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Êàôåäðà ³íîçåìíèõ ìîâ
Ìåòîäè÷íèé ïîñ³áíèê
Äî ïðàêòè÷íèõ çàíÿòü
Ç àíãë³éñüêî¿ ìîâè ïðîôåñ³éíîãî ñïðÿìóâàííÿ
Äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â II êóðñó
ñïåö³àëüíîñò³ “Àãðîíîì³ÿ”
(åëåêòðîííèé âàð³àíò)
Óêëàäà÷³:
Ëàøóê Í.Ì.
ͳêîëàºíêî Î.Â.
Óøàòà Ò.Î.
Content
1. Agricultural land use 4
2. Agricultural systems 6
3. Development of agriculture 9
4. Agricultural change 13
5. Plantation agriculture 15
6. Plants for the future 18
7. Chemicals in our food – two sides of an argument 22
8. China tries organic farming for a change 24
Scan the text and formulate the main ideas. Read the text again carefully and memorize it, then retell the text close to the original.
Unit 1.
Factors involved in land use.The way in which people use their land and organize their agricultural activities varies greatly. Physical, economic and human factors all exert an influence uponagriculture, although the importance of each varies from place to place. These factors are also interrelated.
At the global scale the distribution of agriculture is most influenced by climate. Large parts of the planet are unsuitable for farming because they are either too cold or too dry. All crops have minimumrequirements for heat. Growth usually begins when the dailyair temperature rises above 6°C. Moreover, temperatures have tobe above this critical level for at least 120 days. As you go nearer to thepoles, temperatures fall and the growing season shorten, until cultivationis impossible. This is the main reason why cultivation rarely extends beyond latitude 60° in the northern hemisphere. Crops also have minimum moisture requirements. The world's hot deserts, such as the Saharan, Arabian and Australian deserts, are too dry for cultivation unless water is availablefor irrigation. High mountains such as the Himalayas and Andessupport few farming activities. As well as severe climates they also have steep slopes and thin soils.
In the more developed countries of the world, where scientific knowledge is applied to farming, economic and human factors tend to play a particularly important role. Physical problems can, to some extent, be overcome. In Holland, for example, a lot of the present farming land has in fact been reclaimed from beneath the sea. In Australia, water from the Snowy river has been diverted to irrigate land in the southeastern Australia, so making it possible to increase crop fields there. In Canada and the USA scientific plant rearing has made it possible to extend the cultivation of wheat into areas which were previously thought to have been too dry or too cold.
A) agriculture
B) pollution
C) crop
D) irrigation
E) cultivation
Write a clear well-structured description of vegetable farm or poultry farm from variety of information sources. Give detailed information about the farm’s history, its annual yields, machinery fleet and human resources used on it, and about its profits.
Unit 2.
Which form fits where?
Reduce, reduced, reduction
The aim of the liquid manure recycling system is profitable electrical power generation plus the … of residue volume.
Benefit from the … investment costs and permanently more efficient process controls of Farmer Automatic.
The aim of any farmer is to … production costs.
Compare, comparable
To this end manure is first dried and converted into a high-grade fuel with a … calorific value to lignite.
The farmers have an opportunity to … these two systems.
Save, safety
With Farmer Automatic Complete Liquid Manure Recycling System you don’t just … money, you make it!
The Farmer Automatic guarantees your process … via controls and sensor monitoring of all important parameters.
Natural disasters: Famine and flood
If a country has no rain for a long time, this dry period is called a ____ . In countries dependent on their agriculture, this can lead to a period of ____, when there is not enough food and people actually ____ (die of hunger). They die of _____ . When it rains very heavily and the land is under water, this is called a ____ . Sometimes _____ have to _______ food supplies to people in areas which are ______ .
Unit 3.
Complete the following text using the given words below: stems, wheats, cereals, legumes, roots, protein
Unit 4.
Grassland - ïàñîâèùå
damage the environment – íàíîñèòè øêîäó íàâêîëèøíüîìó ñåðåäîâèùó
expand production – ðîçøèðþâàòè âèðîáíèöòâî
Answer the following questions.
1. What were the consequences of the overproduction of food?
2. What made the EU farmers reduce the output of farming? How did they do this?
3. Why is organic farming attractive for farmers, customers and governments?
The chemical element of atomic number 7, a colourless, odourless unreactive gas that forms about 78 per cent of the earth's atmosphere.
2)the exploitation of biological processes for industrial and other purposes, especially the genetic manipulation of micro-organisms
for the production of antibiotics, hormones.
