Text A: OPERATING SYSTEMS - раздел Иностранные языки, По дисциплине «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК» When Computers Were First Introduced In The 1940's And 50's, Every Program Wr...
When computers were first introduced in the 1940's and 50's, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer's hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born.
Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer.
DOSis the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS» When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the users perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands.
The version of DOS release in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number.
Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programmes. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike theWindows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC's memory management capabilities.
OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are у using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled.
UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on a larger mini computers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PC's. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use.
Windows 95 & 98 (Windows 2000)are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. The usage of Windows 95 and its enhanced version Windows 98 is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly. Windows 95 and 98 are DOS compatible, so all programs written for DOS may work under the new operating system.
Windows 95 requires 486 processor with 16 megabytes of RAM or Pentium 75-90 with 40 megabytes of free hard disk space.
Vocabulary:
complex — сложный
to consume — потреблять
consumer— потребитель
to realize — понять, осознать
smart — умный
decade — декада, десятилетие
version— версия
to enhance— увеличивать, расширять
top— верх, вершина
on top of DOS— «сверху», на основе ДОС
are shipped— поставляются
compatible— совместимый
with a click of a mouse— одним щелчком кнопки мыши
access— доступ
to allow— позволять
multiple users— многочисленные пользователи
simultaneously— одновременно
to desire — желать
to ship— поставлять, доставлять
Exercise 1. General understanding:
1) What problems faced programmers in the 1940's and 1950's?
2) Why were the first programs «complex» and «time-consuming»?
3) What are the basic functions of operating system?
4) What does the abbreviation DOS mean?
5) What company developed the first version of DOS operating system? For what purpose was it done? Was the new operational system successful?
6) What is the difference between the PC-DOS and MS-DOS
7) What does the abbreviation NT stand for? Is NT DOS-compatible? What are the basic requirements for NT?
8) Who is the developer of OS/2?
9) What makes UNIX so different from the other operational systems?
10)What are the special features of Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 2000?
Exercise 2.Match the following:
1) Like NT, ... is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse.
2) ... is the most commonly used PC operating system. 3) ... is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system.
4) ... is an operating system developed by Microsoft, an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows programs.
5) The usage of... is so simple that even little kids learn how to use it very quickly.
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ... ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ филиал Государственного образовательного учреждения высшего профессионального образования...
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Text A: OPERATING SYSTEMS
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И.В. ПЛЮХИНА
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ
по дисциплине
«ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»
для студентов специальности «Управление и информатика в технических системах» очно-заочной формы обучения.
CHARLES BABBAGE, MASTER INVENTOR.
English mathematician Charles Babbage designed the first modern computer in the 1830’s. He
called it an analytical engine.
If Babbage had been able to get enough m
Howard Aiken A Step Toward Today
In 1944, Harvard University physicist Howard Aiken built the forerunner of today's computer.
Aiken's Mark I was the first working digital binary computer. It used thousands of electrical s
Bill Gates, the Software King
Most of the computers in the world use software invented by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft. Inc. of Redmond, Wash. Software is the set of programs that make computers – whether business or pe
Text E. TYPES OF COMPUTERS.
How big do you think a computer is? Computers come in many different sizes. A computer can be big enough to fill a room about the size of a school hall, or small enough to rest on your knees.
From mainframe to microcomputer
Early computers were all mainframes. They took a long time to build and were difficult to repair if they broke down. Each part had to be wired separately to other parts. Then, in the 1960s, everyth
GRAMMAR.
Страдательный залог. (Passive Voice)
Формы страдательного залога английских глаголов образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем
Personal computers
Personal computers are also called microcomputers or home computer. The most compact are called laptops. They are portable and work on built-in batteries.
Personal computers are designed f
Text B.WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself
Input hardware
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard.It looks very much like
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Centr
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware serves the same basic fun
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softco
GRAMMAR.
Модальные глаголы и их заменители
Модальные глаголы показывают отношение говорящего к действию, выраженному инфинитивом. Например, сравните: You can speak English.
Модальный глагол can
can — мочь, быть в состоянии,
could — прошедшее время
предполагает наличие физической, умственной и прочих возможностей, по
Модальный глагол may
may — иметь возможность, получить разрешение (делать что-либо),
прошедшее время—might
May I help you? —
Модальный глагол must
must — должен, обязан
You must write it down now. — Вы должны написать это сейчас.
Заменителями глагола must являются глагол
Модальный глагол should
Модальный глаголshould в сочетании с перфектным инфинитивомshould have done выражает действия, которые должны были произойти в прошлом, но по каким-т
Модальный глагол shall
Модальный глаголshall употребляется в тех случаях, когда испрашиваетсяразрешение на совершение какого-либо действия и является иногда заменителем модального глаголаm
Text B. WINDOWS
Microsoft Windows (or simply Windows) is a software program that makes your IBM PC (or compatible) easy to use. It does this by simplifying the computer's user interface.
Text C. WINDOWS 95.
Windows 95 is a new operational system with an easy interface based on the expanding windows principle which uses icons to graphically represent files and their types.
Wind
Причастие настоящего времени
(Participle I)
Причастие I (причастие настоящего времени), образованное при помощи окончания –ing, имеет активную и страдательную формы.
Определения
The book translated from English is very interesting. — Книга, переведеннаяс английского языка, интересная.
2. Обстоятельств
Употребление герундия
1. После следующих глаголов без предлогов:
a) to begin, to start, to finish, to stop, to continue, to keep (продолжать) и др.
Please keepsendingus transfers at
Перевод герундия на русский язык
Герундий может переводиться на русский язык:
1. существительным
We are interested inbuying these goods
Мы заинтересованы в покупке этих товаров
Сравнение герундия и причастия
Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия. Герундий от причастия отличается:
1) по функции в предложении. Герундий может быть любым членом предложения, причастие — толь
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Text B HISTORY AND FUTURE OF THE INTERNET.
The Internet technology was created by Vinton Cerf in early 1973 as part of a project headed by Robert Kahn and conducted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency, part of the Unite
WE LOVE COMPUTERS
It's official - Americans, Asians and Europeans are spending more and more time with their computers. Business executives take their laptops everywhere, teens spend an increasing amount of time glu
Could you pass the British GCSE*in technology exam?
Answer the following questions:
1. What is meant by a computer network?
2. Why should you change your password regularly?
3. Why do you need to type your
Text A. WE LOVE COMPUTERS
It's official - Americans, Asians and Europeans are spending more and more time with their computers. Business executives take their laptops everywhere, teens spend an increasing amount of time glu
Text B. FUTUER OF COMPUTERS.
Computers and telecommunications are already giving us access to large amounts of information. This is increasing our brain power, just as steam engines increased our power. As computers become mor
Text C. COMPUTERS CONCERN YOU.
When Ch. Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, invented the first calculating machine in 1812 he could hardly have imagined the situations we find ourselves in today. Almost
Text D. COMPUTER GAMES.
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Battle with an alien spacecraft. W
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2. The economic development of the
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