INSECTS AND INSECTICIDES - раздел Иностранные языки, Методичний посібник До практичних занять З англійської мови професійного спрямування Для студентів II курсу спеціальності “Агрономія” The Effective Control Of Injurious Insects Demands A Knowledge Of The Habit O...
The effective control of injurious insects demands a knowledge of the habit of the insects themselves, so that they may be attacked at the most vulnerable points.
Insects differ greatly in their habits and life history, that is why methods of control may differ greatly not only with regard to individual insects but with regard to crops that are attacked by them.
Insects that live mostly in the ground and injure the roots of plants must be controlled in a different way from those that feed on foliage.
Insects attacking the cereal crops cannot be treated in the same way as those attacking the fruit and leaves of garden or orchard crops.
Injuries to vegetable and other crops may be prevented by various cultural preventive measures, such as clean farming and crop rotation. Cultural practice can be relied on in the case of some crops but not of all of them. With most crops artificial or remedial methods must be practised, that is, the application of materials that either poison or kill insects by contact with their tissues.
These substances are known to be insecticides. Artificial methods may be classified as follows: 1) the application of poisons against biting insects; 2) the application of contact substances against sucking insects; 3) the use of poison gases.
When applying insecticides three factors must be taken into consideration: effectiveness against insects, cheapness of the material, and its application and harmlessness to insect hosts. Insecticides may be used in the form of sprays and dusts. Application of the insecticides in the form of a spray requires thoroughness of spraying. Dusting is often practised too. In some cases the results of the dust methods are very satisfactory and they give the possibility to protect orchards and fields at critical times. A large orchard can be treated in about one fifth of the time required by liquid spraying.
Insecticides are usually divided into three classes: internal poisons and those that kill by contact and fumigants.
Internal poisons are used against chewing insects and kill by being taken into the digestive tract.
The contact insecticides are not eaten but applied directly to the insect body and produce death in various ways: either by suffocation, by corrosive action, or by fumes that penetrate the breathing pores of the insects. Until recently the modes of action of insecticides was not well understood. It was supposed that contact substances kill insects by stopping the breathing pores or plugging the tracheae, producing death by suffocation. Recent investigations show that insects are not readily suffocated. The volatile portions of kerosene, carbon, bisulphides, creolin, etc. are effective long before the liquid are absorbed by their tissues.
With the penetration of the volatile substances the nervous system is seriously affected, results resembling narcosis are produced and a disturbance of the respiratory activity occurs. Insect tissues soon become saturated when exposed to the vapours of the substances and death results through the inability of the tissue to absorb oxygen in the presence of these vapours.
The most effective poisons for the destruction of biting insects are: Paris green, arsenite of lime, sodium fluoride.
The main substances used as contact insecticides against sucking insects are: lime sulphur wash, soap, kerosene emulsion, tobacco decoction, wiscible oils, pyretrum, lime dust, carbolic acid, emulsion DDT, benzine gexachloride and others.
The main poisonous gases are: carbon bisulphide, hydrocyanic acid gas, sulphur dioxide fumes, tobacco, formalin, carbon tetrachlorid and others.
Все темы данного раздела:
Чернігів, 2011
Методичний посібник призначений для студентів II курсу спеціальності «Агрономія». Посібник охоплює збалансоване висвітлення тем, що корелюють з сільськогосподарською діяльністю
For self-studying
I. Tests 28
II. Texts 34
Insects and Insecticides 34
Care of Sow and Pigs 36
Grains and Grain By-Products 37
Wheat 38
Vegetable Gard
AGRICULTURAL LAND USE
Agriculture is an important economic activity. It includes growingcrops and rearing animals. Agriculture produces a wide range ofproducts for manufacturing industries as
Vocabulary
pollution – забруднення
the Earth’s surface – поверхня Землі
interrelated – взаємопов’
F) requirement
1) the planting, tending, improving, or harvesting of crops or plants
2) the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growi
Agricultural systems
In the economically developed world, most all farming is commercial. Farmers produce crops and livestock products for sale to make a profit. In the economically developing w
Vocabulary
Livestock – домашня худоба
Self-sufficient – самодостатній
Subsistence agriculture
Adjusts, adjustable
This system is … .
