UNIT 26. WEAK FORMS OF WORDS - раздел Иностранные языки, Колыхалова О.А., Махмурян К.С.Учитесь говорить по-английски: Фонетический практикум. - М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 1998. 232 с The Use Of Weak Forms Is An Essential Part Of English Speech And You Must Lea...
The use of weak forms is an essential part of English speech and you must learn to use the weak forms of 33 English words if you want your English to sound English. Some words have more than one weak form and the follolwing list tells you when to use one and when the other.
| Word
| Weak Form
| Examples
|
| and
as
but
| ən
əz
bət
| Black and white.
As good as gold.
But why not?
|
| than
| ðən
| Better than ever.
|
| that
| ðət
| I admit that I did it.
|
|
| (The word that in phrases like that man, that's good is always pronounced [ðæt] and never weakened.)
|
| he
| i:
| Did he win?
|
| him
| im
| Give him two.
|
| his
| iz
| I like his tie.
|
| her
| з:
| Take her home.
|
|
| (At the beginning of word groups the forms [hi;], [him], [hiz], [hз:] should be used: He likes it. Her face is red.)
|
| them
| ðəm
| Send them by. post.
|
| us
| s (only in: let's)
| Let's do it now.
|
|
| əs
| He would let us do it.
|
| do
| də
| How do they know?
|
|
| [də] is only used before consonants. Before vowels, use the strong form [du:]: How do I know?)
|
| does
| dəz
| When does the train leave?
|
| am
| m (after I)
| I'm afraid.
|
|
| əm (elsewhere)
| When am I to be there?
|
|
|
|
|
| are
| ə
|
|
|
| (before consonants)
| The girls are beautiful.
|
|
| ər
|
|
|
| (before vowels)
| The men are ugly.
|
| be
| bi
| Don't be rude.
|
| is
| s
| That's fine.
|
|
| (after [p, t, k, f])
|
|
|
| z
| John's here.
|
|
| (after vowels and voiced consonants except [z, ʒ, ʤ] )
|
|
|
| (After [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ] the strong form [iz] is always used: Which is right?)
|
|
| was has
| wəz
əz
(after [s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ])
| The weather was terrible!
The place has changed.
|
|
| s (after [p, t, k, f, Ɵ])
| Jack's gone.
|
|
| z (elsewhere)
| John's been sick.
|
| have
| v (after I, we, you, they)
| You've broken it.
|
|
| əv (elsewhere)
| The men have gone.
|
| had
| d (after I, she, he, we, you, they)
| They'd left home.
|
|
| əd (elsewhere)
| The day had been fine.
|
|
| (At the beginning of word groups the forms [hæz, hæv, hæd] should be used: Has anyone found? When has, have, had are full verbs they should always be pronounced [hæz, hæv, hæd]: I have two brothers.)
|
| can
shall
will
| kən
ʃl
l
(after I, he, she, we, you, they)
| How can I help?
I shall be cross.
They'll give it away.
|
|
| l (after consonants except [1])
| This'll do.
|
|
a
| əl .
ə (before consonants)
| The boy will lose and the girs will win.
A shilling a dozen
|
| an
| ən
(before vowels)
| Have an apple!
|
| the
| ðə (before consonants)
| The more the merrier.
|
|
| (Before vowels the strong form [ði:] should be used: The aunts and the uncles.)
|
| some
| səm
| I need some paper.
|
|
| (When some means a certain quantity it is always stressed and therefore pronounced [sʌm]: Some of my friends.
|
| at for
| ət
fə
(before consonants)
| Come at once. Come for tea.
|
|
| fər (before vowels)
| Come for a meal.
|
| from
of
to
| frəm
əv
tə (before consonants)
| I sent it from London,
the Queen of England.
To stay or to go?
|
|
| (Before vowels the strong form [tu:] should be used: I wanted to ask you.)
|
| | | | | | | |
Exercise I.Practise the following:
| A- Weak forms(shwa)
| I B. Strong forms(full value)
|
| I swallowed afly.
| You say abook, achild,
|
| Analligator bit him.
| but anapple, anelephant.
|
| What amI doing?
| What amI to do?
|
| I'm singing a song.
| AmI serious? Yes, I'm afraid lam!
|
| Bread andbutter.
| Trifle or jelly? Trifle andjelly, please!
|
| Over andover andover again.
| Andshe's gossiping ...
|
| Where aremy glasses?
| They aremine, they are,they are.
|
| Her cakes areawful!
| Areyou alone?
|
| I'm ashappy asa king! ]
Well, asfar asI can see...
| As I pour it on, you stir it.
