Reading of English consonant clusters - раздел Иностранные языки, Раздел I. Сегментная фонетика. Звуко-буквенные соответствия в английском языке English Sibilants And Interdental Sounds Which Don’T Have Their Equivalents I...
English sibilants and interdental sounds which don’t have their equivalents in the Latin alphabet are denoted by combinations of consonants, the second element of which is “h”, e. g. she, chain, thus, three.
All the combinations of consonants, except “sh”, have the primary and the secondary sound meanings. The combinations of consonants are read in the primary sound meaning in most English words. In the words of foreign origin they are read in their secondary meaning.
| cluster
| sound
| where
| examples
|
| ch
| [t∫]
[k]
[∫]
[d3]
|
Geek and Latin
French
| cheap, chair
ache, school
machinery, chef
sandwich, spinach
|
| th
| [θ]
[t]
[ð]
| word end and beginning
proper names
between and before vowels
| throw, tooth
Thomas, Thailand
this, leather
|
| ph
| [v]
[f]
|
Greek and Latin
| Stephen
philosophy, phonetics
|
| sh
| [∫]
|
| shelf, wash
|
Reading of “ng, nk”
| cluster
| sound
| where
| Examples
|
| ng
| [ŋ]
| In final position or before suffixes –er, -est, -ed, -ing
| Sing, singing, singer
|
| ng
| [ŋg]
| In the middle of a root word
| Anger, hunger but angel, conglomerate, congratulate
|
| nk
| [ŋk]
| Any position
| Ink, pink
|
READING OF LETTER “n”
The leter “n” denotes:
[n] in prefixes – con, - non, - in, -un (income, nonsense, confident, unread)
[ŋ] before: c, k ([k] function, tank), ck, qu ([k] conquer, ancker), xi ([k∫] anxious), g ([g] England, longer), the suffixes and endings –er, -est, -ed, -ing (sing, singer, singing)
Ex. 1 Read the words with letter “n”:
| condition
tranquil
non-stop
confidential
constant
cleanest
| hank
infamous
unbroken
conquer
singing
interrupt
| hang
anxious
lighting
fore-finger
unconscious
inkpot
|
Ex. 2 Transcribe the following words and divide them into groups according to the reading of the combinations:
linked, wings, inkpot, jungle, anxious, mounting, singer, single, anger, anxious, nonsense, eating, finger, income, function, conquer, having, confident, eaten, English, concentration, nonplus, indirect, frank, hanger, linked, wings, jungle, anxious, mounting, condition, nonunion, invisible, tank, function, belonged, nice, can't, sing, incredible, land, giant, pane, strong, bringing, long, banker.
Ex. 3 Find the odd word:
1. jungle, nonsense, Frank, sorting, single.
2. uneasy, nonplus, convention, English, irritation.
3. ring, tongue, boring, chunk, conversion.
4. dinner, convenient, nonstop, involve, undid.
5. unclaimed, nonsense, link, inhale.
6. finger, hang, frank, stronger.
7. singer, hanger, belonged, doing.
Ex. 4 Add the word according to the rule:
1. informal, non-aggression, unable, ...
2. tank, frank, hank, ...
3. longer, stronger, younger, ...
4. sung, wing, finger, ...
5. consult, industry, indulge, ...
6. stinks, tank, inkpot, ...
7. boring, sorting, lying, ...
Ex. 5 Explain the rules of reading in these proverbs:
1. What is done cannot be undone.
2. Wars the sport of kings.
3. He who swims in sin will sink in sorrow.
4. The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
5. Better unborn than untaught.
6. Honey is sweet but the bee stings.
Ex.6 Find the odd word according to the way of the reading of consonant clusters:
1. accept, success, soccer, accede, access, accent.
2. anchor, young, conquer, conclude, function.
3. think, thunder, throne, thyme, thick, thing.
4. chaos, chord, stomach, monarchy, chaste.
5. tooth, scythe, truth, thumb, throw, thin.
6. go, gargle, gage, glove, stage, give.
7. chef, chic, champagne, charade, chick.
Все темы данного раздела:
The types, structure and functions of syllables in English.
Syllable formation in English is based on the phonological opposition vowel-consonant. Vowels are usually syllabic while consonants are not with the exeptions of [l], [m], [n], which become syllabi
Syllable division rules for simple words and parts of compound words
vowel
intersyllabic sounds
boundary
examples
notes
I. Short stressed
a) single consonant
One word in each set has a different number of syllables from the others. Decide which it is, then check with the recording.
Example:
lengths
if
table
on
destiny
chocolate
compu
Ex.3 Divide into syllables and determine where the syllable boundary lies.
1.
goodness
5.
about
9.
Saturday
2.
hotter
6.
Ex.4 Transcribe the following words, divide them into syllables and explain the rule.
1.
ninety
6.
sentence
2.
middle
7.
vowel
The primary and the secondary meaning of letters.
In English one letter can denote a few different sounds (polysemantic letters). That’s why there are the primary and the secondary sound meanings of them. The primary meaning of a letter is the sou
The primary sound meaning of vowels in different types of syllables.
