Реферат Курсовая Конспект
Virtual worlds - раздел Иностранные языки, Английский язык The Luddites Got It Wrong. New Technologies Not Only Destroy Old Jobs, They C...
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The Luddites got it wrong. New technologies not only destroy old jobs, they create new ones. Now the popularization of shared computer-generated virtual worlds has brought us a whole new job description: the chatty, socially adept on-line host in an animated chat salon. It is the next step on from a text-based chat channel. Instead of being made up entirely of written words, the interlocutors are depicted as slow-moving, garish cartoons.
The host appears as a different character depending on the mood he's in. Sometimes he'd represent himself as a simple smiley face, sometimes a dog, a cat or a jester. He spends hours on-line, warmly welcoming new subscribers, showing them around, being as accommodating as possible to the blocky cartoon representations that move across the screen. It's a laugh: people aren't as inhibited as in real life, because of the anonymity. They warm up easily. Once they get used to the typing, they'll come out with whatever's going on in their head. So the job isn't difficult: just have fun, chat, make jokes, make friends.
Communicating as a cartoon character on a daily, nine-to-five basis, through comic-book speech bubbles, is normal: often two or three separate conversations could be held simultaneously on different parts of the screen via special chat mode. Sometimes after a few hours on-line, it takes a while to get used to talking to "real people'". On-line conversations are different from normal ones. It's not just that they are text on a screen. The tone is different. They are more playful and ambiguous. You have to adjust to that too.
This is not particularly hi-tech – it's just the best you can get away with using today's standard hardware. An experimental project set up by a Japanese telecommunications company is based on more advanced technology operating on a fibre-optic network linking five sites. At each site there are a number of powerful Sun workstations, each with a video camera, headset and joystick attached. Each user can hear and see the others clearly while they play dodgems and watch new pop videos.
Talking here is completely different to a text and cartoon chat. With text you get carried along with whatever you're typing. It's easy to forget that there's another human being at the end of the line. When you actually see and hear that person it's much more obvious that they're real. It makes it more personal and interesting. You end up giving people your full attention. Much of the ambiguous game-playing that goes on in text chat is cut out once you add tone of voice and facial expression to the interaction; thus you can learn more about a person.
The virtual worlds of the future may be populated by masked characters with altered voices and ambiguous identities. They might also be filled with accurate representations of the people they embody. Either way, one thing is for sure: there will always be someone there to talk to.
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Английский язык
Учебное пособие
для студентов II курса
по специальности «Приборостроение»
Lesson 1
Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времен)
Согласование времен — явление, характерное для английского языка. Согласование времен означает зависимость времен
Ex.1 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Continuous Tense.
1. He (write) a letter when I (see) him. 2. Harry (do) his work while his brothers (play) games. 3. The man (fall) down as he (run) for the bus. 4. We (sing) a song when George (come) into the room
Ex.2 Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite or the Past Perfect Tense.
1. The new bus-driver (have) an accident after he (drive) a few yards. 2. When I (get) to the cinema, the film (start). 3. The students (enter) the classroom five minutes after the bell (ring). 4.
Ex. 4 Read and translate these sentences.
1. He said he had not heard anything about it. 2. He said that Peter had booked tickets for the theatre the previous week. 3. Mr. Stone told me that the meeting would take place the following month
Ex.5 Choose the proper tense-form of the verb.
1. He said the novel (is, was) very interesting. 2. Mary said the weather forecast for the next day (is, was) bad. 3. He told her that many of the students (will go, would go) to the football groun
Страдательный залог
Страдательный залог в английском языке употребляется тогда, когда внимание говорящего сосредоточено не на субъекте, а на объекте действия. Глагол в страдательном залоге показывает, что подлежащее п
Ex.6 Open the brackets using the verbs in Passive Voice.
1. The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (to understand) by all of us. 2. The poem was so beautiful that it (to learn) by everybody. 3. I hope the invitation (to accept) by everybody
Ex.7 Open the brackets using the verbs in Active or Passive Voice.
1. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 3. He (to give) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (to show) th
Ex.8 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
1. He stole a lot of money from the shop. 2. By six o'clock they had finished the work. 3. At twelve o’clock the workers were loading the trucks. 4. By three o'clock the workers had
Ex.9 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
1. Не will introduce me to his friends. 2. They are building a bridge over the river. 3. I haven’t yet translated the article. 4. We were looking at the man with great surprise. 5. You w
Ex.10 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
1. The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 2. They often speak about him.
3. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 4. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 5. We shall insist o
Ex.11 Rewrite sentences in Passive Voice.
1. You must take the box to the station. 2. You can cross the river on a raft.
3. The workers can finish the building of the house very soon. 4. You must return the books the day after tom
Ex.12 Translate into English using Passive Indefinite after modal verbs.
1. Руки надо мыть перед каждой едой. 2. Комнаты нужно регулярно проветривать. 3. Кошку надо кормить рыбой. 4. Собаку можно кормить мясом и овощами. 5. Ребенку надо давать фрукты. 6. Книги надо поло
Ex.13 Translate into English using the verbs in Passive Voice.
1. Эту книгу взяли из библиотеки только вчера. 2. Этих трех студентов спросили два дня тому назад. 3. Вас экзаменовали утром? 4. Эта мышь была поймана ночью. 5. На этой фабрике делают очень
Part I.
Electrical phenomena attracted the attention of European thinkers as early as the17th century. Beginning as a mathematically oriented science, the field has remained primarily in that form; mathema
Part II.
The first practical application of electricity was the telegraph, invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1837. The need for electrical engineers was not felt until some 40 years later, upon the i
MODERN ELECTRONICS
1. Many scientists believe at present that mankind has entered the era of a new technological revolution which was brought about by the advent of cybernetics, whose ideas and methods found their wa
Ex.16 Make up an abstract of the text basing on the answers to the above questions.
Ex.17 Define the meanings of the suffixes in the following words and translate the words:
scientist, electrician, engineer, computer, examinee, examiner, semiconductor, co
Listening and speaking.
Task 1. Now listen to a radio news item which refers to the same story and answer these questions:
1 How did Mr. Swanston find the coins?
2 How do
Task 3. Check your answers to Task 3 with the help of the text and diagrams.
Alternating current (AC) is applied to the coil in the search head from t
Reading. Linking what you read with what you know.
Not everything in a text is clearly stated. When reading, we have to make links what we read and what we already know about the subject.
Read this brief text and try to answer this questio
As well as information from the text.
1 Any metal detector can discriminate between gold and other metals.
2 Gold necklaces are found quite often.
3 The search coil is connected directly to a battery.
4 Metal
Reported Speech
(Косвенная речь)
При переводе повествовательного предложения из прямой речи в косвенную производятся следующие изменения:
а) повествовательное предложение вводитс
Ex.1 Choose the proper adverb or the adverbial phrase.
1.Mr. Brown said the manager would be back in London (tomorrow, the following day). 2. He says he enjoyed the film (yesterday, the previous day). 3. The secretary told Mr. Black that Mr. Brown had
Ex.2 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
I. Jack told his father, "I have lost my notebook." 2. Henry said to me, "I didn't throw stones at your dog." 3. Bob said to Tom, "Henry doesn't sit next to me in class.&qu
Ex.3 Change the following sentences into Direct Speech.
1. The farmer said that he hadn't grown any wheat since 1975. 2. The teacher told his students that he was going to give them a test. 3. I told him that I hadn't seen his brother for a long time. 4
Вопросы в косвенной речи).
При переводе прямого вопроса в косвенный он превращается в дополнительное придаточное предложение.
1. Вопросительный порядок слов заменяется порядком слов повествовательного предложения —
Ex.4 Translate into English.