As I was saying before you interrupted.
|
| I got it ata cheap shop.
We're here atlast!
| He is selling it — but ata price.
What are you staring at?
|
| I'm ugly butintelligent!
They say they are, butthey are not.
| Butme no 'buts'.
Butfor me, you would all be dead.
|
| If you cando it, so canI.
I cansee a star.
| CanI come too?
Mother says I can.
|
| She said she couldcome.
I'm so angry I couldswear.
| Couldyou possibly help me?
There! I told you I could!
|
| When dowe begin?
D'you understand?
| Dolook at that funny man!
What doyou do all day long?
|
| What time doesit arrive?
What does2 and 2 make?
| Doesit work? Of course it does.
Oh, she doeslook nice!
|
|
| II
|
| My sister's prettier thanyours!
It's easier thanI expected.
| not really possible
|
| He said thatI could have it.
Tell her thatI shan't be coming.
| That's the man who shot him.
Thatbook belongs to me. I know that.
|
| Thetiger ate thehunter.
They dragged thebody into the house.
| Are you theWilliam Shakespeare?
My dear, they had themost awful row.
|
| Tell themI'm just coming.
She gave themeach a pound.
| Don't give it to us, give it to them.
Themas asks no questions, hears no lies!
|
| Is therea party tonight?
There's a burglar in my bedroom.
| Look, therehe is, over there!
Theregoes my last penny.
|
| I went toLondon tosee the Queen.
I wanted togo tothe cinema.
| Who are you giving those flowers to?
They got up toall kinds of mischief.
|
| He told usto come back later.
What do you want usto do?
| So you told the Joneses, but not us!
He's not going with you, he's coming with us.
|
| It wasa dark and stormy night.
I looked, but no one wasthere.
| Wasthere any left in the bottle?
I told you there was.
|
| They weretelling us about it.
Hundreds of people weredrowned.
| Wereyou talking to me?
Ididn't know where you were.
|
| I'd like to have a word with you.
Well, what wouldyou have done?
| Wouldyou mind controlling your dog?
Yes, I jolly well would!
|
| Where are youqoing?
What have youdone with it?
| You think youknow everything.
No one was talking to you.
|
| Could you buy one on yourway home? Don't put yourhands in your pockets.
| Yourapples are rather small.
I wouldn't like to be in yourshoes.
|
Exercise II.Transcribe, intone and read the following dialogues.
1. What a Boring Book You're Reading!
Jonathan: What are you doing, Elizabeth?
Elizabeth: What am ĩ doing? I'm reading. What does it look as though I'm doing?
Jonathan: What are you reading?
Elizabeth: A book, silly. What do you think? You can see I'm reading a book.
Jonathan: I wish I could have a look at it. Do you think I could have a look at it, Elizabeth? Elizabeth, is it an interesting book?
Elizabeth; Yes, a very interesting book. But an adult book. OK, come and have a look at it and then go away and leave me alone.
Jonathan: But what an awful book! It looks as boring as anything. How can you look at a book like that? What does it say?
Elizabeth: Jonathan! You're an awfully boring and annoying little boÿ! Go away!
2. What Have You Done with Mabel?
Serena: Barnabas, what have you done with that packet of biscuits?
Barnabas: Well, there's a sort of an alligator in a cage over there. He looked sort of hungry.
Serena: Barnabas, you didn't ...? But you must never feed an animal in a cage. I should think you've given it a bit of a stomach ache.
Barnabas: He's been brought here from America.
Serena: And anyway, I bought those biscuits for tea. What shall I tell Mother?
Barnabas: I wish I'd got some cake for him as well, Serena. He's a nice alligator.
Serena: But, my goodness, what have you done with little Mabel? Where's she gone?
Barnabas: Well, she's... sort of... gone. He did look so sad so far from America, and very hungry.
