Computer Generations - раздел Иностранные языки, Іноземна мова (англійська) 1. In 1832, An English Inventor And Mathematician Charles Babbage Was Commiss...
1. In 1832, an English inventor and mathematician Charles Babbage was commissioned by the British government to develop a system for calculating the rise and fall of the tides.
2. Babbage designed a device and called it an analytical engine. It was the first programmable computer, complete wit punched cards for data input. Babbage gave the engine the ability to perform different types of mathematical operations. The machine was not confined to simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. It had its own "memory", due to which the machine could use different combinations and sequences of operations to suit the purposes of the operator.
3. The machine of his dream was never realized in his life. Yet Babbage's idea didn't die with him. Other scientists made attempts to build mechanical, general-purpose, stored-program computers throughout the next century. In 1941 a relay computer was built in Germany by Conrad Zuse.It was a major step towards the realization of Babbage's dream.
4. Nothing epitomizes modern life better than the computer. For better or worse, computers have infiltrated every aspect of our society. Today computers do much more than simply computer.
5. But everything started in 1946s when the rapidly advancing field of electronics led to construction of the first general-purpose electronic computer in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania. That device contained 18,000 vacuum tubes and had a speed of several hundred multiplications per minute. Its program was wired into the processor and had to be manually altered. This way the first generation of computers appeared. They were characterized by the fact that each computer had a different binary-coded program called a machine language that told it how to operate. This made the computer difficult to program and limited its versatility and speed. Other distinctive features of first generation computers were the use of vacuum tubes and magnetic drums for data storage.
6. By 1948 the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computers development. The use of the transistor in the computers began in the late 1950s. It marked the advent of smaller, faster elements than it was possible to create with the use of vacuum-tube machines. As a result, the size of electronic machinery has been shrinking ever since. Coupled with early advances in magnetic-core memory, transistors led to second generation computers that were smaller, faster, more reliable and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. Throughout the early 1960s, there were a number of commercially successful second generation computers used in business, universities, and government.
7. Jack Kilby, an American engineer, developed the integrated circuit in 1958. The integrated circuit combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc, which was made from quartz. Scientists later managed to fit even more components on a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto a chip. They were computers of the third generation. Another third-generation development included the use of an operating system that allowed machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
8. After the invention of integrated circuits, the only place to go was down - in size. In 1981, IBM introduced its personal computer for use in the office, home and schools. The 1980s saw an expansion in computer use, made the personal computer even more affordable. The number of personal computers in use doubled in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs were being used. Computers continued their trend toward smaller size, working their way down from desktop to laptop computers, which could fit inside a briefcase, then to palmtop which are able to fit inside a breast pocket. In direct competition with IBM's PC was Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in 1984 notable for its user-friendly design, the Macintosh offered an operating system that allowed users to move screen icons instead of typing instructions. Users controlled the screen cursor using a mouse, a device that mimicked the movement of one's hand on the computer screen.
9. Defining the fifth generation of computers is somewhat difficult because the field is in infancy. Using recent engineering advances, computers may be able to accept spoken word instructions and imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language is also a major goal of fifth generation computers. Computers today have some attributes of fifth generation computers.
In fact, the fifth generation of computers is the beginning of artificial intelligence.
Notes:
1. to wire — впаювати
2. desktop — настільний комп’ютер
3. laptop — невеличкий портативний комп’ютер
4. palmtop — портативний комп’ютер
5. infancy — рання стадія розвитку
6. to epitomize — характеризувати, представляти
Все темы данного раздела:
Методичні рекомендації
та тематика контрольних робіт студентів заочної форми навчання
з дисципліни Іноземна мова (англійська)
для студентів І - ІІ курсу
Зміст завдання та методичні рекомендації до виконання.
МР складаються з 4 частин (завдань). Кожна частина містить завдання, які складаються з 5 варіантів, а кожен варіант складається з трьох текстів, об’єднаних загальною темою, лексично
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bodә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier — кор
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Translate paragraphs:1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 in writing.
