Insect Enemies of Potatoes - раздел Иностранные языки, Методичний посібник До практичних занять З англійської мови професійного спрямування Для студентів II курсу спеціальності “Агрономія” There Are Many Insects Which Are Extremely Destructive To Potatoes; Wire-Worm...
There are many insects which are extremely destructive to potatoes; wire-worms, potato tuber moth, eastern potato leafhopper, eastern potato flea beetle, tuber flea beetle and the true potato aphids, white grubs and seed corn maggot are occasionally troublesome in some districts.
Wireworms.Wireworms are the most destructive insect pests of potatoes. These hard, shiny, yellow worms bore into the potato tubers and into seed pieces. The adults are slender, brown or black, hard-shelled beetles known as click beetles. They are present in the adult stage for but a short time in the spring during the mating egg-laying period.
Almost their entire life of several years is spent beneath the surface of the soil.
Intel-mountain Potato Leafhoppers. Adult intermountain potato leafhoppers are slender, wedge-shaped, pale green insects about 3 cm long. In the adult stage they apparently pass the winter in grass and weeds, at the margins of fields and elsewhere. They emerge in the spring and begin laying eggs in the tissues of their favourite host plants. The eggs hatch in about a week to 10 days, and the nymphs, which are smaller than the adults and wingless, feed upon the leaves of the host plant. Their feeding causes a speckled, white-stippled appearance of the leaves, especially the lower ones. These insects do not cause severe damage to potatoes and are not responsible for early maturity of potato vines.
Aphids. The true potato aphid is very destructive to potatoes in some regions.
Other aphids occur on potatoes but rarely cause damage. Leaves which are heavily infested curl, turn yellow or brown and die. Aphids are small, green or greenish-yellow, softbodied insects which feed in clusters, chiefly on the undersides of leaves. The winged forms migrate to potatoes from other plants or adjacent fields.
Colorado Potato Beetles. Adults of the Colorado potato beetles are plump, yellow and black striped insects. There are five black lines running length-wise on each wing. The eggs are orange-yellow and are deposited in clusters of 10 to 12 on the undersides of potato leaves. The young are brick-red hump backed larvae about 10 — 12 mm long. The colour changes to orange as the larvae grow. There are two rows of black spots along each side of the body.
Both the adults and their young feed upon the foliage of potatoes and closely related plants, often completely defoliating the vines. Mature larvae drop to the ground and burrow into the soil a short distance to pupate. They remain in this stage 5 to 10 days and then change to the adults. They pass the winter as adults at a depth of 15 to 20 cm in the soil. A partial second generation is sometimes produced. Fields should be watched closely during the spring and early summer for the presence of the beetles on the young plants. If only a few beetles are found they may be destroyed by hand with little effort and thus many later infestations prevented. Such procedure might easily delay for some time the need for expensive spraying or dusting machinery.
Dusting potato plants with calcium arsenate is effective in controlling the potato beetle. Calcium arsenate dust applied with a hand duster is especially recommended for use in home gardens and in large fields where the insects are found in only a few scattered places. Calcium arsenate dust is diluted at the rate of 1 part to 3 parts of inert carrier such as talc, diatomaceous earth, hydrated lime or low-grade flour.
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Чернігів, 2011
Методичний посібник призначений для студентів II курсу спеціальності «Агрономія». Посібник охоплює збалансоване висвітлення тем, що корелюють з сільськогосподарською діяльністю
For self-studying
I. Tests 28
II. Texts 34
Insects and Insecticides 34
Care of Sow and Pigs 36
Grains and Grain By-Products 37
Wheat 38
Vegetable Gard
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
Agriculture is an important economic activity. It includes growingcrops and rearing animals. Agriculture produces a wide range ofproducts for manufacturing industries as
Vocabulary
pollution – забруднення
the Earth’s surface – поверхня Землі
interrelated – взаємопов’
F) requirement
1) the planting, tending, improving, or harvesting of crops or plants
2) the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growi
Agricultural systems
In the economically developed world, most all farming is commercial. Farmers produce crops and livestock products for sale to make a profit. In the economically developing w
Vocabulary
Livestock – домашня худоба
Self-sufficient – самодостатній
Subsistence agriculture
Adjusts, adjustable
This system is … .
The Farmer Automatic Power System automatically … to the type of fuel, which is automatically brought into the system for gasification.
3. Use th
FOCUS ON WORD FORMATION
5. Complete the table:
noun
adjective
verb
development
irrigation
Can you re-group the following words according to families of meaning?
Vegetables, Livestock, Poultry, Grains
Rabbit, wheat, sheep, tomato, hen, cow, cucumber, cabbage, rye, chicken, pig, barley, millet, turkey, sorghum, carrot, oat, potato, goose, hor
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1. Read the text and decide which paragraphs are about these subjects:
· the green revolution
· agribusiness
· crops for the future
· nomadi
Vocabulary
Edible - їстівний
Nomadic – кочовий
Domesticate - приручати
Catfish – сом
Trout - форель
Salmon - лосось
Oysters and shellfish – устриці та молюски
Foresee - пе
The Clovers
The cereals belong to the grass family of plants. The grasses have fibrous 1._____, hollow, jointed 2.______ and narrow, long leaves. The legumes of the field and garden have long tap-roots,
Garden Tools
A hand trowel (use) for planting, scooping soil, and remove weeds.
We (use)shovelsto dig, mix and lift soil.
Hoe(be necessary) t
AGRICULTURAL CHANGE
Over the last thirty years agricultural change in the economically developing world has been closely related to population growth. There has been an urgent needto
Vocabulary
Population growth - ріст населення
Urgent need – нагальна потреба
High-tech solutions –
Translation. Render it in Ukrainian.
1. Farmers use natural resources, such as soil and water, to produce a variety of foods and other agricultural resources.