3. There's Nowhere to Go in the Jungle
Chris: Hi, Pete. All set for the final scene? Hey, what's the matter? You look as pale as a glass of vodka!
Pete: Barry and John have gone. Just upped and gone. While you were looking for the lake. I tried to stop them but there was nothing at all I could do — nothing that any of us could do.
Chris: What do you mean, gone? There's nowhere to go. In the middle of a Bolivian jungle? How would they get out?
Pete: They said there was a man who'd take them to the river — for an enormous fee — and that anything was better than dying of heat and mosquito bites in a South American jungle.
Chris: The miserable bastards! Well, go and get your camera, Pete. And the rest of the crew. We can survive without them. And I hope there's an alligator waiting for them at the river!
Exercise III.Transcribe and read the following:
1. Hello, is that you, Peter? — Yes, is that you, Betty? — Yes, can you hear me? — No, I can't. Can you speak louder? — Is that better? — Yes, that's fine. Can you come over today? — I can't come today but I can come tomorrow.
2. One day two friends went for a walk. One of them had a dog. "See here, John," one of the men said. "I'm going to put this coin here in the ground. My dog must find it. My dog is small but clever. He is as clever as I am. There goes my dog!"
Все темы данного раздела:
Гласные фонемы
[I] — монофтонг переднего отодвинутого назад ряда высокого подъема (широкой разновидности), краткий нелабиализованный. При произнесении [I] язык находится в передней части полости рта, средняя част
Согласные фонемы
[р], [b] — губно-губные смычные взрывные согласные. При их произнесении губы, смыкаясь, образуют полную преграду. Размыкание преграды осуществляется быстро и энергично, [р] — глухой согласный, прои
ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ ГЛАСНЫХ
Ударный слог
в открытом слоге
[ei]
take, place, name, cake,
ОСНОВНЫЕ ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ СОГЛАСНЫХ
перед е, i, у
[s]
face, city, bicycle
перед а, о, u
[k]
case, cat, cut, co
БУКВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ
bt
[t]
debt, doubt, subtle
ght
[t]
light, night, right
Фонетические явления
1. Палатализация— (palatalization) — смягчение согласных, возникает под влиянием следующих за ними гласных переднего ряда. Это явление характерно для русских согласных и выполняет
In a Restaurant
Peter: What would you like to eat, Edith?
Edith: A meat sandwich.
Peter: Jean? Would you like a meat sandwich or a cheese sandwich?
Jean: A cheese sandwich, please, Peter
Busy in the Kitchen
Billy: Mummy! Are you busy?
Mother: Yes, I'm in the kitchen.
Вi11y: Can I go swimming in Chichester with Jim this morning?
Mother: Jim?
Billy: Jim English. He's
An Expensive Holiday
Eddie: Hello, Ellen! Hello, Ben! Hello, Jenny!
Ben: Hello, Eddie! Have a cigarette.
Eddie: Thanks, Ben.
Ellen: Help yourself to whiskey!
J e n n y: It's on the s
A Bad Hijacker
Hostess Bradley: Alice! Perhaps that passenger is a hijacker!
Hostess Allen: Which passenger, Anne? That sad man with the camera? He's wearing black slacks and a jacket.
Hostess B
The End of the Adventure
Ken: Ted! Thank heaven! I was getting desperate. Ted: Hello there, Ken. Where are Jeff and the rest of the men? К е n: They left me in the tent with some eggs and some bread, and off they went.
Crackle, Crackle, Galactic Static
Gran: Jack, do you have to bang and slam on that piano like that?
Jack: I'm practising for our new album. It's smashing.
Gran: An album? You mean that racket you and your gang bas
Sports Reports from Channel 4
Announcer: This morning the Roarers football team arrived back from York. Paul Short is our sports reporter, and he was at the airport.
Paul Short: Good morning. This is Paul Short. All th
Fawns, Horses And a Tortoise
Paul: Any more of these awful autumn storms, George, and we'll be short of corn. I ought to have bought some more in Northport.
George: This morning, just before dawn, I thought I saw sign
The Worst Nurse
Sir Herbert: Nurse!
Colonel Burton: Nurse! I'm thirsty!