The Farmer Automatic Power System automatically … to the type of fuel, which is automatically brought into the system for gasification.
3. Use th
FOCUS ON WORD FORMATION
5. Complete the table:
noun
adjective
verb
development
irrigation
Can you re-group the following words according to families of meaning?
Vegetables, Livestock, Poultry, Grains
Rabbit, wheat, sheep, tomato, hen, cow, cucumber, cabbage, rye, chicken, pig, barley, millet, turkey, sorghum, carrot, oat, potato, goose, hor
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
1. Read the text and decide which paragraphs are about these subjects:
· the green revolution
· agribusiness
· crops for the future
· nomadi
Vocabulary
Edible - їстівний
Nomadic – кочовий
Domesticate - приручати
Catfish – сом
Trout - форель
Salmon - лосось
Oysters and shellfish – устриці та молюски
Foresee - пе
The Clovers
The cereals belong to the grass family of plants. The grasses have fibrous 1._____, hollow, jointed 2.______ and narrow, long leaves. The legumes of the field and garden have long tap-roots,
Garden Tools
A hand trowel (use) for planting, scooping soil, and remove weeds.
We (use)shovelsto dig, mix and lift soil.
Hoe(be necessary) t
AGRICULTURAL CHANGE
Over the last thirty years agricultural change in the economically developing world has been closely related to population growth. There has been an urgent needto
Vocabulary
Population growth - ріст населення
Urgent need – нагальна потреба
High-tech solutions –
Translation. Render it in Ukrainian.
1. Farmers use natural resources, such as soil and water, to produce a variety of foods and other agricultural resources.
2. Commercial farmers raise crops or livestock for income. Most co
Vocabulary Review
3. Fill in the gaps. Choose the lexical units from the list below: a. conflicts; b. fertilizer; c. green revolution; d. irrigation; e. "miracle seeds"; f. priorities; g.
Unit 5.
PLANTATION AGRICULTURE
Plantation agriculture is an extensive system of agriculture, in the sense that very large amounts
Vocabulary
extensive system – екстенсивна система
indigenous – природній, властивий
herbicides –
Fill in the missing words in the table
General noun
Verb
Personal noun
Agriculture
Use the correct verb form.
Manager’s first job (be) to establish goals for the business. In the case of a hired manager, the business owner (establish) and (communicate) them to the manager. Without goals there (be) no way t
Diseases of Carrots in Relation to Diseases of Other Crops
In order to rotate crops to advantage as a disease control measure, the interrelations of the major diseases of carrots and other crops must be understood. So far as is known, bacterial blight of c
Unit 6.
PLANTS FOR THE FUTURE
The world is entering the age of biotechnology, where scientists can alter the genes that carry the biological codes controlling
Vocabulary
heredity – спадковість
resistance to disease – опір хворобі
ventures – ризикований зах
To make or become better in quality.
7)the ability not to be affected by something
3. Translate the following words and phrases into English: змінювати ге
Answer the questions about given fruits and vegetables given below: banana, onion, lettuce, apple, carrot, pea, tomato, celery
What fruits and vegetables are red in color? What of the chosen is hard and soft?
What fruits and vegetables are round? Which of them has strong odour when cut open? What is white and what
Discussion
1. What are genetically-modified foods?
2. What are some of the advantages of GM foods?
· pest resistance
· herbicide tolerance
· disease resistance
Unit 7.
CHEMICALS IN OUR FOOD - TWO SIDES OF AN ARGUMENT
Much of the food that leaves a farmer's field undergoes several processing steps before it rea
Vocabulary
Undergo – перенести
Ground – перемелений
Flour – мука
Pepper –
According to the text are the following statements true or false?