1. Он спросил Джона, знает ли он прогноз погоды на завтра. 2. Он спросил г-на Стоуна, куда они собираются поехать в отпуск. 3. В своем письме он спрашивал Джона, сможет ли он заказать билеты на сам
Приказания и просьбы в косвенной речи
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
She said to me,
"Tell him everything tomorrow."
"Don't go to
Приказания и просьбы в косвенной речи
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
She said to me,
"Tell him everything tomorrow."
"Don't go to
Ex.7 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. I asked my friend, "How do you feel after your holiday?" 2. Margaret asked Richard, "Where are you going for your holidays?" 3. Ann asked Mary, "What do you usually have
Ex.8 Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.
1. 1 asked the old gentleman, "Are you feeling tired?" 2. The hotel manager asked the visitors, "Did you sleep well?" 3. He asked his wife, "Is the baby asleep or awake?&qu
Ex.9 Put the following into Indirect Speech.
1. "We have a lift but very often it doesn't work," they said. 2. "We have moved into our new flat. We don't like it nearly so much as our last one," said my aunt.
3. &
ALFRED NOBEL - A MAN OF CONTRASTS.
Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist who cared for literature, an industriali
Ex.11 Read the words, learn them, translate the sentence.
1. SCIENTIST
ученый
Kurchatov is one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century.
2. ТО CARE (FOR)
любить,
Ex.12 Find the English equivalent.
1. способность
2. значение
a) opportunity, b) ability, с) difficulty,
d) property
a) understanding, b) beginning, c) meaning,
d) ope
Ex.13 Find the synonym.
1. plenty of
2. to occur
3. to make
4. believe
a) much, b) little, c) enough, d) few
a) to injure, b) to avoid, c) to happen, d) to justify
What should you do before making the final copy?
a take a break
b check the recording levels
с add special effects
d run the tape backwards
Mixing down.
When mixing down, play back and listen to your master version through different speakers. If it still sounds good on cheap speakers, it passes the test. If possible, mix down on a later day to the
Mixing down.
When mixing down, play back and listen to your master version through different speakers. If it still sounds good on cheap speakers, it passes the test. If possible, mix down on a later day to the
Conditional Sentences
(Условные предложения)
Придаточное предложение
Главное предложение
I тип — реальное условие
Ex.1 Translate the sentences. Define the type of conditionals.
а) 1. If a solid body or a liquid is heated, it will usually expand.
2. The measurements were always correct provided the necessary instruments were used.
Ex.3 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
1. If I (to have) this rare book, I should gladly lend it to you. 2. The dish would have been much more tasty if she (to be) a better cook. 3. He never (to phone) you if I hadn't reminded him to do
Ex.4 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
1. If he reads fifty pages every day, his vocabulary (to increase) greatly. 2. If they (to know) it before, they would have taken measures. 3. If I (to get) this book, I shall be happy. 4. I
Ex.5 Open the brackets using the proper form of the verb.
1. If it (to rain) tomorrow, our game will be cancelled. 2. If a dog (to bite) in her leg, she would go straight to hospital. 3. If he had known it was going to rain, he (to take) his umbrella to w
WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CURRENT?
The question is often asked: "What is an electric current?" No one has ever seen it. We only know of the existence of a current owing to its effects. A current can heat a conductor, it ca
Words to be learnt.
charge v — заряжать
circuit n — цепь
common a — распространенный, общий
complete a — зд. замкнутая
current n — ток
evidence n — доказательство
insulate v — изо
Ex.8 Translate the words.
verb
nouns
Adjectives or Participle II
device
process
Ex. 10 Use the verbs in the correct form.
1. If the solid is heated, it (to expand).
the motion of electrons (to increase).
Ex.11 Translate the sentences paying attention to the underlined words.
а) 1. The government has provided all the necessary conditions for successful development of science.
2. The number of workshops and whole plants provide
Ex.12 Translate the sentences paying attention to conjunctions.