Sir Herbert: Nurse! My head hurts!
Colonel Burton: NURSE!!
Sir Herbert: Curse these nurses!
Colo
I Love You
Russ: Honey, why are you so sad? (Janet says nothing)
Russ: Honey, why are you so unhappy? I don't understand. Janet: You don't love me, Russ!
R u s s: But, honey, I love
At a Party
Margaret: Where's your glass, Barbara?
В а г b a r a: It's on the bar.
Martin: Barbara! Margaret! Come into the garden! Martha and Charles are dancing in the dark.
M a r
Making a Pass at Martha
Charlie: The dance doesn't start till half past, Martha. Let's park the car under the arch by Farmer Palmer's barn. It's not far. Ah, here we are. There's the farm cart.
Martha: Ooh, Charl
In a Good School
Miss Luke: Good afternoon, girls.
Girls: Good afternoon, Miss Luke.
Miss Luke: This afternoon we're going to learn how to cook soup. Open your books at unit ţwenty-two.
A Pair of Hairbrushes
Mary: I've lost two small hairbrushes, Claire. They're a pair.
Claire: Have you looked carefully everywhere?
Mary: Yes. They're nowhere here.
Claire: Have you looked upst
A Bearded Mountaineer
(Mr and Mrs Lear are on holiday in Austria)
Mr Lear: Let's have a beer here, dear.
Mrs Lear: What a good idea! They have very good beer here. We came here last year.
A Mouse in the House
Mrs Brown: (shouting loudly) I've found a mouse!!
Mr Brown: Ow! You're shouting too loudly. Sit down and don't shout.
Mrs Brown: (sitting down) I've found a mouse in
At the Railway Station
(Mr Grey is waiting at the railway station for a train)
Mr Grey: Hey! This train's late! I've been waiting here for ages.
Porter: Which train, sir?
Mr Grey: The 8.
Mike, Myra and Violet
(Myra and Violet are typists in the library)
Myra: (smiling) Hello, Mike!
Mike: Hello, Myra. Hello, Violet. You're looking nice, Violet.
(silence)
A Painting of a Boy
J a y: Do you like painting?
Joy: Yes. I'm trying to paint a boy lying beside a lake. Do you like it?
Jay: Hm ... Why don't you buy some oil paints?
J о у: I don't enjoy
Passports, Please
(Mr and Mrs Tupman are at the airport. They have just got off the plane from Paris.)
О f f i с а 1: Passports, please!
Mr Tupman:! think I've lost the passports, Poppy.
Happy Birthday
Bob: Hello, Barbara.
Barbara: Hello, Bob. It's my birthday today.
Bob: Oh, yes. Your birthday! Happy birthday, Barbara!
Barbara: Thanks, Bob. Somebody gave me this blouse
A Bit of Beef at the Picnic
Paul: Picnics! I detest picnics!
Kate: Paul, do stop grumbling and get the basket out of the car. We couldn't stay indoors today. It's beautiful!
Paul: I do like a proper Sunday d
A Damaged Telephone
Daisy: Dunstone 238-8282.
Donald: Hello, Daisy. This is Donald.
D i a s y: Oh hello, darling.
Donald: What did you do yesterday, Daisy? You forgot our date, didn't you?
Waiting for Templetons
Tessa: What time did you tell Templetons to get here, Martin?
Martin: Any time between 10 and 12.
Tessa: But it's after two! They're terribly late!
Martin: Why didn't you
Guests in August
Craig: I've just got a telegram from Margaret and Greg.
Carol: Are they coming to England again?
Craig: Yes. At the beginning of August.
Carol: Good. We can all get toget
The Cuckoo Clock
Mrs Cook: Would you like some cream in your coffee, Mrs Clark?
Mrs С 1 a r k: No thank you. But I'd like a little milk.
Mrs Cook: Would you like some chocolate cakes?
Mrs
Eggs from the Greek Grocer
Gladys: Gran, I'm hungry. Can we go home?
Granny: Grumbling again, Gladys! A great big girl like you. Now take my grey bag and go and get some eggs from the grocer, there's a good girl.
Cash in the Ice-Cream Carton
Colin: OK, Mike. At six o'clock you take a taxi to the bank. Max will come out with the cash in a cream-coloured case...