A simple meal that is quick to cook and to eat.
4)the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another
5)the part of a cell in a living thing which controls its physical characteristics, growth, and development.
FOCUS ON WORD FORMATION
7. Complete the table:
| noun | adjective | verb | adverb |
| application | acceptible herbaceous hereditable | till increase prepare | respectively |
A) residue
B) logo
C) encourage
D) poisonous
Use the correct preposition: on, by, over, in, of, from, to
For self-studying
I. TESTS. PLANTS.
I. Put each of the following words and phrases in its correct place in the passage below.
bacteria breeds cheese forests
fungi grasses plant kingdom plants
rocks scientists seed-bearing shrubs
species stems varieties world
Herbs
Herb is a low-growing plant that has a _______ or juicy stem when it is young. The word herb
comes from Latin word herba, meaning "grass" or "_____".Some herbs are used in cooking. Although they have little food _____ they make food tasty and full of ________ .Other herbs give ________to perfumes. Others still are used for _________.
Herbs are frequently ______ as annuals,_______, and perennials. An annual goes through its ________from seed to ________in a year. A biennial requires two ________to complete the cycle. A ________ may live many seasons, producing seeds ________ after year once the plant has become _________.
PLANTS. Choose the word that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the capitalized word or phrase.
1. The walnut is a deciduous tree that BEARS valuable nuts.
a) enriches
b) hides
c) replaces
d) yields
2. The orchid is an EXOTIC plant to see blooming in many European gardens
a) a beautiful
b) a colourful
c) a common
d) an unusual
3. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on how it is PRUNED.
a) nourished
b) planted
c) trimmed
d) watered
4. The flowers will WITHER in a few hours.
a) bloom
b) dry up
c) open
d) revive
2. The needle-like leaves of the giant redwood tree are MINISCULE, each scarcely a quarter of an inch long.
a) pretty
b) thorny
c) tiny
d) wiry
3. Leeks are CULTIVATED throughout much of the world.
a) cooked
b) dried
c) grown
d) seen
4. The principal areas inhabited by marine algae are rocky SHORES, salt marshes, and shallow water.
a) cliffs
b) coasts
c) pools
d) rivers
e) Soot STICKS TO anything it touches.
a) blackens
b) clings to
c) points to
d) streaks
9. The flower is the MOST ATTRACTIVE, most colourful and most fragrant part of many plants.
a) prettiest
b) rarest
c) softest
d) strongest
10. Roses are POPULAR flowers in Polish gardens.
a) accustomed
b) favourite
c) ordinary
d) vulgar
II. Scan texts and formulate the main ideas. Read texts again carefully and memorize them, then retell the texts close to the original.
Notes
insect— êîìàõà
insecticide— çàñ³á â³ä êîìàõ
vulnerable — âðàçëèâèé
foliage — ëèñòÿ
remedial — ë³êóâàëüíèé
suffocation — çàäóøåíèÿ
Care of Sow and Pigs
Water
Hogs will not thrive without sufficient water, and gains are more costly when it is not supplied abundantly. Clean drinking water, which is not contaminated by surface drainage, is important in the prevention of disease and parasites. Selfwatering devices that furnish a continuous supply have proved satisfactory. If troughs are used, they should be constructed so as to keep the pigs from lying m them.
Pasture
A good pasture has the following effect:
1) It lessens the amount of high-priced protein feed needed in the grain ration.
2) It increases health and vigour of the swine.
3) When properly rotated, it aids in sanitation and roundworm prevention.
4) It helps to maintain soil fertility.
Protein Requirements
The feeds commonly used for swine may be roughly divided into two classes: fattening feeds, such as corn, barley and rye that are rich in carbohydrates or fattening nutriment, but which do not carry a sufficient proportion of protein to meet swine needs; and growing feeds, rich in protein. Adding suitable protein feed to the fattening feeds reduces the amount of feed required per unit of gain and improves the thrift and vigour of the animals.
Location
The buildings and equipment should be located on ground having good natural drainage. A building on a southern slope with a natural windbreak behind it and a sunny exposure throughout the day is most satisfactory. The hog lots should be as near pasture as possible. All of the equipment should be far enough from the house so that odours will not reach the house.