1. Between conductors and insulators there are many materials which are neither good conductors nor good insulators.
2. Neither o
Ex.13 Translate the sentences.
but — но; только, лишь; кроме
but for — если бы не
1. The proton and neutron have almost the same weight, but the electron weighs only l/2,000th as much as a proton or neutron.
Ex.14 Translate and state the type of conditionals and the tense.
1. In case there is no current in a conductor, there can be no electric field around it.
2. Should a permanent magnet be moved in and out of a coil of wire, both the magnet and the coil wo
CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION
Some gases in the atmosphere allow visible light to pass through, but they block much of the heat which is reflected from Earth's surface— in the same way as the glass windows in a greenhouse. With
Information Technology
The following programmes are offered by Information Technology:
Code Course Title
IT 1 Full-time National Certificate Course for Women in Electronics.
The Participle.
There are two types of the Participle:
Participle I (Present Participle) V-ing – переводится на русский язык действительным залогом причастия или деепричастия;
Participle II (Past
Forms of the Participle II
Active
Passive
-
written
Причастие – это неличная форма глагола, которая обладает свойствами гл
Независимый причастный оборот всегда выделяется запятыми!
1. Если независимый причастный оборот находится в начале предложения, то он переводится придаточным предложением и вводится словами: так как; когда; после того как; поскольку; в виду того, что;
Ex.5 Translate the sentences with the Simple Participle constructions and Absolute Participle constructions.
1. She bringing this material, we shall use it.
2. Technology having reached a high stage of development new methods of work became possible.
3. The engineer was repairing the dam
Ex.6 Translate the sentences and define the functions of the Participle: a) attribute, b) predicative, c) adverbial modifier.
a) Participle I 1. A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more atoms. 2. Combininghydrogen with oxygen in the proportion of two atoms
Ex.7 Translate the sentences with Absolute Participle constructions.
1. The sun having risen, they continued their way. 2. The professor being ill, the lecture was put off. 3. The wool was placed in the warehouse, the cotton being forwarded to the factory.
Holographic technique helps in testing and research.
Holographic techniques, that can record both the phase and amplitude of the light reflected by an object, can be used to generate a true, three-dimensional image. Holograms were originally demonstr
Ex.10 Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Absolute Participle Construction and its place in a sentence.
1. There are different types of engines, all of them representing the means by which it is possible to utilize the tremendous amount of energy, stored in water, coal, oil, wood and other fuels.
Ex.11 Translate the text. Find the Participles and Absolute Participle Constructions.
THE LASER TODAY AND TOMORROW
The laser has become a multipurpose tool. It has caused a real revolution in technology.
Atoms emit rays of different length, which prevents the formi
Words to be learnt
approachv– приближаться; достигать
beam n –луч carryv – передавать
comparev – сравнивать densityn – плотность emitv – излучать employv – использовать ext
Ex.16 Define the form and the function of the Participle in the sentences. Translate them.
1. Using isotopes in measuring the diffusion of metals we got much more accurate data.
2. Being used in measuring the diffusion of metals isotopes gave much more accurate data.
3.
Ex.17 Translate the sentences, paying attention to the meaning of the marked words and phrases.
1. At present there exist laser devices of various sizes, big and small, the latter being widely employed in various branches of our industry.
2. These semiconductor devic
Task 1. Read this newspaper article: High-tech mystery
High-tech machines leave many owners baffled, according to a survey by electrical retailers. Nearly a third of those with video recorders and 57 per cent of camcorder owners do not use all the func
Task 5. Study the chart. Find the results of the changes in design.
Design change
Example: moving the tape past the head at high speed.
1) improvements in magnetic tape and use of helical scanning
2) spinning the head at a high speed
Language study: Change and result
Study this design change and its result:
spinning the head at a high speed The rate at which the data could be
stored or retrieved was increased.
We can lin
Формы герундия.
Tense
Active
Passive
Simple
Perfect
driving
having driven
being driven
having been driven
Ex. 1 Translate the phrases and the sentences.
a) without destroying; without maintaining; without studying; without replacing; without creating.
b) instead of improving, instead of exploring, instead of putting, instead of solving, in
Ex. 5 Translate paying attention to the –ing form.
