TYPES OF AUTOMATION. COMPUTER LITERACY - раздел Иностранные языки, Іноземна мова (англійська) 1. Manufacturing Is One Of The Most Important Application Fields For Automati...
1. Manufacturing is one of the most important application fields for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufacturing are described below.
2. Fixed automation, sometimes called "hard automation" refers to automated machines in which the equipment configuration allows fixed sequence of processing operations. These machines are programmed by their design to make only certain processing operations. They are not easily changed over from one product to another. This form of automation needs high initial investments and high production rates. That is why it is suitable for products that are made in large volumes. Examples of fixed automation are machining transfer lines found in the automobile industry, automatic assembly machines and certain chemical processes.
3. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing products in large quantities, ranging from several dozen to several thousand units at a time. For each new product the production equipment must be reprogrammed and changed over. This reprogramming and changeover take a period of nonproductive time. Production rates in programmable automation are generally lower than in fixed automation, because the equipment is designed to facilitate product changeover rather than for product specialization. A numerical-control machine-tool is a good example of programmable automation. The programme is coded in computer memory for each different product style and the machine-tool is controlled by the computer programme.
4. Flexible automation is a kind of programmable automation. Programmable automation I reprogram and change over the production equipment for each series of new product. Thin is lost production time, which is expensive. In flexible automation the number of products is limited so that the changeover of the equipment can be done very quickly and automatically. The reprogramming of the equipment in flexible automation is done at a computer terminal without using the production equipment itself. Flexible automation allows a mixture of different products to be produced one right after another.
5. Informed citizens of our information-dependent society should be computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to influence the quality of life.
6. There was a time when only priviliged people had an opportunity to learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetics. Now, as we are quickly becoming an information-becoming society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. There is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most significant technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a concept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetics, but also a new idea — computer literacy.
7. In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which are the instructions that direct the operations of computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doctor, your schedules and bills and special services, such as laboratory tests, are prepared by computer. Many actions that you have taken or observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data processing system.
Notes:
fixed automation — фіксована автоматизація
hard — жорсткий
sequence of operations — послідовність операцій
flexible automation — гнучка автоматизація
information-dependent society — інформаційно-залежне суспільство
computer literacy — комп’ютерна грамотність
Все темы данного раздела:
Методичні рекомендації
та тематика контрольних робіт студентів заочної форми навчання
з дисципліни Іноземна мова (англійська)
для студентів І - ІІ курсу
Зміст завдання та методичні рекомендації до виконання.
МР складаються з 4 частин (завдань). Кожна частина містить завдання, які складаються з 5 варіантів, а кожен варіант складається з трьох текстів, об’єднаних загальною темою, лексично
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bodә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier — кор
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Translate paragraphs:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 in writing.
“The Political System of Ukraine. Coat of Arms”
1. On the 24th of August, 1991 Ukraine became an independent state. On the 1st of December, 1991 the everlasting dr
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The Ukrainian political system has a….President.
2. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the….authority.
3. Ukraine is divided into 24….and the Autonomic Republic Crimea.
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List its main points in Ukrainian.
“National flag of Ukraine. National Emblem of Ukraine. Ukrainian Anthem.”
The combination of the blue and yellow colours — “Ukrainian colours” — reaches far back into pre-
Ukrainian Anthem
The Ukrainian anthem, “Shche ne umerla Ukraina” (“Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished”), is of quite recent origin. In Western Ukraine after 1848 there were two songs whi
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
Word List:
to extend [iks’tend] — простягатися
to border [‘bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Do paragraphs: 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13 in writing.
“Ukraine’s Economy and Its Dynamic Progress”
1. A new independent state with a thousand-year-old history appeared on the map of the world. To have an idea
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Ukraine is situated in the….of Europe.
2. In the south the country has….to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
3. Historically the following….determined the development of Ukrai
The Biggest Ukrainian Cities
Kyiv, now the capital of Ukraine, stretcheson the high hills along the Dnieper, rivaling the oldest and most charming cities of Europe. Every epoch left m
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary.
Word List:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier— кордон
the
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Land, Mineral and Fuel-Energy. Resources of Ukraine”.
1. Steppes and plains compose the most part of the territory of Ukraine (95 per cent). The top-soils are mainly black. They are the biggest treasure of the Ukrainian land. Twenty five per cent of t
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The top-soils are the biggest….of the Ukrainian land.
2. Sugar beet production….is 1000 kg.
3. Sugar can be called….
4. Oil and gas pipelines of….go through the territ
Foreign Economic Activities and Relations of Ukraine
with the English-speaking countries ”
Ukraine’s enterprises conduct business transactions with partners in 137 countries. Ukraine’s major
Barter deals and export under federal contracts make up some 43% of the foreign trade turnover.
As now Ukraine is a sovereign state, it establishes new relations with the countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with many foreign countries signing agreements and treaties. A lo
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of Television.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. moving objects
a) відстань
2. distance
b) використовувати
3. rapid
c) чуттєвий
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
Artificial intelligence
1. (AI) is machine intelligence. It refers to applications of the computer which, in operation, resemble human intelligence. There are different categories of uses which all fall into the AI area.
Industrial Engineering and Automatic Control
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light
From the History of TV.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every programme written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store infor
COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE
A computer may be a person or a machine that information (problems and data), performs reasonable operations on the information and puts out answers. We may consider as a computer a man, for exampl
Variant III
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of TV
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. There are several types of….in manufacturing.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing….in large quantities.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of….
Electronics
Electronics is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems. It describes and applies the flow of electronics emitted from solids or liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconduct
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
The Five Generations of Computers
1. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological dev
Some Facts about Robots.
It is estimated that by the end of the century the overwhelming majority of people will be occupied in science, education, administration and the service industry. Machines and robots will be the
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
Computer Generations
1. In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
2. Babbage
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List the main points in Ukrainian.
“Here comes the Robot”
The first robots appeared on Olympus: gold mechanical maids served Hephaestus, the god of fire, divine smith and patron of craftsmen. Attempts to cr
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
1. A microprocessor is a programmable logic device. That is, the function or logical operation that the device performs may be changed by applying instructional "words" at its input. Tech
Ex. 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. arithmetic and logic unit a) центральний блок обробки даних
2. to reflect b) розрізнятися
3. to exceed c) відображати
4. cathode-ray tube d) постачання енергії
FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
We are now developing the so-called fifth generation of computers. It is amazing to see the progress of computers over the last 25 years or so. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes,
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2. A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3. Such devices have acquired the name of …
4. A
AUTOMATION AND LABOUR
1. It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through t
AUTOMATION
Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
AUTOMATION
1. Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated sys
Input hardware
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. T
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Centr
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems e
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY
1. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
Exercise 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
3. assembly and inspection
4. unloading
5. to manipulate
6. spot welding
7. sensor
8. quality specification
9. a substit
Exercise 10. Insert the suitable words or word-combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Material-handling is the….of material and loading and unloading of machines.
2. In….robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part.
3. The third application are
SOFTWARE
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
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