Mike: I'm to collect the cash?
Colin: Of course. Don't ask
At an Accommodation Agency
Mr Mason: Good morning. I want an apartment in central London.
Manager: Certainly, sir. How much rent did you want to pay?
Mr Mason: No more than $27 a month.
Manager: $2
Noisy Neighbours
Mr P r i n g: (angrily) Bang! Bang! Bang! What are the Kings doing at seven o'clock on Sunday morning?
Mrs P r i n g: Well, Mr King is singing.
Mr P r i n g: Yes, but what'
A King and a Song
I n g r i d: There once was a king —
Mungo: King of England?
I n g r i d: No. This king's kingdom was far-flung, stretching along the banks of every winding river, spreading into
A Fine View
V e r a: Has your family lived here for very long?
Victor: Five and a half years. We arrived on the first of February.
V e r a: What a fine view you have! Victor: Yes. I love livi
A Walk in the Woods
G w e n: Did you see Victor on Wednesday, Wendy?
Wendy: Yes. We went for a walk in the woods near the railway.
G w e n: Wasn't it cold on Wednesday?
Wendy: Yes. It was ve
A Visit to Vladivostok
Oliver: Victor, have you ever visited Vladivostok?
Victor: Never. In fact, I haven't travelled further than Liverpool.
Oliver: I've had an invitation from the University of Vladiv
Twenty Foreign Visitors
W i 1 m a: What are you giving your foreign visitors on Wednesday evening, Winnie? How many — twelve, is it?
Winnie: Twenty. Twelve of William's Swedish representatives, eight of them with
Surprises in the Post Office
Mns Smith: This parcel smells, Mrs Jones.
M r s Jones: Something's written on it.
M r s S m i t h: What does it say?
Mrs!Jones:It says: This parcel contains six m
A Sweet Siamese Student
Sam: That Siamese student seems a nice sort of person.
Stan: Yes. serious, sensible — a bit insecure, perhaps. Eldest of six — the rest still at school.
S a m: I see her sister so
A Special Washing Machine
Mrs Marsh: Does this shop sell washing machines?
Mr Shaw: Yes. This is the newest washing machine, madam.
Mrs M a r s h: Is it Swedish?
Mr Shaw: No, madam. It's English.
George Churchill
Jerry: Just outside this village there's a very dangerous bridge.
John: Yes. Charles told me two jeeps crashed on it in January. What happened?
Jerry: Well George Churchill was th
Early for Lunch
Mr Alien: Hello, Lily. You're looking lovely today.
Waitress: Hello, Mr Alien. You're early for lunch. It's only eleven o'clock.
Mr Alien: When I come later there's usually nothin
A Proud Parent
Mrs Randal: Are" all the children grown up now, Ruth?
Mrs R e e d: Oh yes. Laura is the cleverest one. She's a librarian in the public library.
Mrs Randal: Very interesting.
A Lovely Little lion
Billy: I love wild life in its natural element. Look at all your lovely animals, Lucy. Lots and lots.
Lucy: Eleven, actually.
Billy: And look! Here's a lovely little lion — a real
The Respective Merits of Frogs and Rabbits
Roger: My rabbit can roar like a rhinoceros.
Barry: Rubbish! Rabbits don't roar, Roger.
Roger: You're wrong, Barry. My rabbit's an Arabian rabbit. They're very rare. When he's ang
A Dreadful Train Crash
P r u e: Weren't you in that train crash on Friday, Fred?
Fred: Oh Prue, it's like a dreadful dream.
P r u e: A tractor — isn t that right? — crossing a bridge with a trailer of f
Gossips
Judith: Edith Smith is only thirty. Ethel: Is she? I thought, she was thirty-three. Judith: Edith's birthday was last Thursday. Ethel: Was it? 1 thought it was last month.
Judith: The Smit
The Hat in the Window
Miss Brothers: I want to buy the hat in the window.
Assistant: There are three hats together in the window, madam. Do you want the one with the feathers?
Miss Brothers: No. The ot
A Horrible Accident
Helen: Hello, Ellen.
Ellen: Hello, Helen. Have you heard? There's been a horrible accident.
Helen: Oh dear! What's happened?
