The types, structure and functions of syllables in English. - раздел Иностранные языки, Раздел I. Сегментная фонетика. Звуко-буквенные соответствия в английском языке Syllable Formation In English Is Based On The Phonological Opposition Vowel-C...
Syllable formation in English is based on the phonological opposition vowel-consonant. Vowels are usually syllabic while consonants are not with the exeptions of [l], [m], [n], which become syllabic in a final position preceded by a consonant or between two final consonants: bottle [bɒtl], bottom [bɒtm], button [b/tn].
A syllable is a speech unit which consists of a sound or a group of sounds one of which is heard more prominent than the others. This sound is the peak or the nucleus of syllable and is called syllabic (vowels and sonorants are usually syllabic).
The syllable consists of a vowel alone or is surrounded by consonants. Depending on it there are 4 types of them:
1) open (covered at the beginning)
CV→ [fa:ðə]
2) fully open
V→ [ə]
3) fully closed
CVC→ [teik]
4) closed (covered at the end)
VC→ [i:t]
It is not difficult to count syllables in a word but it is not easy to determine the syllabic boundary e.g. ׀possi׀bility (5 syllables).
The structure of English syllables can be summarized as follows:
Ø Many syllables have one or more consonants preceding the nucleus. These make up the syllable onset: me, so, plow.
Ø Many syllables have one or more consonants, following the nucleus. They make up the syllable coda. They are traditionally known as closed syllables: cat, jump.
Ø The combination of nucleus and coda has special significance, making up the rhyming property of a syllable.
The English language has developed the closed type of a syllable as the fundamental one while in Russian it is the open type that forms the basis of syllable formation.
The other aspect of this component is syllable division. The problem of syllable division in case of intervocalic consonants and their clusters, like in such words as city, extra, standing and others.
Let us consider the first word [׀sɪtɪ]. There exist two possibilities:
the point of syllable division is after the intervocalic consonant;
the point of syllable division is inside the consonant.
In both cases the first syllable remains closed because the shot vowel should remain checked. The result of instrumentaly analyses shows, that the point of syllable division in such words is inside the intervocalic consonant.
The second case. There are two syllables in the word extra but where should the boundary between them fall?
1) [e-kstrə]. It is unlike that people would opt for a division between [e] and [kstrə] because there are no syllables in English which begin with consonant sequence [kstr].
2) Similarly, a division between [eksr] and [ə] would be unnatural.
3) [ek-strə], [eks-trə], [ekst-rə] are possible. People usually prefer either of the first two options here, but there no obvious way of deciding between them.
In some cases we may take into account the morphemic structure of words. For example, standing consists of two syllables; on phonemic grounds [stǽn-dɪŋ], on grammatical grounds [stǽnd-ɪŋ].
Все темы данного раздела:
Syllable division rules for simple words and parts of compound words
vowel
intersyllabic sounds
boundary
examples
notes
I. Short stressed
a) single consonant
One word in each set has a different number of syllables from the others. Decide which it is, then check with the recording.
Example:
lengths
if
table
on
destiny
chocolate
compu
Ex.3 Divide into syllables and determine where the syllable boundary lies.
1.
goodness
5.
about
9.
Saturday
2.
hotter
6.
Ex.4 Transcribe the following words, divide them into syllables and explain the rule.
1.
ninety
6.
sentence
2.
middle
7.
vowel
The primary and the secondary meaning of letters.
In English one letter can denote a few different sounds (polysemantic letters). That’s why there are the primary and the secondary sound meanings of them. The primary meaning of a letter is the sou
The primary sound meaning of vowels in different types of syllables.
In disyllabic and polysyllabic words the vowel letter has its alphabetical (long) meaning if:
1) it is separated from the following vowel letter or from the combinations –le, -re
READING SINGLE VOWEL LETTERS IN STRESSED NON-FINAL SYLLABLES
meaning
spelling
examples
exceptions
I. Primary
long
1) vowel + sounding vowel
diet
Reading of a stressed vowel in its short meaning. Short vowels of the English language.
If there is no indicator of length (it means the second vowel or a combination “gh” after a stressed vowel immediately or in one consonant) the English vowel is read shortly.
The sh
Test II
1. Divide into groups and transcribe these words:
Worry, student, apricot, oppose, novel, after, magic, limit, visit, excuse, sentence, bypass, money, cinema, never,
Reading Vowels in Closed Syllables
#
Meaning
Context
Examples
Secondary
indicators of vowel secondary meanings
no
Ex.4 Practice reading
idioms, sayings:
He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
If the cap fits, wear it.