1. The monument needs restoring.
2. The monument of what century are you restoring?
3. The monument of what century is being restored?
4. The experts restoring the monume
Ex. 7 Translate into English, using the Gerund.
1. Перестаньте разговаривать.
2. Мы закончили работу над этой проблемой.
3. Продолжайте петь.
4. Вы не против того, чтобы открыть окно?
5. Он отрицал свое участи
Ex. 8 Translate the sentences.
1. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text.
2. She suspected him of deceiving her.
3. The poor peasant thanked Robin Hood heartily for having helped him.
4
Ex. 10 Give the possible variants of translation.
a) Subject:
1. Maintaining constant temperature and pressure during the test was absolutely necessary.
2. The student’s taking part in the research was of great h
Ex. 12 Translate and define the functions of the Gerund.
1. V. V. Petrov was the follower of Lomonosov in studying electricity in our country. Petrov was the first to speak about the possibility of using the electric arc for lighting, he was the first to
Ex. 13 Compare the translation of Active and Passive and define the function.
1. Strengthening metals means reinforcing them with artificial fibres.
Their being reinforced with artificial fibres makes them more corrosion resistant.
Ex. 14 Compare the translation of Gerund Indefinite and Perfect and define the function.
1. Heating the gas increases the speed of the molecules.
Their having overheated the gas changed the results of the experiment.
2. The
Ex. 15 Translate and define the function of the Gerund.
1. Using radioactive isotopes opens up new possibilities for medicine and agriculture.
2. John Dalton stated that atoms are incapable of being destroyed or created.
3. The Curies’
Sources of power
The industrial progress of mankind is based on power: power for industrial plants, machines, heating and lighting systems, transport, communication. In fact, one can hardly find a sphere where powe
Ex. 1 Answer the questions.
1. What is the industrial progress of mankind based on?
2. Which is the first widely applied method of producing electricity at present?
3. Which is the second way of generating p
Ex. 2 Define the parts of speech.
to exist – existence; to require – requirement; efficient – inefficient – efficiency; to resist – resistance – resistant; possible – impossible – possibility; to investigate – investigation – inves
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences.
to find (found) a solution (the best way, mineral resources, etc.)
to found (founded) a town (an institute, a scientific school, etc.)
1. The geo
Ex. 7 Form the Gerund, using these verbs (to convert; to create; to utilize; to generate; to run) and translate.
1. The world’s first nuclear power station in Obninsk began (вырабатывать) electricity in 1954.
2. In fact, (превращение) conventional kinds of fuels into electricity is not economic enoug
Ex. 8 Explain the meaning of the words with –ing and define the form.
Example: the working motor (какой?) – работающий мотор (Participle I)
the working model (для чего?) – рабочая модель, модель для работы (Gerund)
Ex. 1 Compare the using and give the translation of the Participle and the Gerund.
the Participle
the Gerund
1 as an attribute
The reading student is my friend.
There stands a read
Ex. 3 Compare the functions of the Participle and the Gerund in phrases and translate.
1. Making use of radioactive isotopes biologists are able… Making use of radioactive isotopes opens up…
2. Our scientists are investigating new kinds of… The purpose of this research is in
Ex. 4 Define the form of the verb with –ing and translate the text. Find Gerundial Objects and Absolute Participle constructions.
Using electricity on a large scale opens up great possibilities in various fields of science and everyday life. Using electric light in our homes we seldom think of those who were the pioneers in e
Listening and speaking
Task 1 As you listen, answer these questions:
1 Why do some people prefer LPs?
2 What is the expert's choice?
3 What are the advantages of CDs?
Task 2 Here is the completed table of differences. Listen again to the tape. Tick the differences the expert mentions.
LPs
CDs
1. Recording system
2. Sound quality
3. Access
4. Audio pattern
5. Material
6. Playing mechanism
Language study Comparison and contrast, 2.