2. Commercial farmers raise crops or livestock for income. Most co
Vocabulary Review
3. Fill in the gaps. Choose the lexical units from the list below: a. conflicts; b. fertilizer; c. green revolution; d. irrigation; e. "miracle seeds"; f. priorities; g.
Unit 5.
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
Plantation agriculture is an extensive system of agriculture, in the sense that very large amounts
Vocabulary
extensive system – екстенсивна система
indigenous – природній, властивий
herbicides –
Fill in the missing words in the table
General noun
Verb
Personal noun
Agriculture
Use the correct verb form.
Manager’s first job (be) to establish goals for the business. In the case of a hired manager, the business owner (establish) and (communicate) them to the manager. Without goals there (be) no way t
Diseases of Carrots in Relation to Diseases of Other Crops
In order to rotate crops to advantage as a disease control measure, the interrelations of the major diseases of carrots and other crops must be understood. So far as is known, bacterial blight of c
Unit 6.
PLANTS FOR THE FUTURE
The world is entering the age of biotechnology, where scientists can alter the genes that carry the biological codes controlling
Vocabulary
heredity – спадковість
resistance to disease – опір хворобі
ventures – ризикований зах
To make or become better in quality.
7)the ability not to be affected by something
3. Translate the following words and phrases into English: змінювати ге
Answer the questions about given fruits and vegetables given below: banana, onion, lettuce, apple, carrot, pea, tomato, celery
What fruits and vegetables are red in color? What of the chosen is hard and soft?
What fruits and vegetables are round? Which of them has strong odour when cut open? What is white and what
Discussion
1. What are genetically-modified foods?
2. What are some of the advantages of GM foods?
· pest resistance
· herbicide tolerance
· disease resistance
Unit 7.
CHEMICALS IN OUR FOOD - TWO SIDES OF AN ARGUMENT
Much of the food that leaves a farmer's field undergoes several processing steps before it rea
Vocabulary
Undergo – перенести
Ground – перемелений
Flour – мука
Pepper –
According to the text are the following statements true or false?
1. Nowadays all food additives come from nature.
2. Chemicals cannot make any harm to our bodies.
3. Every living and non-living thing is made up of chemicals or combinations of t
Vocabulary
Abundance – велика кількість
Invisible threat –невидима загроза
Haphazard – випадковий
E) repel
1) a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used
2) drive or force (an attack or attacker) back or away
Use the correct verb form.
Ukraine (be) famous for its vast plains called steeps. The plains (cover) with fertile black soil, which has made Ukraine one of the world’s leading farming regions. During the Soviet rule, farmers
Changes in livestock farming of Great Britain
Livestock production has seen dramatic changes ___ the post-war years. Dairy farming is a good example to illustrate the nature ____ these changes. Between 1960 and 1980 the milk yields of cows inc
Find the missing words to fill the gaps in these sentences: crops, cows, harvest, labor force, picked up, pesticides, meadows.
Less than 2% of the British ____ is employed on farms. In the autumn, at _____ time, the ______ in the fields have to be gathered in and the fruit in the orchards has to be ______. In the Alps, ___
Kinds of Plants
1.________know that there are more than 335,000 different 2. _______ of plants. Actually, if we travelled all over the 3_______ we could see more different kinds of plants than these, but some of t
The Appearance of Plants
Plants can be almost any colour 1._______.They may be 2._____, or so small that you cannot see them with the 3._______ eye. A giant 4._______is just as much a plant as a 5._____tree, 6.______plant,
INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES
The effective control of injurious insects demands a knowledge of the habit of the insects themselves, so that they may be attacked at the most vulnerable points.
Insects differ greatly in
Age to Wean Pigs
Producers differ in opinion on the age at which pigs should be weaned. Pigs are weaned at all ages ranging from 5 to 12 weeks. If two litters are to be raised each year, the pigs should be weaned a
Good Pasture
Good pasture should be a part of every summer ration. Alfalfa, clover, rape, sweetclover, bluegrass, and many other crops are recommended for hog pastures. Any of these are excellent during the per
Sanitation
Sanitation in hog production requires the adoption of methods that prevent disease and conserve health. It is really a part of herd maintenance and must be combined with the necessary veterinary se
Grains and Grain By-Products
This classification includes such feeds as wheat bran, shorts, cow-peas. Of these feeds the most commonly used for calves are bran and shorts or middlings. They are considerably lower in protein th
Vegetable Gardening
It may be stated in general terms that vegetables contain about 75 to 90 percent water, 5 to 15 percent carbohydrates, 1 to 2 percent protein, 0.7 to 1.0 percent ash, and a small amount of fats. Th
Potato Growing
The potatois a cool-climate plant, and a moderate temperature is necessary for its best growth. Therefore, early-spring planting usually assures that the crop will be well establis
Virus Diseases
The exact nature of the causes of these diseases is not known. However, evidence indicates that they are caused by the so-called filterable viruses. A filterable virus capable of p
Fruits and Berries
Strawberries, plums, currants and gooseberries can be grown in all parts of our country. Red and black raspberries, though equall
Advantages of Red Clover
Red clover has several advantages: the roots of red clover feed deeper than the grasses and hence tend to rest the surface soil; the deep tap-roots of red clover open up the soil and subsoil, and t
White Clover
White clover is the most important pasture legume. It is perennial and grows best in moist, well-drained black loam series of limestone formation. White clover pro
Sweet Clover
Sweet clover, at one time considered a noxious weed, is rapidly coming into common use for the following advantages that it possesses:
1) It will grow in almost any type o
Alfalfa
Alfalfa is the equal or superior of any other plants as a soil build-Alfalfa is a legume, and the legumes have the capacity through the bacteria, that cause nodules on the roots to fix the nitrogen
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