of information. This is an expensive, ill-planned, wasteful project. Cf.: Have you met our handsome new financial director?
3. We use a comma to separate items in a list (words, phrases, clauses).     There is not a rigid rule about a comma before the conjunction introducing the last item, but the British tend not to use it before the conjunction introducing the last item unless the items are long.   The final comma before the conjunction in a series may provide insurance against misreading.     Commas are not used to break up paired phrases.   We arrived at the concert exhausted, hungry, ill-tempered. Every morning began in the same way: out of bed, a hurried breakfast, children off to school, a quick clean-up, off to work. Many dental assistants sterilize instruments, clean patients’ teeth, assist in operations, and keep all records of treatment. Cf.: I’ve been to France, Italy, Germany(,) and Great Britain. Cf.: I spent yesterday playing chess, listening to music, and talking about the future.     Unclear: All the children in the family agreed they would need bicycles, motorized bikes and scooters. (Are the scooters motorized as well as the bikes?) Clear: All the children in the family agreed they would need bicycles, motorized bikes, and scooters. (The scooters are not motorized.) My favourite breakfast is juice, toast, and bacon and eggs. (We think of bacon and eggs as an inseparable pair.) Get some drinks, bread, and fish and chips on your way home. (We think of fish and chips as an inseparable pair.) Cf.: The chef said he needed sausage, ham, bacon, and eggs. (The chef needs four items: sausage, ham, bacon, and eggs.)
4. We use a comma to set off interrupters. (see grammar commentary)   Her story, however, will overwhelm adults and mesmerize kids. The bill introduced by the minority party, I can assure you, will never be passed in its present form.
5. We use a comma to set off verbal phrases. (see grammar commentary)   After leaving school, Muckay worked in a restaurant for a year. To speak English fluently, she practices every day. Having made her bed, Carry went downstairs.
6. We use a comma to set off non-restrictive appositives. (see grammar commentary)   Dorothy, who does my hair, has moved to another hairdresser’s. (If we leave out who does my hair, the main idea will be clear to us.) Cf.: The woman who does my hair has moved to another hairdresser’s. (If we leave out who does my hair, the main idea may not be clear to us.) Mr. Bin, our school bus driver, can be relied on in bad weather as well as good. Cf.: My brother Bill joined the navy last year.
7. We use a comma to separate independent clauses (see grammar commentary) joined by coordinating conjunctions and, but, or, nor, for (meaning “because”), yet (meaning “but”), so.     If clauses are short or nicely balanced, the comma can be omitted.     Tom’s grandfather is over 80, but he still plays golf. Warral was not at the meeting yesterday, nor was he at work yesterday. I cannot tell whether she is old or young, forI have never seen her. Come in and sit down. I’d like to go but I’m too busy. Hurry up or we’ll be late. He can neither read nor write. She is kind so she helps people.
8. We use a comma to separate short parallel (similar) clauses not joined by conjunctions. I came, I saw, I conquered.
9. We use a comma to set off adverbial clauses (see grammar commentary) from the rest of the sentence when they begin sentences or interrupt the main clause.     We use a comma to set off a long introductory phrase from the rest of the sentence. A comma can be omitted when there is no misreading and when these adverbial clauses and introductory phrases are short.     The comma is used when there is a risk of misleading readers. If someone gave me the money, I’d buy a car tomorrow. When she discovered the answer, she reported it to us. The report, after being read aloud, was put up for consideration. From middle age on, my uncle saw his health decline gradually. In good times Hazel and Harry gave no thought to budgeting. If you arrive early open the windows and sweep out the meeting room. Above, the eagle flew gracefully through the air.