Ellen: Hilda Higgins' husband has had an acci
To a False Friend
(by Th. Hood)
Our hands have met, but not our hearts;
Our hands will never meet again.
Friends, if we have ever been,
Friends, we cannot now remain;
I o
A Few General Rules
(a) Always stress the syllable before one that's pronounced [fn] -ssion/-tion, [fs] -cious/-tious, [fl] -cial/-tíal, etc.
e. g. a'ttention 'spacious ,arti'ficia
Синтагма
В предложении могут быть одна или несколько синтагм или интонационных групп. Синтагмой называется относительно законченный по смыслу отрезок предложения. Синтагма может состоять из одного сл
Table of Notation in the Text
Каждая синтагма заканчивается восходящим или нисходящим тоном последнего ударн
LOGICAL STRESS ЛОГИЧЕСКОЕ УДАРЕНИЕ
Логическое ударение -- это особое средство выделения какого-либо слова, используемого в качестве интонационного средства противопоставления или усиления. Слово с логическим ударением
Looking For Something Pretty
Salesgirl: Good morning, madam. Can I help you at all?
Annabel: Well, I'm looking for a dress. Something to wear at the theatre. Something pretty.
Salesgirl: Certainly, mad
UNIT 10. INTONATION OF SPECIAL QUESTIONS ИНТОНАЦИЯ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ ВОПРОСОВ
Специальные вопросы обычно произносятся нисходящим тоном. Например:
He Has One Rabbit at Home
Teacher: "Who can tell me how much five and one make?" No answer.
Teacher: "Suppose I give you five rabbits and then another rabbit. How many rabbits would you have?&
Morning and Evening
— What time do you get up as a rule?
— Generally about half past seven.
— Why so early?
— Because I usually catch an early train up to town.
— When do you get to
Afternoon Tea
— Good afternoon, Mrs. White, how are you?
— Very well indeed, thank you, and how are you?
— Quite well, thank you. Won't you sit down. Excuse me, please. I think that's my niece
Every Cloud Has Its Silver Lining
The father was reading the school report which had just been handed to him by his hopeful son. His brow was wrathful as he read, "English — poor, French — weak, mathematics — poor," and h
Cinderella
Once upon a time there lived a young girl called Cinderella. She had a step-mother and two ugly step-sisters. One day the Prince invited them to a ball. The ugly sisters went but Cinderella had to
Too Great a Majority
George Bernard Show's gift of ready wit is well-illustrated by the story of how he turned the laugh against a member of the public who was expressing disapproval of one of his plays.
It wa
I. JOKES
BABY BEGINS TO SPEAK
"I've had a dreadful day," the wife complained to her husband. "First the baby cut his first tooth, then he took his first step, and then he fell and kn
II. TALES
THE COUNTRY MOUSE AND THE CITY MOUSE
Once upon a time a city mouse visited his cousin in the country. The country mouse shared his simple but wholesome food. Peas, barley, corn, tasty root
The Moral
A simple meal eaten in peace is better than a banquet eaten in fear and trembling.
THE FOX AND THE GRAPES
One hot summer day the fox hunted for miles and miles without seei
The Moral
Only a fool will despise what he cannot get for himself.
LITTLE RED RIDING-HOOD
Once upon a time there was a little girl who was very pretty and very good. Her mother and her gran
III. TEXTS
WASHINGTON
New York is a place to have fun. San Francisco is great for a holiday, but Washington is wonderful for tourists, because there are so many famous and historical places to see.
IV. LECTURES
WHY USE GAMES? (by Julia Khan)
Characteristics of games
What is a game? Everyone feels intuitively that they know but definition is elusive. Perhaps we can say that, "
V. POEMS
LITTLE ROBIN REDBREAST
Little Robin Redbreast sat upon a tree,
Up went Pussy-cat and down went he;
Down came Pussy-cat and away Robin ran;
Said littte Robin Redb
WRITTEN IN MARCH (by William Wordsworth)
The cock is crowing,
The stream is flowing,
The small birds twitter,
The lake doth[14] glitter,
The green field sleeps in the sun;
The oldest and younge
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Введение.......................................................................................................... 2
ЗВУКИ..................................................................
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