In this unit we will examine some other ways to describe differences: to make contrasts.
On the tape the expert contrasted:
1 LPs and CDs
2 analogue and digital recording
Формы инфинитива
Tense
Active
Passive
Simple
to help
to be helped
Continuous
Functions
1. Subject (Подлежащее)
a) To study well is our duty.– Хорошо учиться – наша обязанность.
b) It is necessary (important, nice, good, pleasant, strange…) to read original literatur
It consists of two elements.
1 – a noun or a pronoun
2 – infinitive
1. After verbs of sense perception (hear, see, watch, feel, notice, observe) bare infinitive is used without “to”.
1 2
I w
Complex Subject with the Infinitive
It consists of two elements. The verbs are mainly used in Passive Voice.
1. With the verbs of sense perception (Глаголы чувственного восприятия).
Translate and define the functions of the infinitive.
a) He used his influence to get me a job. You must work hard to pass this exam. I turned on the light to see what time it was. The conference discussed some new methods to be used in teaching Engli
Ex. 5 Translate the sentences.
1. They were happy to take part in our expedition.
2. She wanted to be answered at once.
3. He was happy to be working with the famous scientist.
4. It’s very difficult t
Ex.6 Translate and define the functions of the Infinitive.
1. The problem to be discussed is connected with the city water supply system.
2. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere.
3. A new comfortable coach was developed to
Ex. 8 Translate the text and define the Infinitive constructions.
Complex Subject
Подлежащее+ глагол-сказуемое + инфинитив
He is said to be living in France.
You are supposed to do the washing up .
Ex. 9 . Translate the sentences with Complex Subject
1. The lecture was said to be very interesting.
2. The members of the committee are reported to come to an agreement.
3. The English delegation is believed to come at the end of t
Ex.10 Translate the sentences.
A)
1. He is said to work well.
2. He is said to be a good engineer.
3. He is said to test new devices.
4. He is said to carry out experiments.
5. He is
Ex. 11 Translate the sentences with Complex Subject and define the forms of the Infinitive
A) 1. They are known to develop a new device. 2. They are known to have developed a new device. 3. He is supposed to have left Leningrad. 4. They
Ex. 12 Translate paying attention to the Predicate.
A) 1. The output seems to have increased. 2. The output is likely to increase. 3. The output proved to have increased. 4. The output is said to have increased.
B)
1. a) This metho
Ex. 13 Translate the sentences with Infinitive Constructions.
1.A lot of people came to watch the ocean liner return home after a long voyage.
2.Everybody thought him to be quite a reliable person.
3.The captain declared the load to be too m
Ex. 14 Translate and define the forms and the functions of the Infinitive.
1. The child wanted to be taken seriously.
2. He didn't hear the boy enter the room.
3. The dog was the first to feel danger.
4. This question is too complicated to be an
Ex. 2 Read and translate the phrases.
The application of flexible manufacturing system; the definition of a system; the creation of industrial robots; to require advanced technical know-how; to use distributed data processing; to des
Ex. 4 Read and translate the sentences.
1.When designing an FMS, the basic problem is to create cells from which the system is to be constructed. 2. Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) represent a new strategy to increase labour produ
Ex.5 Read the text. Find the definitions of the FMS.
A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is the current level of automation in the field of manufacturing. The application of FMS requires advanced technical know-how.
A Flexible Manufacturin
Ex. 16 Define the functions of infiitives and translate into Russian. Find complexes.
1. You are just the man to do it.
2. He asked for the papers to be brought.
3. Chelyuskin was the first to determine the position of this northern cape.
4. We entered the
Ex. 18 Translate into Russian.
1. There is no chance to get tickets for the concert.
2. The students to take part in this expedition have come.
3. The article to be discussed is written by our professor. 4.
Ex. 19 Translate the text. Find sentences with the Infinitive and Infinitive Constructions.