10. We use a comma to set off a subordinate clause (see grammar commentary) that follows an independent clause only if the thoughts of the two clauses are not closely related. A change of subject from the independent clause to the subordinate clause is usually a clear indication that the thoughts of the two clauses are not closely related. The police searched for the escaped convict throughout the dense woods, where witnesses had last seen the missing man. Cf.: Gordon decided to buy the expensive ballet tickets though he could scarcely afford to pay his rent last week.
11. We use a comma to set off introductory adverbial elements (on the other hand, fortunately), conjunctive adverbs (consequently, furthermore, however), and expressions that illustrate examples (for instance, for example, namely). Fortunately, everything worked out all right in the end. Car prices can vary a lot. For example, in Belgium the VW Golf costs 1,000 dollars less than in Britain. Your computer,on the other hand, is a digital device.
12. We use a comma to set off introductory modifiers. (see grammar commentary) Modifiers are often placed at the beginning of a sentence to give them special emphasis. Victorious, the army withdrew a thousand meters and encamped for the night. Legally, neither candidate had any right to hold public office.
13. We use a comma to set off phrases that express contrast. It’s an old car, but it’s very reliable.
14. We use a comma to separate direct and split quotations.     When a direct quotation is punctuated with a question mark or exclamation point, no comma is used. ‘I must be going,’ she said. We asked, ‘Will you ever stop talking?’ ‘Tell the truth when you go before the grand jury’ the attorney advised, ‘and you will have nothing to fear’. ‘How can you neglect your child?’ the social worker asked. (but: He asked, ‘When did you see her last?’)
15. We use a comma to separate tag questions. Your mother’s a teacher, isn’t she?
16. We use a comma to indicate the omission of a word used in a parallel construction earlier in the sentence.   All of us decided to leave on Monday morning; the rest, on Monday night. (The words decided to leave have been replaced by a comma.)
17. We use a comma to separate adjacent words or two identical words to avoid ambiguity. To Mary, Jane was someone special. We told you, you might regret doing that.
18. We use a comma to group the digits in thousands in figures of four digits or more (set off the thousands and millions in large numbers). 6,435 7,456,189 The crowd was 10,000 strong.
19. We use a comma to set off dates. British people put the day first, while Americans generally start with the month. When the date comes inside a sentence, we write a comma before the year. A complete date (consisting of a month, day, and year) requires a comma after the day and after the month. When just the month and the year are given, the comma is usually omitted. Br.: 24 February 2011 Am.: June 4, 2010 He was born in Oxford on 14 November, 2009. He began working for our company on Monday, 12 September, 2003. February 2011
20. We use a comma to set off addresses, geographical names. A comma in not used to separate a state (city) from a zip code. They were fortunate in finding cheap equipment at Lyman’s Equipment Shop, 17 Mamaroneck Avenue, Mamaroneck, New York 10543.
21. We use a comma to set off titles and degrees. Robert Aldington, B.A., has been designated managing director.
22. We use a comma to set off the salutation in correspondence and the complimentary close of a letter. Dear Sophie, Very truly yours,
23. We use a comma to set off words in direct address. Sam, you are my best friend!
24. We use a comma to set off interjections.   Oh, it’s a wonderful present!
25. We use a comma to set off words such as yes, no, wellwhen one of these words is at the beginning of a sentence. ‘Dad, can I borrow the car?’ ‘Yes, but be careful.’ ‘Do you want to come?’ ‘Well, I’m not sure.’
26. We use a comma to set off “please” at the end of the request. Two pancakes for me, please.

