Artificial intelligence - раздел Иностранные языки, Іноземна мова (англійська) 1. (Ai) Is Machine Intelligence. It Refers To Applications Of The Computer Wh...
1. (AI) is machine intelligence. It refers to applications of the computer which, in operation, resemble human intelligence. There are different categories of uses which all fall into the AI area. For example, robots or machines with sensory capabilities which detect and recognize sounds, pictures, etc., are one category. Another categories is knowledge based systems, which contain a base of knowledge about a subject and can assist us in solving problems. Knowledge based systems being developed from the experience of human experts are called expert systems and can perform such tasks as medical diagnoses. AI will encompass any areas that have not been easily solved using traditional hardware and software.
2. AI will be incorporated into the 5 -generation computer systems. Then the average computer systems should not require users to remember a lot of complex codes or commands. Rather, the users should ask: "Can you help me with type or problem?" The master control program or operating system will be able to direct the users to the appropriate expert system through questions and answers.
3. AI programming is not magical; it does however imply a change in rules and
methods for the traditional application programmer. Normal application programs
follow a fixed algorithm: if this do that. Given a set of input conditions, the output
can be precisely determined. AI requires program design with more imagination.
New methods of program organization and construction must be developed. AI
programs may require the use of heuristic techniques, which are exploratory in nature and use trial and errors methods. AI programs are often programmed in the LIPS programming language, which allows the program designer to concentrate on the problem-solving logic more effectively than common languages like BASIC and
COBOL.
4. Computers represent a completely new branch of science, the first of them having appeared more than half a century ago. Although still now, these machines have already brought about a real revolution in science, technology, statistics and automatic control.
5. The reason for this lies in the fact that a mathematical formula can be found for almost all scientific and technical problems. They can be solved without a computer but it would require millions of arithmetical operations. No wonder that many problems of exceptional importance remained unsolved for a long time, the volume of the calculations required being above human possibilities.
6. A high speed electronic computer can carry out several thousand arithmetical operations in one second. A calculation, which would have taken several years of intense human work in the past, is now done in a few minutes or hours.
7. The principle of this wonderful machine lies in counting electric impulses. Numbers are represented as a sequence of such impulses, and a radio-technical scheme counts them carrying out addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, all higher mathematical calculations being reduced to these four operations.
8. If we introduce into the scheme first one number and then another, the result will yield the sum of these two numbers. Subtraction is reduced to the addition of negative numbers. Multiplication is done by repeated additions the necessary number of times, a division — by repeated subtraction.
9. Electronic machines work according to a programme prepared in advance which determines the sequence of operations. They have a very efficient electronic "memory" which stores the initial data, the intermediate numbers and final results as well as the working commands given to the machine.
10. A personal computer is a small computer based on a microprocessor; it is a microcomputer. Not all microcomputers are personal computers. A microcomputers can be dedicated to a single task such as controlling a machine tool or metering the injection of fuel into an automobile engine; it can be a word processor, a video game or a "pocket computer" that is not quite a computer. A personal computer is defined as a system that has all the following characteristics:
11. - The price of a complete system should be as low as possible.
- The system either includes or can be linked to secondary memory in the form of disks or flash.
- The PC microprocessors can support a primary memory capacity of 500 gigabaites or more.
- The computers can handle at least one high-level language, such as Basic, Fortran, or Cobol.
12. The operating system facilitates an interactive dialogue: it responds at ones to the users actions or requests.
13. The system is flexible enough to accommodate a wide range of programs. The PC market can be divided into four segments: business, home, science and education.
14. Computers intended for scientific and other technical uses tend to be more powerful then other personal computers. The education segment is potentially very large.
Notes:
sensory capability – сенсорна здатність (здатність сприймати)
knowledge based systems – експертні системи
heuristic techniques – евристичні методи
trial and error method – метод спроб та помилок
to initiate – починати; включати
floppy disk – гнучкий диск
Все темы данного раздела:
Методичні рекомендації
та тематика контрольних робіт студентів заочної форми навчання
з дисципліни Іноземна мова (англійська)
для студентів І - ІІ курсу
Зміст завдання та методичні рекомендації до виконання.
МР складаються з 4 частин (завдань). Кожна частина містить завдання, які складаються з 5 варіантів, а кожен варіант складається з трьох текстів, об’єднаних загальною темою, лексично
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bodә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier — кор
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Translate paragraphs:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 in writing.