Here today, gone tomorrow.
Five fat friars frying fish.
Чтение двухэлементных сочетаний гласных
VOWEL DIGRAPHS*
Aa
Ee
Ii
Oo
Uu
Yy
Aa
&n
Principles of Reading Vowel Digraphs
1) The 1st letter is read in its primary long meaning: sea [i:], oak [əυ], etc.;
2) The 2nd letter is read in its primary long meaning: neu
Ex.5 Read the following words. Identify the sound of each line.
[ ] 1. food, boot, foolish, boost
[ ] 2. good, cook, took, look
[ ] 3. should, would, could
[ ] 4. blood, flood
[ ] 5. door, four, floor, boor
[ ] 6. mo
Ex.7 Give 2 examples to each variant of pronunciation of the given digraph.
[əυ] [aυ]
[u:]
OU[\
Ex. 22 Practice reading the following words.
The letter "a":
pale, dale, rake, navy, table, ladle, staple, cradle, apron, sabre, latch, rack, jacket, quack, yank, jag, carry, parrot, garret, sparrow, barrel
Reading of Unstressed Vowels
Vowels in unstressed syllables in disyllabic and polysyllabic words usually denote the neutral sound [ə] and short [ı].
1.The letters ‘e’, ‘
Ex. 1 Read the riddles. Try to guess the right answer. Transcribe the underlined words, explain the rules.
1) A man looks at the photo and says: “Brothers and sisters I have none, but this man’s father is my father’s son.” What relation is the man in the photograph to the man who is
Ex. 2 Learn the rhyme.
The Time-table of Lazy-bones Grundy.
Lazy-bones Grundy
Must do sums for Monday.
“And today it is Thursday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy,
“So
Ex.8 Read the following words. Note that they have complete vowel reduction.
Britain, curtain, separate, metal, medal;
Interest, model, parcel, travel;
Medicine, professional, revolutionary.
Ex. 9 Find the words in which un
Чтение согласных
ENGLISH LETTERS’ MEANING: CONSONANTS
LETTER
MEANING(S)
EXAMPLES
Bb
[b]
Boy, baby
Ex. 5 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. To let the cat out of the bag.
2. Appearances are deceitful.
3. The devil is not so black as it is painted.
4. The tongue is
Reading of Endings -(e)s, -(e)d
The ending -(e)sof plural forms of nouns and of the 3rd singular present indefinite of verbs is read
how
A) with the ending -(e)s
inches, hands, chiefs, shoes, maps, boxes, safes, dishes, machines, roofs, classes, wives, babies, benches, books, bottles, boys, brings, burns, buzzes, cages, capes, cars, catches, cats, checks, c
B) with the ending -(e)d
acted, added, advised, agreed, begged, called, camped, carried, compiled, composed, concreted, concurred, crashed, decided, defended, differed, dressed, ended, enjoyed, entered, explained, failed,
B) with the ending -(e)d
[t]
[d]
[id]
Forced, record
Ex. 11 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. What can’t be cured must be endured.
3. Exception proves the rule.
4. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
5. Where the shoe p
Reading of combinations of vowels with consonants.
Letter combination
sound
Examples
O + ld
I+ld
I+nd
Igh
A+consonants
A+ll
Al
Listen to the recording and decide which names you hear.
Example:I’ve invited ____Pete___ to join us.
a) Pete b) Peter c) Pet
1. I’ve just been talking to __________________.
a) Jan Lipma
Look at and listen to these pairs of words.
a. Peter and pepper. These start with the same consonant sound [p], but the following vowel sound is different: [pi:tə], [pepə].
b. Peter and pizza. T
Reading of English consonant clusters
English sibilants and interdental sounds which don’t have their equivalents in the Latin alphabet are denoted by combinations of consonants, the second element of which is “h”, e. g. she, ch
Ex.7 Sort out the words into columns according to the reading of consonant clusters.
Machinery, scheme, scythe, child, Thames, weather, chef, Christmas, Thompson, chick, than, chic, chord, chalice, cliché, Chaos, neither, thyme, thrift, cheek, though, thorn, thaw, thief.
Spot the homophones 1
isle / bard / beer / bored / caught / night / pale / cawed / chord / sly / died / dyer / cored / dough / flawed / toed / pear / meal / floored / teas / knew / heard / soar / heal / lacks / lax /
Spot the homophones 2
In the following conversation a large number of words have been replaced by homophones. Spot where they have been used and decide how the words should be written.
- Lousy w
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