“The Political System of Ukraine. Coat of Arms”
1. On the 24th of August, 1991 Ukraine became an independent state. On the 1st of December, 1991 the everlasting dr
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The Ukrainian political system has a….President.
2. The Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is the….authority.
3. Ukraine is divided into 24….and the Autonomic Republic Crimea.
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List its main points in Ukrainian.
“National flag of Ukraine. National Emblem of Ukraine. Ukrainian Anthem.”
The combination of the blue and yellow colours — “Ukrainian colours” — reaches far back into pre-
Ukrainian Anthem
The Ukrainian anthem, “Shche ne umerla Ukraina” (“Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished”), is of quite recent origin. In Western Ukraine after 1848 there were two songs whi
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
Word List:
to extend [iks’tend] — простягатися
to border [‘bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Ex.7. Read and translate the following text with a dictionary. Do paragraphs: 2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 13 in writing.
“Ukraine’s Economy and Its Dynamic Progress”
1. A new independent state with a thousand-year-old history appeared on the map of the world. To have an idea
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Ukraine is situated in the….of Europe.
2. In the south the country has….to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov.
3. Historically the following….determined the development of Ukrai
The Biggest Ukrainian Cities
Kyiv, now the capital of Ukraine, stretcheson the high hills along the Dnieper, rivaling the oldest and most charming cities of Europe. Every epoch left m
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary.
Word List:
to extend [iks'tend] — простягатися
to border ['bo:dә] on — межувати
to be washed by — омиватися
frontier— кордон
the
Geographical Position of Ukraine”.
1. A new state, Ukraine, appeared on the world political map in 1991. Ukraine occupies an area of 603,700 square kilometres. The territory of Ukraine extends 900 kilometres from n
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The total length of the frontiers is 6.500 kilometres including the…..
2. In the…Ukraine there are black-soil steppelands.
3. The main territory of Ukraine is…, but 5% of it ma
Land, Mineral and Fuel-Energy. Resources of Ukraine”.
1. Steppes and plains compose the most part of the territory of Ukraine (95 per cent). The top-soils are mainly black. They are the biggest treasure of the Ukrainian land. Twenty five per cent of t
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. The top-soils are the biggest….of the Ukrainian land.
2. Sugar beet production….is 1000 kg.
3. Sugar can be called….
4. Oil and gas pipelines of….go through the territ
Foreign Economic Activities and Relations of Ukraine
with the English-speaking countries ”
Ukraine’s enterprises conduct business transactions with partners in 137 countries. Ukraine’s major
Barter deals and export under federal contracts make up some 43% of the foreign trade turnover.
As now Ukraine is a sovereign state, it establishes new relations with the countries throughout the world. It sets direct contacts with many foreign countries signing agreements and treaties. A lo
Variant I
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of Television.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. moving objects
a) відстань
2. distance
b) використовувати
3. rapid
c) чуттєвий
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
Artificial intelligence
1. (AI) is machine intelligence. It refers to applications of the computer which, in operation, resemble human intelligence. There are different categories of uses which all fall into the AI area.
Industrial Engineering and Automatic Control
A major advance in twentieth century manufacturing was the development of mass production techniques. Mass production refers to manufacturing processes in which an assembly line, usually a conveyer
Variant II
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light
From the History of TV.
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
OPERATING SYSTEMS
1. When computers were first introduced in the 1940’s and 50’s, every programme written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store infor
COMPUTERS IN OUR LIFE
A computer may be a person or a machine that information (problems and data), performs reasonable operations on the information and puts out answers. We may consider as a computer a man, for exampl
Variant III
Ex.1. Study the vocabulary:
to come from — походити від
both…and — і…і
to be made up of — складатися з
with a very bright light — при дуже яскра
From the History of TV
1. The word television comes from the Greek word “tele” which means “far”, and the Latin word “visio” – “seeing”. It enables us to see stationary and moving objects at great distances. We know tele
Ex.4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. which means a) відстань
2. moving objects b) використовувати
3. distance c) чуттєвий
4. rapid d) що означає
5. to require e) прилад
6. device f) надз
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Television….us to see stationary and moving objects at great distance.