Note
sow— ñâèíÿ
litter— âèâîäîê
sour— êèñëèé
udder— âèì'ÿ
moldy— çàñòàð³ëèé, íåïðèäàòíèé
to thrive (throve, thriven)— äîñÿãàòè ycnixie
succulent— ñîêîâèòèé
forage — ôóðàæ, êîðì
troughs – ãîä³âíèö³
Notes
bran – âèñ³âêè
middlings – äðóãîñîðòíèé òîâàð
palatable – ñìà÷íèé
disastrous – çãóáíèé
deformity – ïîòâîðí³ñòü
unthrifty – íåîùàäëèâèé
listless – ìëÿâèé
chill – ïðîñòóäà
Wheat
Most widely used selected varieties of winter wheat(Ukrainka, Stavropolska, etc.) surpass the best American varieties.
The largest winter wheat producing areas are the southern regions of Ukraine, where the winters are mild. At one time these regions constituted 70 percent of the total wheat producing area. Nowadays the cultivation of winter wheat is spreading to the North.
Factors which will almost double wheat yields in our country are as follows: 1. The fertility of the soil. 2. The rotation of crops. 3. Barnyard manures. 4. Chemical fertilizers. 5. Early ploughing. 6. The time of sowing. 7. Plump and heavy grains for seed. 8. Proper rate of seeding. 9. Prolific and adaptable strains. 10. Combating of diseases and insects.
Early ploughing is an important factor in securing more wheat per hectare. Wheat yields greatly depend on the time of seeding in a given region or district. An early prepared soil conserves the soil moisture much better than a soil that is prepared late. The grain and straw yield is almost in direct proportion to the amount of available moisture present at seeding time. A few suggestions may be made: 1) As throughout the wheat belt the amount of moisture at seeding time is often very limited the soil should be prepared in such a way that a maximum of the rainfall may be conserved. 2) Any seed bed containing a fair amount of available moisture will produce such a stand of wheat that the dangers from winter killing are minimized. 3) Later sowing may be employed when plenty of soil moisture is present, and thereby the Hessian fly may be almost wholly, if not entirely, avoided. Wheat demands a mellow, well prepared, compact seed bed. Thoroughly disking the soil before ploughing insures a uniform, mellow seed bed and is recommended as good farm practice. Late ploughing should not exceed under ordinary conditions 18— 20 cm. The soil for wheat should be thoroughly disked to insure a uniform mellow seed bed.
The rate of seeding wheat is a very complicated problem. One must take into consideration climate and soil conditions, the tilling of the soil, the time of seeding wheat, the quality of seed, the method of seeding, etc.
About 4 million of winter wheat seed are to be sown per hectare in arid steppe-land region, 5 million in black soil regions and 6 million in other regions.
Barnyard manures aid in increasing wheat yields. Black soil should be manured at the rate of 18—20 ton per hectare, the soil of the northern regions at the rate of 30—35 ton per hectare. Fertilizers should be applied as well.
Combating the enemies of wheat is a large and important factor in its production. There are two classes of enemies of wheat, fungi and insects. Of the fungous diseases there are three that are important, namely, the loose smut, the stinking smut and the rust.
Notes
to surpass –ïåðåâåðøóâàòè
manure –ãí³é, äîáðèâî
plump –ïîâíèé
thereby –òàêèì ÷èíîì; çà äîïîìîãîþ
fly – ìóõà
mellow –ñòèãëèé
to till –îáðîáëÿòè çåìëþ
smut –ñàæà; áðóä
Notes
wholesome – çäîðîâèé, êîðèñíèé
to germinate – ïðîðîñòàòè
parsnip – ïàñòåðíàê
apart – íà â³ääàë³
edge – êðàé
Notes
mean— ñåðåäòé
ample — äîñòàòøé
gravel — ãðàâø
hale — ãëèíèñòûé ñëàíåöü
loam — ãðóíò (ðîäþ÷èé)
to puddle— òðàìáóâàòè
peat— òîðô
muck— ãí³é
protracted— òðèâàëèé, äîâãèé
drought— ïîñóõà
shallow— íåãëèáîêèé
objective— ìåòà
to aerate— ïðîâ³òðþâàòè
ridge— ãðåá³íü ãîðè
harrow— áîðîíà
to sprout— ïóñêàòè ïàãîíè; ðîñòè
hoe— ñàïà; ìîòèãà
to hill— îêó÷óâàòè
bruise [bru:z]— ñèíåöü
vine [vain]— ïîâçó÷à ðîñëèíà
shrink— ïåðåñèõàòè
to cause [ko:z] — ñïðè÷èíÿòè, âèêëèêàòè
decay [di'kei] — ðîçïàä; ãíèòòÿ
friable —êðèõêèé, ðèõëèé
Notes
moth -ìåòåëèê
flea [fli:] —áëîõà
beetle [bi:tl] —æóê
grub —ëè÷èíêà
bore [bo:] —áóðèòè
click —êëàöàííÿ
wedge— êëèí
wingless— áåçêðèëèé
speckle [spekl]— ïëÿìà
larvae [la:vi:] —ëè÷èíêè
burrow— íîðà
tuber flea beetle – æóê-áëîøêà êëóáíåâà
Diseases of Potatoes
Potato diseases can be divided into three groups based on cause: I) those produced by viruses, 2) those of a parasitic nature caused by bacteria and fungi, and 3) those produced by adverse environmental conditions.