“The Political System of Ukraine. Coat of Arms”
1. On the 24th of August, 1991 Ukraine became an independent state. On the 1st of December, 1991 the everlasting dr
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The Ukrainian political system has a….President.
2. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the….authority.
3. Ukraine is divided into 24….and the Autonomic Republic Crimea.
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List its main points in Ukrainian.
“National flag of Ukraine. National Emblem of Ukraine. Ukrainian Anthem.”
The combination of the blue and yellow colours — “Ukrainian colours” — reaches far back into pre-
Ukrainian Anthem
The Ukrainian anthem, “Shche ne umerla Ukraina” (“Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished”), is of quite recent origin. In Western Ukraine after 1848 there were two songs whi
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
Word List:
to extend [iks’tend] — простягатися
to border [‘bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Do paragraphs: 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13 in writing.
“Ukraine’s Economy and Its Dynamic Progress”
1. A new independent state with a thousand-year-old history appeared on the map of the world. To have an idea
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Ukraine is situated in the….of Europe.
2. In the south the country has….to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
3. Historically the following….determined the development of Ukrai
The Biggest Ukrainian Cities
Kyiv, now the capital of Ukraine, stretcheson the high hills along the Dnieper, rivaling the oldest and most charming cities of Europe. Every epoch left m
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary.
Word List:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier— кордон
the
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Land, Mineral and Fuel-Energy. Resources of Ukraine”.
1. Steppes and plains compose the most part of the territory of Ukraine (95 per cent). The top-soils are mainly black. They are the biggest treasure of the Ukrainian land. Twenty five per cent of t
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The top-soils are the biggest….of the Ukrainian land.
2. Sugar beet production….is 1000 kg.
3. Sugar can be called….
4. Oil and gas pipelines of….go through the territ
Foreign Economic Activities and Relations of Ukraine
with the English-speaking countries ”
Ukraine’s enterprises conduct business transactions with partners in 137 countries. Ukraine’s major
Barter deals and export under federal contracts make up some 43% of the foreign trade turnover.
As now Ukraine is a sovereign state, it establishes new relations with the countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with many foreign countries signing agreements and treaties. A lo
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of Television.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. moving objects
a) відстань
2. distance
b) використовувати
3. rapid
c) чуттєвий
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
Industrial Engineering and Automatic Control
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light
From the History of TV.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every programme written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store infor
COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE
A computer may be a person or a machine that information (problems and data), performs reasonable operations on the information and puts out answers. We may consider as a computer a man, for exampl
Variant III
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of TV
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
TYPES OF AUTOMATION. COMPUTER LITERACY
1. Manufacturing is one of the most important application fields for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufac
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. There are several types of….in manufacturing.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing….in large quantities.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of….
Electronics
Electronics is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems. It describes and applies the flow of electronics emitted from solids or liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconduct
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
The Five Generations of Computers
1. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological dev
Some Facts about Robots.
It is estimated that by the end of the century the overwhelming majority of people will be occupied in science, education, administration and the service industry. Machines and robots will be the
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
Computer Generations
1. In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
2. Babbage
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List the main points in Ukrainian.
“Here comes the Robot”
The first robots appeared on Olympus: gold mechanical maids served Hephaestus, the god of fire, divine smith and patron of craftsmen. Attempts to cr
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
1. A microprocessor is a programmable logic device. That is, the function or logical operation that the device performs may be changed by applying instructional "words" at its input. Tech
Ex. 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. arithmetic and logic unit a) центральний блок обробки даних
2. to reflect b) розрізнятися
3. to exceed c) відображати
4. cathode-ray tube d) постачання енергії
FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
We are now developing the so-called fifth generation of computers. It is amazing to see the progress of computers over the last 25 years or so. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes,
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2. A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3. Such devices have acquired the name of …
4. A
AUTOMATION AND LABOUR
1. It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through t
AUTOMATION
Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
AUTOMATION
1. Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated sys
Input hardware
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. T
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Centr
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems e
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY
1. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
Exercise 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
3. assembly and inspection
4. unloading
5. to manipulate
6. spot welding
7. sensor
8. quality specification
9. a substit
Exercise 10. Insert the suitable words or word-combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Material-handling is the….of material and loading and unloading of machines.
2. In….robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part.
3. The third application are
SOFTWARE
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
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