2. Television requires pictures to be sent….
3. The photoelectric cell is a special kind of….
4.
TYPES OF AUTOMATION. COMPUTER LITERACY
1. Manufacturing is one of the most important application fields for automation technology. There are several types of automation in manufacturing. The examples of automated systems used in manufac
Ex.10. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. There are several types of….in manufacturing.
2. Programmable automation is a form of automation for producing….in large quantities.
3. Flexible automation is a kind of….
Electronics
Electronics is the science of electronic phenomena, devices and systems. It describes and applies the flow of electronics emitted from solids or liquids passing through vacuum, gases or semiconduct
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
The Five Generations of Computers
1. The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological dev
Some Facts about Robots.
It is estimated that by the end of the century the overwhelming majority of people will be occupied in science, education, administration and the service industry. Machines and robots will be the
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
Ex.12. Read and translate the following text orally without a dictionary. List the main points in Ukrainian.
“Here comes the Robot”
The first robots appeared on Olympus: gold mechanical maids served Hephaestus, the god of fire, divine smith and patron of craftsmen. Attempts to cr
Types of computers
personal computer (PC) — персональний комп’ютер
workstation — робоча станція
minicomputer — мінікомп’ютер
mainframe — базовий пристрій
supercomputer — суперкомп’
Range of Computer Ability
1. Every single dictionary has defined the term computer as a machine that performs tasks, such as mathematical calculations or electronic communication, under the control of a set of instructions
Ex.5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Computers are used…a wide variety of activities.
2. Computers….in a wide range of sizes and power.
3. Programmable computers…enormously in their computational power, speed, mem
WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?
1. A microprocessor is a programmable logic device. That is, the function or logical operation that the device performs may be changed by applying instructional "words" at its input. Tech
Ex. 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. arithmetic and logic unit a) центральний блок обробки даних
2. to reflect b) розрізнятися
3. to exceed c) відображати
4. cathode-ray tube d) постачання енергії
FIVE GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
We are now developing the so-called fifth generation of computers. It is amazing to see the progress of computers over the last 25 years or so. The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes,
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2. A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3. Such devices have acquired the name of …
4. A
AUTOMATION AND LABOUR
1. It is a matter of common knowledge nowadays that the principal direction of the present-day scientific and technological progress consists in the revolution of mechanized forms of work through t
AUTOMATION
Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
AUTOMATION
1. Automation is performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated sys
Input hardware
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. T
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Centr
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems e
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output
Exercise 1. Study the vocabulary.
to switch on
to give thought
to bring into being
circuit
semiconductor
to be caused by
a great quality
to be arranged
to exceed
a unique apparatus
to acquire the
THE WORLD OF MICROELECTRONICS
1. Switching on a portable radio transistor, a low-wave TV-set, looking at an electronic watch or counting on a microcalculator, we hardly give thought to the idea of how these devices work - so co
Exercise 4. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. common
2. to bring into being
3. microelectronic circuits
4. semiconductor elements
5. to exceed
6. complicated
7. logical thinking
8. photolithography
9. to carry
Exercise 5. Insert the suitable words or word combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1.Microelectronics, a section of …, is developing at a rapid pace.
2.A great role belongs to … in our national economy.
3.Such devices have acquired the name of …
4.At th
ROBOTS IN INDUSTRY
1. Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
Exercise 9. Match the English words with their Ukrainian equivalents.
1. material handling
2. processing operations
3. assembly and inspection
4. unloading
5. to manipulate
6. spot welding
7. sensor
8. quality specification
9. a substit
Exercise 10. Insert the suitable words or word-combinations into the following sentences. The words are given below.
1. Material-handling is the….of material and loading and unloading of machines.
2. In….robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part.
3. The third application are
SOFTWARE
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software — programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
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