TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS - раздел Образование, UNIT 1 First impressions count! Industry, In A General Sense, The Production Of Goods And Services In An Econ...
Industry, in a general sense, the production of goods and services in an economy. The term industry also refers to a group of enterprises (private businesses or government-operated corporations) that produce a specific type of good or service – for example, the beverage industry, the gold industry, or the music industry. Some industries produce physical goods, such as lumber, steel, or textiles. Other industries-such as the airline, railroad, and trucking industries – provide services by transporting people or products from one place to another. Still other industries, such as the banking and restaurant industries, provide services such as lending money and serving food, respectively.
Industries may be classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary industries.
primary industries produce and collect things like crops, metals, raw materials, etc. Agriculture, commercial fishing, mining, and the forest industry are primary industries. They use farmland, oceans, mineral deposits, and forests, respectively, as their major inputs.
secondary industries use raw materials to make goods to be sold or to make machines, etc. that are used to make goods. For example, the construction industry produces houses, other buildings, and roads. Its inputs include lumber manufactured by the forest industry. The largest group of secondary industries is the manufacturing industries. Manufacturing industries produce a vast array of consumer and producer goods, such as processed food, clothing, heavy machinery, automobiles, electronics, and household appliances.
tertiary industries are businesses whose work involves doing something for customers but not producing goods; they provide services. For example, retail stores, universities, hotels, banks, television stations, hospitals, and travel agencies are all tertiary industries. Also classified as tertiary industries are all forms of government activity, ranging from local trash disposal to the armed forces.
The United States government has developed a set of codes called the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) to classify industries. SIC codes classify enterprises by the type of product or service they generate. The SIC is a series of numbers, each ranging from 0 to 9, used to label industries. Primary industries use either 0 or 1, secondary industries use 1, 2, or 3, and tertiary industries use numbers 4 through 9. As more digits are added to the number, the classification becomes more specific. For example, the SIC code 8 refers to services, 82 refers to educational services, and 829903 refers to music and drama schools.
Within these main sectors there are many different types of organisation, each of which has its own particular characteristics, functions, and benefits. Some are easily recognised as private enterprises, some are definitely public enterprises.
ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE AND COMMUNICATION
Two main characteristics of any organisation are (a) the division of labour, and (b) the distribution of authority. The ‘division of labour’ refers to the variety of operations that the organisation must carry out in order to achieve its main objectives. The ‘distribution of authority’ refers to the decision-making apparatus required to plan and control these operations. Both of these characteristics may be shown in the organisation chart.
THE PURPOSE OF ORGANISATION CHARTS
An organisation chart can be thought of as a two-dimensional model of an organisation. No such model can effectively convey the reality of executive responsibilities or the complexity of the interrelationships that exist between the different sub-systems. Organisation charts are, therefore, an attempt to illustrate the formal relationships in an organisation, the main lines of communication, and the flow of authority and responsibility through all levels of the management hierarchy. Above all, organisation charts provide a complete picture of the organisation in a way that is simple to understand.
Charts are used to show the whole organisation (system), the departments (sub-systems) within an organisation, or details of the department or section only. Some organisation charts concentrate on the functions of organisation as opposed to the structure of personnel.
At some point in life everyone has to write business correspondence of some... Business correspondence generates more paper world wide than any other form of written communication Even the e mail...
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TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS
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HEADED NOTEPAPER
Nearly all businesses, and many private individuals, have a printed letterheading on their paper. Like all other parts of the letter, the heading should present a suitable image, and give all the n
SETTING OUT YOUR LETTER
It is important to achieve a good balance between the size of the sheet of paper and what is to be written on it. It will detract from the overall appearance if the first sheet is closely spaced, a
Figure 2
1 Sender’s address Bredgade 51
DK 1260
Copenhagen K
DENMARK
2Date 26 May 20—
3 Inside address
SURNAME KNOWN
As a guide to use of first names and/or initials, follow the recipient’s preferred style as indicated by past correspondence. Always use a courtesy title, and copy the spelling of names carefully.
DEPARTMENT KNOWN
Alternatively, you can address your letter to a particular department of the company, e.g. The Sales Department, The Accounts Department.