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A GUIDE TO ENGLISH PUNCTUATION

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ББК 81.2 Англ – 9
    © Харківський національний університет імені В. Н. Каразіна, 2012 © Рябих Л. М., Рябих М. В., 2012 © І. В. Тепляков, макет обкладинки, 201

ПЕРЕДМОВА
  Інтеграція української системи освіти у загальноєвропейську в межах Болонського процесу вимагає більш комплексного підходу до взаємопов’язаного і одночасного формування у студентів

Exercise 1. Read the sentences and explain the use of punctuation marks.
1. Bill could not manage a job, a family (,) and college at the same time. 2. Singing, Jane went quickly through the apartment to fetch the books. 3. Fruits and vegetables sold in supermarkets some

Exercise 2. Translate into English and insert commas where appropriate.
1. Він був молодий, нетерплячий та невгамовний. 2. Це твоє захоплення вимагає постійно перебувати у поїздках, майже відмовитись від особистого життя та майже не мати коштів на існування. 3. Обов’яз

Exercise 3. In the following sentences insert commas where appropriate and comment on your choice.
1. I went to Italy­­­­­­­­­ France Switzerland Austria and Germany. 2. We then had a bowl of fruit salad a glass of beer and fish and chips. 3. I cannot tell whether she is old or young for I have

Exercise 4. Read the sentences and explain the use of punctuation marks.
1. It was a warm, windy day. 2. Susan left for home early but Jim stayed all evening. 3. Defeated, he decided to retire from politics. 4. Martin decided to find a remote place where he could think

Exercise 5. In the following letter insert commas where appropriate and comment on your choice.
Dear Mum and Dad ­ So my first week at university is over! No lectures this morning so I thought I’d drop you a line to let you know how things are going. I’m glad to say that eve

Exercise 6. Choose an appropriate sentence for each rule.
A. We use a comma to set off adverbial clauses. 1. Of course I’d like to help, but things are not so simple. B. When a direct quotation is punctu

THE COLON
    1. A colon introduces an enumeration. A

Exercise 1. Insert colons where appropriate and comment on their use.
1. Whether you are cultivating cabbages or grapes, care is needed to achieve a good harvest good grapes make good wine. 2. We went to the 7 30 showing at the theatre. 3. Payment may be made in any

Exercise 2. Comment on the use of colons.
1. At night the ground is cold: - 8 C. 2. It goes together easily with onion, potato, carrots and broth. 3. Try to get things into prospective: how serious is the argument? 4. If you want to improv

THE SEMICOLON
‘We saved your life. However, your colon is now a semicolon’

Exercise 1. Read quotations and comment on the use of punctuation marks.
1. "Never marry at all, Dorian. Men marry because they are tired; women, because they are curious: both are disappointed." (Oscar Wild Picture of Dorian Gray)

Exercise 2. Put colons and semicolons where appropriate (based on Jerome K. Jerome “Three men in a Boat”).
1. So I went straight up and saw him, and he said "Well, what's the matter with you?" 2. It is difficult enough to fix a tent in dry weather in wet, the task becomes herculean. 3. I used

THE PARENTHESES
1. Parentheses are used within sentences, around entire sentences, and even around entire paragraphs. Parentheses are used to enclose words, numbers, or clauses that provide examples

THE BRACKETS
1. Brackets are used to enclose explanations, corrections, or comments we wish to make in material we are quoting. From the very date the war began [June 22, 1941], t

Exercise 1. Comment on the use of brackets and parentheses.
1. The witness said: ‘He [the policeman] hit me.’2. The two teams in the finals of the first FIFA Football World Cup were both from South America [Uruguay and Argentina]. 3. Mount Everest (in the H

Exercise 2. Insert brackets and parentheses where appropriate.
1. He is the author of 14 novels and nine non-fiction books which might explain why he needed to slow down a little. 2. The problem is, we still want to go shopping, whether for summer basics sunta

Dashes are especially common in informal writing.
1. A dash is used to indicate an abrupt break in thought within a sentence. By breaking off at the dash, the writer of these sentences implies there is much more to be told. The re

Exercise 1. Comment on the use of dashes.
1. Button up your coat, Nina – it’s cold. 2. The view was spectacular – I’ll never forget it. 3. Watch your fingers – I’m closing the door. 4. Dave’s been working really hard – he needs a holiday.

Exercise 2. In the following sentences insert dashes where appropriate and comment on your choice.
1. Three dogs an Irish setter, a Russian wolfhound, and a German shepherd were the scourge of the neighborhood. 2. ‘Can I do anything for you?’ ‘No no, thanks.’ 3. It's nothing serious just a small

THE HYPHEN
1. The hyphen is used to indicate that a long word has been broken off

Exercise 1. In the following sentences find out words with a hyphen and translate them into Ukrainian.
1. I do mostly secretarial type work. 2. Chop potatoes into bite sized pieces. 3. The bicycle is an environment friendly form of transport. 4. Just mentioning his ex wife's name was like a red rag

Exercise 2. Make up sentences using the following phrases.
The need for low-cost housing; low-alcohol beer; a stress-free life; a fat-free yoghurt; an opportunity to buy duty-free goods; tax-free earnings; twenty-sixth birthday; people suffering from tobac

THE INVERTED COMMAS
1. Single inverted commas are more common in British English for quotes. The punctuation should be inside the inverted commas when the quotation forms a complete sentence.  