1. Nowadays all food additives come from nature.
2. Chemicals cannot make any harm to our bodies.
3. Every living and non-living thing is made up of chemicals or combinations of t
Vocabulary
Abundance – велика кількість
Invisible threat –невидима загроза
Haphazard – випадковий
E) repel
1) a small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used
2) drive or force (an attack or attacker) back or away
Use the correct verb form.
Ukraine (be) famous for its vast plains called steeps. The plains (cover) with fertile black soil, which has made Ukraine one of the world’s leading farming regions. During the Soviet rule, farmers
Changes in livestock farming of Great Britain
Livestock production has seen dramatic changes ___ the post-war years. Dairy farming is a good example to illustrate the nature ____ these changes. Between 1960 and 1980 the milk yields of cows inc
Find the missing words to fill the gaps in these sentences: crops, cows, harvest, labor force, picked up, pesticides, meadows.
Less than 2% of the British ____ is employed on farms. In the autumn, at _____ time, the ______ in the fields have to be gathered in and the fruit in the orchards has to be ______. In the Alps, ___
Kinds of Plants
1.________know that there are more than 335,000 different 2. _______ of plants. Actually, if we travelled all over the 3_______ we could see more different kinds of plants than these, but some of t
The Appearance of Plants
Plants can be almost any colour 1._______.They may be 2._____, or so small that you cannot see them with the 3._______ eye. A giant 4._______is just as much a plant as a 5._____tree, 6.______plant,
Age to Wean Pigs
Producers differ in opinion on the age at which pigs should be weaned. Pigs are weaned at all ages ranging from 5 to 12 weeks. If two litters are to be raised each year, the pigs should be weaned a
Good Pasture
Good pasture should be a part of every summer ration. Alfalfa, clover, rape, sweetclover, bluegrass, and many other crops are recommended for hog pastures. Any of these are excellent during the per
Sanitation
Sanitation in hog production requires the adoption of methods that prevent disease and conserve health. It is really a part of herd maintenance and must be combined with the necessary veterinary se
Grains and Grain By-Products
This classification includes such feeds as wheat bran, shorts, cow-peas. Of these feeds the most commonly used for calves are bran and shorts or middlings. They are considerably lower in protein th
Vegetable Gardening
It may be stated in general terms that vegetables contain about 75 to 90 percent water, 5 to 15 percent carbohydrates, 1 to 2 percent protein, 0.7 to 1.0 percent ash, and a small amount of fats. Th
Potato Growing
The potatois a cool-climate plant, and a moderate temperature is necessary for its best growth. Therefore, early-spring planting usually assures that the crop will be well establis
Insect Enemies of Potatoes
There are many insects which are extremely destructive to potatoes; wire-worms, potato tuber moth, eastern potato leafhopper, eastern potato flea beetle, tuber flea beetle and the true potato aphid
Virus Diseases
The exact nature of the causes of these diseases is not known. However, evidence indicates that they are caused by the so-called filterable viruses. A filterable virus capable of p
Fruits and Berries
Strawberries, plums, currants and gooseberries can be grown in all parts of our country. Red and black raspberries, though equall
Advantages of Red Clover
Red clover has several advantages: the roots of red clover feed deeper than the grasses and hence tend to rest the surface soil; the deep tap-roots of red clover open up the soil and subsoil, and t
White Clover
White clover is the most important pasture legume. It is perennial and grows best in moist, well-drained black loam series of limestone formation. White clover pro
Sweet Clover
Sweet clover, at one time considered a noxious weed, is rapidly coming into common use for the following advantages that it possesses:
1) It will grow in almost any type o
Alfalfa
Alfalfa is the equal or superior of any other plants as a soil build-Alfalfa is a legume, and the legumes have the capacity through the bacteria, that cause nodules on the roots to fix the nitrogen
Новости и инфо для студентов