Notes
virus [vaisres] — â³pyc
fungus — ãðèáîê
to propagate — ðîçìíîæóâàòèñÿ
rugose— çìîðøêóâàòèé
calico — êîëåíêîð
dwarf— íèçüêîðîñëèé; êàðëèê
medium— çàñ³á, ñïîñ³á
crinkle– ñêëàäêà
Notes
strawberry —ñóíèö³; ïîëóíèö³
currant –ñìîðîäèíà; ïîð³÷êè
gooseberry –àãðóñ
raspberry –ìàëèíà
capricious –êàïðèçíèé
adjoining –ùî ïðèëÿãàº; ñóñ³äíèé
to withstand –âèñòîÿòè, ïðîòèñòîÿòè
abuse –îáðàçà; çëîâæèâàííÿ
to caution— çàñòåð³ãàòè
injurious –øê³äëèâèé
pollination –çàïèëåííÿ
Notes
clover -êîíþøèíà
cereals -õë³áí³ çëàêè
fibrous -âîëîêíèñòèé
hollow -ïóñòèé, ïîðîæí³é
oblong -äîâãàñòèé
corn -êóêóðóäçà
oats -îâåñ
hence[hens] - îòæå
crimson [krimzn] -ìàëèíîâèé êîë³ð
perennial -áàãàòîð³÷íà ðîñëèíà
limestone[laimstoun] - âàïíÿê
to trail [treil] -òÿãòè(ñÿ), çâèñàòè
to perpetuate -óâ³÷íþâàòè
noxious -øê³äëèâèé
biennial- äâîð³÷íà ðîñëèíà
Notes
alfalfa— ëþöåðíà
penetrating — ïðîíèêëèâèé, ãîñòðèé
depth — ãëèáèíà
to rest— äàâàòè ñïî÷èíîê
timothy — òèìîô³¿âêà (êîðìîâà òðàâà)
arid— ñóõèé, ïîñóøëèâèé
stratum ['streitam] — ïëàñò, øàð
to excel — ïåðåâàæàòè
to comprise — îõîïëþâàòè, ìicmumu
pervious— ÿêèé ïðîïóñêàâ (âîëîãó)
to inoculate — ðîáèòè ùåïëåííÿ
harrow — áîðîíà
manure— ãí³é, äîáðèâî
˳òåðàòóðà
1. Ìèøòàë Ìàðèóø. Òåìàòè÷åñêèå òåñòû ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó: [Ïîñîáèå]. – Ê.: Çíàííÿ, 2004. – 352 ñ. – Àíãë., ðóñ.
2. Ånglish: Òåêñòè. ϳäðó÷íèê. Äëÿ ñòóäåíò³â ³íæåíåðíèõ, àãðàðíèõ, ìåäè÷íèõ âèùèõ íàâ÷àëüíèõ çàêëàä³â./ Óêëàäà÷ ª.Î.Ìàíñ³. – Ê. : Âèäàâíè÷èé öåíòð «Àêàäàì³ÿ», 2004. – 432ñ. (Àëüìà-ìàòåð)
3. ABBY Lingvo14 (àíãëî-óêðà¿íñüêèé åëåêòðîííèé ñëîâíèê)
4. Cunningham W. P. Environmental Science. – 3d ed. Wm. C. Brown Communications, Inc., 1995.
5. Fresco L.O., Wespal E. A Hierarchical Classification of Farm Systems / Experimental Agriculture. – 2004. – p. 399-419.
6. Hickman C.P. Biology of Animals. – 6th ed., Wm. C. Brown Communications, Inc., 1998.
7. Kay R. D., Edwards W. M. Agricultural Economics. – N. Y.: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1994.
8. Norman D.W., Norman F.D. The Farming Systems Approach to Development and Appropriate Technology Generation / FAO Farm Systems Management Series
9. Stuart Redman. English Vocabulary in Use (pre-intermediate and intermediate). – Cambridge University Press, 1997. – 266 p.
10. http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CB%FC%E2%B3%E2