If a battery is connected across the crystal in the direction shown in Fig. 31, holes are repelled from the positive end of the crystal and are caused to drift towards the junction
Peter is a technician at a large college. On the tape he describes his work.
Task 1 As you listen, decide whether these statements are true or false. Then compare answers with your partner.
1 Electronics was Peter's main hobby at school.
Task 3 Now search this text for further differences to add to your list.
In Europe, the USA, and Japan, the race is on to produce a new generation of television sets. These new sets will be larger than today's models, possibly with 100-centimetre flat screens. Picture q
Language study. Certainty.
The text describes possible future developments in television. The writer is confident about some developments and less confident about others. What difference can you see between these statements?
A NEW PEDESTRIAN CROSSING STRATEGY
In the UK, the Pelican is the most common type of signal-controlled pedestrian crossing. Pedestrians wanting to cross press the pushbutton to register a demand with the traffic signal controller wh
VIRUSES
A computer virus - an unwanted program that has entered your system without you knowing about it-has two parts, which I'll call the infector and the detonator. They have two very different jobs. On
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Databases are used within a medical context for many purposes. For example, they are used to hold patient details so they can be accessed from anywhere within a hospital or network of hospitals. Wi
ELECTRON EMISSION
1. The electron tube depends for its action on a stream of electrons that act as current carriers. To produce this stream of electrons a special metal electrode (cathode) is present in every tube.
Commentary
1. "shaping" the lines of force of this field in certain paths — придавая силовым линиям определенные направления
2. whether or not these electrons actually reach the plate, how
TRANSISTORS AND SEMICONDUCTORS
1. In recent years the transistor — an entirely new type of electron device — has come into its own1 and bids to replace the bulky electron tubes in many applications. Transistors are
Commentary
1. has come into its own — стал совершенно самостоятельным
2. while catching up fast in other respects — и широко применяется в других областях техники
3. an electron missing — н
AMPLIFIERS
1. We are finally ready to apply the knowledge we gained in previous sections about electrons, vacuum tubes and transistors to some practical matters.1 In the following sections we shal
Computers in our life
The Educational Recources Information Center (ERIC) is a national information system designed to provide users with ready access to an extensive body of education-related literature. Established in
Render the text or answer the following questions. Time limit: 15-18 min.
1. You can't access the ERIC database on-line
A) via the Internet. C) through commercial channels.
B) on CD-ROM. D) through any printed journal.
2. The database is timely
Choose the right answer. Only one answer is correct.
1)They tried to make ... agreeable.
a) itself, b) themselves, c) oneself, d) ourselves
2)We must send a telegram to congratulate them ... their silver wedding.
a) for, b)
Render the text or answer the following questions. Time limit: 18-20 min.
1. An animated chat salon is made up upon
A written words. C masked characters.
B slow-moving images. D real people impersonating different characters.
2. The host could
Choose the right answer. Only one answer is correct.
1)…a lot of traffic in Tokyo.
a) It is, b) There are, c) It was, d) There is.
2)... that year the Browns lived in Brighton.
a) —, b) In, c) On, d) At
3)This must
APPENDIX 1
Составные союзы
1. as … as
My younger brother is as tall as I am
2. as long as
I
Irreqular verbs
awake
be
become
begin
blow
break
bring
build
burn
can
choose
come
cut
do
dream
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
Чтение дробных и смешанных величин
1/3
one third
3 4/5
three and four fifth
7/8 foot
seven eighth of a foot
Суффиксы
Суффиксы
Словообразование
1. существительных
-ance (-ence)
-er (-or)
-ing
-t(ion)
-ism
-ist
-(i) ty
-n
List of abbreviations
А.С. = (a.c.) = alternating current = переменный ток
a.f. = audio frequency = звуковая частота
A.F.C. = automatic frequency control = автоматическая подстройка час
VOCABULARY
A
ability n – способность
abbreviate v – сокращать
above adv - наверху, выше
abrupt а – резкий
abstract n - резюме ,
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