In both these cases an organisation name s
ORDER OF INSIDE ADDRESS
This should be copied carefully from the previous correspondence if available and should be the same as the address to be used on the envelope. Avoid using abbreviations for road or town names, alt
BODY OF THR LETTER
Sometimes it is difficult to think of suitable words with which to start the letter. In general, you should always refer to any previous correspondence in the first paragraph and also try to get to
Table 1
TITLE
STATUS
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE
Mr
married or unmarried male
Yours sincerely
SIGNATURE
Letters will usually bear the signature of the writer. Always type your name and, if relevant, your job title, below your handwritten signature. This is known as the signature block. Even th
Figure 3
1 Letterhead Compuvision Ltd Warwick House
Warwick Street
Forest Hill
London
SE23 1JF
Telephone +44(0)20 8
PER PRO
The abbreviation p.p. sometimes appears in signature blocks. It means per pro, i.e. for and on behalf of, and is used by administrators or personal assistants when signing lett
DESPATCH METHOD
Sometimes it may be useful to indicate the despatch method to be used, such as: Recorded Delivery, Registered Post, Airmail, or Courier Delivery. Type this in capitals a
Figure 4
Compuvision Ltd Warwick House
Warwick Street
Forest Hill
London
SE23 1JF
Telephone +44(0)20 8566 1861
Facsim
Figure 6
42 Botley Close,
Colebourn,
RIPON,
Yorks,
R18 7QS.
Your Rcf: 5/12A
17th May 2000
Messrs Brown &
Figure 7
42 Botlcy Close,
Colebourn,
RIPON,
Yorks,
R18 7QS
Your ref: 5/12A
17th May 2000
Messrs Brown & Page (Bu
ADDRESSING ENVELOPES
Envelope addresses are written in a similar way to inside addresses. But in the case of letters within or for the UK, the name of the town and the country are written in capital letters, and the po
Figure 11
Dear Sir
Thank you for your enquiry. We have a wide selection of watches which we are sure you will like. We will be sending a catalogue
Figure 13
Dear Sir / Madam
We are interested in your security systems. We would like to know more about the prices and discounts you offer.
A bus
SIMPLICITY
Check that all the words you have used mean what you intend them to mean. Think carefully whether they will be understood by the reader, and whether they are suitable for the type of letter you are
Figure 15
Dear Sir/Madam
I beg to acknowledge receipt of your letter of the 15th inst. in connection with our not clearing our account, which was o
Figure 17
Dear Mr Rohn
I've already written to you concerning your debt of £1,994. This should have been cleared three months
Table 2
INAPPROPRIATE FORM
PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE
you’ve probably guessed
you are probably aware
you’ll ge
ABBREVIATIONS AND INITIALS
Abbreviations can be useful because they are quick to write and easy to read. But both correspondents need to know what the abbreviations stand for.
The abbreviations CIF and FOB
PEPLIES TO ENQUIRIES
A reply to an enquiry from a regular customer is normally fairly brief, and does not need to be more than polite and direct. Provided the supplier is in a position to meet his correspondent’s requi
Catalogues and samples
M. Gerard wrote to R.G. Electronics to enquire about CDs (see Figure 20). He implied that his store was a large one, that he was only interested in high-quality products, and that
MARKING
There are 3 principal types of marking which may have to he done on export packages:
1. The consignees’ own distinctive marks.
2. Any official mark required by authorities.
Specimens of marks
1 K R LTV
Durban X
Brisbane
FOREIGN PRODUCE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Net weight 100 kg. Dimensions
Gr
Figure 30
Exporter informs prospective customer of packing and marking procedures.
The buyer (
Figure 31
The buyer sends the instructions for packing and marking.
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONS
Exercise 17.Classify the following industries as primary, secondary, or tertiary.
Agriculture; commercial fishing; government activity; hotel industries; mass media;
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
1. Note the use of ‘With the exception of …’, and ‘which …’ ‘ We can join these three sentences using them. The merchandise seems to be in good order. No. 9 is not.
Discrepancy negligence quantity up to standard
Complaints are often received by companies who ship consignments overseas. These complaints are sometimes about the (1) …… of goods received. Perhaps not enough goods were sent, perhaps too many. A
LANGUAGE PRACTICE
1. Notice how these sentences express regret:
We are very/extremely sorry to hear that two filing cabinets of the wr
Due to prompt short-shipped
Letters of adjustment should always be (1) … , or polite. You should express regret for any (2) … caused by your mistake, and it is a good idea to (3) … the buyer that you will correct the mistake,
In advance up-to-date
Exercise 94. The text of a letter replying to a complaint is given. Complete it, choosing from the alternativ
Column open submit
An invoice is a (1) …… , that is, a demand for payment. It can also be a (2) ……, a regular notice of a buyer’s account with a seller. The statement invoice is for buyers who have an (3) …… account
Talking about letters of credit
When an exporter and importer have done business for several years and there is a high degree oftrust(1) … between them security of payment is not an important issue. With a new cl
Dispatch v., n. (dispatch method)
38. DIY (Do It Yourself)
39. Doctor (Dr)
40. ea. (each)
41. enclose
42. enclosure (Enc./ Encl./ Enc/ Encs)
43. Esquire (Esq.)
44. etc. (et cete
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