Exercise 1. Comment on the use of inverted commas.
1. The sign said, 'Ring for service'. 2. The sign said 'Back in 10 minutes'. 3. Margret Thatcher was a strong and determined leader who would not change her mind easily and would not accept disagre

THE EXLAMATION POINT
1. The exclamation mark (the exclamation point) is used at the end of a

Exercise 1. Insert punctuation marks where appropriate.
1. Keep your hands off me 2. He's a troublemaker Always was and always will be 3. Happy Thanksgiving everyone 4. Never was he as happy as that day 5. You really are something else 6. You've got to

Exercise 2. Match interjections (see grammar commentary) with their meaning.
A. Yuck (Yuk) 1. used when you think something is very impressive or surprising B. Wow 2. used to show that you think something is v

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following sentences.
1. Oh yuck! I hate mayonnaise. 2. Wow! Look at that! 3. Ah! There you are! 4. Phew! I’m so glad it’s Friday. 5. Aha! I knew you were trying to trick me! 6. Whoops! I nearly dropped it. 7. Ouch! Tha

THE FULL STOP
1. The full stop (the period) is used to mark the end of a sentence exp

Exercise 1. Insert full stops and comment on their use.
1. The Great Pyramid dates from around 2600 BC. 2. Can you lend me £1020 until tomorrow? 3. No 11 Downing Street is the official home of the British Chancellor of the Exchequer (the chief fin

THE QUESTION MARK
1. The question mark is used to end a direct question.

Exercise 1. Insert punctuation marks and comment on their use.
1. Do you have a clear picture in your mind of what you want 2. Can you find a home for the piano 3. How about a game of chess 4. Will you stay for a cup of tea 5. Would you like another cup 6. Wha

THE SLASH
1. The slash is used to separate alternatives. Each app

Exercise 1. Comment on the use of slashes.
1. The offer on the table is a 10% wage increase. 2. Cornish Rattler, £2.50/500ml, is a strong, cloudy apple cider. 3. Club members can stay from just £100 per night B&B (until 30/1

THE APOSTROPHE
1. The apostrophe is used to indicate the possessive case of nouns and

Exercise 1. Comment on the apostrophe use.
1. MTV’s core audience is 18 to 24 years old. 2. There's something in my eye. 3. The booklet lists the dos (do’s) and don'ts of caring for dogs. 4. The meeting is at 10 o'clock. 5. Vegetables are s

Exercise 2. Change to contracted forms.
1. We have been spending too much money. 2. We do not have much time left. 3. You had better phone to say you'll be late. 4. Yes, please, I would love a coffee. 5. I hope they will not be late. 6.

THE ELLIPSIS
1. The ellipsis (…) indicates the omission of one or more words within

Exercise1. Comment on the punctuation marks.
1. “To think you might have been…” Carlos didn’t finish his sentence. 2. Emotions – such as shame – are bodily preparations, physical things telling us to act – to flee, fight, laugh…

Exercise 1. Decide which punctuation mark matches each definition.
1. The mark that shows the end of a sentence or the short form of a word.   A) comma 2. The mark used in writing and printing to show a sh

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences with terms connected with punctuation.
To form a contracted form of the verb "don't", use an _____. When giving a list of objects such as "hat, jacket, scarf and gloves", you need to separate each object by

Exercise 3. Comment on the use of punctuation marks.
  Jessica Parker doesn’t care about big New Year’s Eve

Music stars prepare for Jubilee concert
    Sir Elton John, Kylie Minogue and Sir Paul McCartney a

GRAMMAR COMMENTARY
Adverbial clauseis a clause which begins with a conjunction and makes

REFERENCES
  1. Ashley A. A Handbook of Commercial Correspondance / A. Ashley. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. – 297 p. 2. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of C

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