In disyllabic and polysyllabic words the vowel letter has its alphabetical (long) meaning if:
1) it is separated from the following vowel letter or from the combinations –le, -re
READING SINGLE VOWEL LETTERS IN STRESSED NON-FINAL SYLLABLES
meaning
spelling
examples
exceptions
I. Primary
long
1) vowel + sounding vowel
diet
Reading of a stressed vowel in its short meaning. Short vowels of the English language.
If there is no indicator of length (it means the second vowel or a combination “gh” after a stressed vowel immediately or in one consonant) the English vowel is read shortly.
The sh
Test II
1. Divide into groups and transcribe these words:
Worry, student, apricot, oppose, novel, after, magic, limit, visit, excuse, sentence, bypass, money, cinema, never,
Reading Vowels in Closed Syllables
#
Meaning
Context
Examples
Secondary
indicators of vowel secondary meanings
no
Ex.4 Practice reading
idioms, sayings:
He that hath ears to hear, let him hear.
If the cap fits, wear it.
Here today, gone tomorrow.
Five fat friars frying fish.
Чтение двухэлементных сочетаний гласных
VOWEL DIGRAPHS*
Aa
Ee
Ii
Oo
Uu
Yy
Aa
&n
Principles of Reading Vowel Digraphs
1) The 1st letter is read in its primary long meaning: sea [i:], oak [əυ], etc.;
2) The 2nd letter is read in its primary long meaning: neu
Ex.5 Read the following words. Identify the sound of each line.
[ ] 1. food, boot, foolish, boost
[ ] 2. good, cook, took, look
[ ] 3. should, would, could
[ ] 4. blood, flood
[ ] 5. door, four, floor, boor
[ ] 6. mo
Ex.7 Give 2 examples to each variant of pronunciation of the given digraph.
[əυ] [aυ]
[u:]
OU[\
Ex. 22 Practice reading the following words.
The letter "a":
pale, dale, rake, navy, table, ladle, staple, cradle, apron, sabre, latch, rack, jacket, quack, yank, jag, carry, parrot, garret, sparrow, barrel
Reading of Unstressed Vowels
Vowels in unstressed syllables in disyllabic and polysyllabic words usually denote the neutral sound [ə] and short [ı].
1.The letters ‘e’, ‘
Ex. 1 Read the riddles. Try to guess the right answer. Transcribe the underlined words, explain the rules.
1) A man looks at the photo and says: “Brothers and sisters I have none, but this man’s father is my father’s son.” What relation is the man in the photograph to the man who is
Ex. 2 Learn the rhyme.
The Time-table of Lazy-bones Grundy.
Lazy-bones Grundy
Must do sums for Monday.
“And today it is Thursday”,
Says lazy-bones Grundy,
“So
Ex.8 Read the following words. Note that they have complete vowel reduction.
Britain, curtain, separate, metal, medal;
Interest, model, parcel, travel;
Medicine, professional, revolutionary.
Ex. 9 Find the words in which un
Чтение согласных
ENGLISH LETTERS’ MEANING: CONSONANTS
LETTER
MEANING(S)
EXAMPLES
Bb
[b]
Boy, baby
Ex. 5 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. To let the cat out of the bag.
2. Appearances are deceitful.
3. The devil is not so black as it is painted.
4. The tongue is
Reading of Endings -(e)s, -(e)d
The ending -(e)sof plural forms of nouns and of the 3rd singular present indefinite of verbs is read
how
A) with the ending -(e)s
inches, hands, chiefs, shoes, maps, boxes, safes, dishes, machines, roofs, classes, wives, babies, benches, books, bottles, boys, brings, burns, buzzes, cages, capes, cars, catches, cats, checks, c
B) with the ending -(e)d
acted, added, advised, agreed, begged, called, camped, carried, compiled, composed, concreted, concurred, crashed, decided, defended, differed, dressed, ended, enjoyed, entered, explained, failed,
B) with the ending -(e)d
[t]
[d]
[id]
Forced, record
Ex. 11 Read the proverbs. Explain the rules of reading.
1. He laughs best who laughs last.
2. What can’t be cured must be endured.
3. Exception proves the rule.
4. Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
5. Where the shoe p
Reading of combinations of vowels with consonants.
Letter combination
sound
Examples
O + ld
I+ld
I+nd
Igh
A+consonants
A+ll
Al
Listen to the recording and decide which names you hear.
Example:I’ve invited ____Pete___ to join us.
a) Pete b) Peter c) Pet
1. I’ve just been talking to __________________.
a) Jan Lipma
Look at and listen to these pairs of words.
a. Peter and pepper. These start with the same consonant sound [p], but the following vowel sound is different: [pi:tə], [pepə].
b. Peter and pizza. T
Ex.7 Sort out the words into columns according to the reading of consonant clusters.
Machinery, scheme, scythe, child, Thames, weather, chef, Christmas, Thompson, chick, than, chic, chord, chalice, cliché, Chaos, neither, thyme, thrift, cheek, though, thorn, thaw, thief.
Spot the homophones 1
isle / bard / beer / bored / caught / night / pale / cawed / chord / sly / died / dyer / cored / dough / flawed / toed / pear / meal / floored / teas / knew / heard / soar / heal / lacks / lax /
Spot the homophones 2
In the following conversation a large number of words have been replaced by homophones. Spot where they have been used and decide how the words should be written.
- Lousy w
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