TESTS 1. Вставьте вместо пропусков необходимые слова. - раздел Иностранные языки, Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 1. The Time Required For The Computer To Locate And Transfer Data In The ...
1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer
data in the storage device is called the data____ time.
a) sequence; b) access; c) value
2.______ memories have no moving parts.
a) electronic; b) mechanical; c) electromechanical
3. Magnetic______ were the main elements used for pri
mary memory in digital computers for many years.
a) cores; b) tapes; c) disks
4.______ is more commonly used for memory at present.
a) bipolar semiconductor; b) MOS; c) field-effect transistor
5. Magnetic disks constitute the_____ storage media.
a) internal; b) primary; c)secondary
6. Data are stored in______ codes in primary as well as in
secondary storage.
a) digital; b) binary; c) numerical
7. Data access time is_____ in electronic memories than
that in electromechanical memories.
a) longer; b) much longer; c) shorter
8. Electronic memories have____ capacities for data stor-
age.
a) more; b) larger; c) less
97 Unit 7. Storage
2. Согласуйте слова левой колонки с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.
1. Primary a) one of the performance characteris-
tics of storage measured in binary digits;
2. Secondary b) memory that has random access to
the information;
3. Magnetic disc c) combination of units of information;
4. Binary codes d) the main method of secondary stor-
age performing both sequential and random storage;
5. RAM e) area of memory where protected pro-
grams can be read from but not written on;
6. Bit f) a fixed number of consecutive bits
representing a character;
7. Byte g) the principal flexible second storage
circuit element;
8. ROM h) part of memory having lower speed
but greater capacity;
9. Floppy i) a unit of information or binary digit;
10. Capacity . j) the most expensive part of memory
having the least capacity and the fastest access time.
Unit 8 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
1 Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
central processing unit (CPU) - центральный процессор
(ЦП)
interchangeably [,mt3'tfemd33bli] - взаимозаменяемым
образом
precisely [pn'saish] — точно
internal memory - внутренняя память; внутреннее ЗУ activity [sk'tiviti] - деятельность; работа; действия операции to issue ['isju:] - посылать (сигнал); выводить, выдавать
(сообщение) response [n'spons] - ответ; отклик; реакция; отвечать;
реагировать
to interprete [m'tspnt] - интерпретировать; истолковывать;
according to [a'bdin ts] - согласно; в соответствии с level - уровень; степень; мера; выравнивать input-output port - порт ввода-вывода control unit (CU) [bn'troul 'ju:nit] - устройство управления arithmetic-logical unit (ALU) - арифметико-логическое
устройство
switch ['switJl - переключатель; коммутатор; переключать; переходить direct [di'rekt] - направлять; адресовать; указывать;
прямой; непосредственный step-by-step operations - пошаговые операции to select [ss'lekt] - выбирать; выделять (на экране) on the other hand - с другой стороны exponentiation [ekspe'nenji'eifn] - возведение в степень
99 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit
call for — требовать; предусматривать
to load ['loud] — загружать; выполнять загрузку
2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какой компонент составляет сердце компьютерной системы и в чем заключается его функция.
Text 1. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
It is well known in computer science that the words 'computer' and 'processor' are used interchangeably. Speaking more precisely, 'computer* refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.
The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU controls the operation of the entire system by issueing commands to other parts of the system and by acting on responses. When required it reads information from the memory, interprets instructions, performs operations on the data according to the instructions, writes the results back into the memory and moves information between memory levels or through the input-output ports.
In4igital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be in one of two states, either on or off.
The function of the CU within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that part of the computer that directs the sequence of step-by-step operations of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetic-logical unit.
The ALU, on the other hand, is that part of the computer in which the actual arithmetic operations, namely, addition, subtraction* multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.
| Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 100
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Programs and the data on which the CU and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located in secondary memory devices, such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.
3. Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис
пользуя информацию текста.
1. What words in computer science are used interchangeably and why? 2. What components make up the heart of the computer system. 3. What is the function of the CPU? 4. In what way does the CPU control the operation of the whole system? 5. Name the sequence of operations the CPU performs (use five verbs). 6. What are the CPU functional units made of? 7. What is the function of the CU? 8. What operations are performed in the ALU? 9. Where are data processed? 10. Where are data to be processed loaded into?
4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:
Хорошо известно; к компьютеру относятся; внутренняя память; составлять суть; выполнять; координировать деятельность; определяя в каком порядке; управлять работой всей системы; при необходимости; в соответствии с командами; уровни памяти; порт ввода-вывода; переключатели; режим включения или выключения; передавать сигналы; указывать последовательность пошаговых операций; основная память; управлять ходом выполнения програм-
101 Unit 8. Central Processing Unit
мы; с другой стороны; выполнять вычитание, сложение, возведение в степень, деление, умножение; для того чтобы.
Все темы данного раздела:
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
computer literacy [ksm'pjute 'litsrasi] — компьютерная
грамотность problem-solving device — устройство, обеспечивающее
решение задачи
be aware of [bi a'wesr ov] — понимат
Вспомните образование и случаи употребления The PastSimple Tense.
А. Назовите три формы следующих неправильных глаголов:
То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to d
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2
intricate ['mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt'romk 'sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема
to operate switches [ops'reit 'switfiz] — приводить в действие переключатели
Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possi
Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. Information is given into the computer in the form of
a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules
2. The basic function of a comp
Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа.
1. Computer a) a machine by which information is re-
ceived from the computer;
2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manip-
ulating numbers, letters
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1
calculating device [ksllcjiK'leitin di'vais] — вычислительное
устройство
multiple ['nultiplj — кратный
abacus ['aebakss] — счеты
slide rule ['slaid 'nil] — логар
Text У. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens an
Подберите вместо пропусковподходящее по смыслу слово.
1. British scientists invented a___ way of multiplying and
dividing.
a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical
2. A new branch of mathematics,____ , was invented in
Прочтите текст и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «обработка информации» и «иерархия запоминания информации».
Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS
The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is th
Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, опре деления, представленные справа.
1.Computer ' a) the set of instructions that direct
the operations of computers;
2. Computer literacy • b) a part of a computer, entering
data into the d
Вспомните значение новых слов и догадайтесь о зна чении их производных.
То eliminate: elimination; eliminable; eliminator; unlimited.
To respond: respondent; response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility.
Accuracy: inaccura
Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали.
Text 1.COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outpu
Types of computers
The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For ex-
Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства.
1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Architecture: communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual ar
STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS
1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The
Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.
1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected
circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite function
2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions en-
ab
Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
Crossword 1.
Horizontally
1. A
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Computer, analog computer; digital computer; hybrid computer; all-purpose computer; general-purpose computer; fifth-generation computer; game computer; handheld computer; mobile computer; m
Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, какую дополнительную информацию вы узнали о действии основных устройств компьютера.
Text 2. SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER
It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a computer, or in a data-processing, control
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk storage; magnetic tape storage; input storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storag
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
medium (pi. media) — носитель; среда capacity — емкость; объем (памяти); пропускная способность
media capacity — емкость носителя
data access time — время доступа к данным
Опишите схему.
93__________________________________ Unit 7. Storage
13. Переведите предложения, содержащие всевозможные формы причастий: Participle I, Participle II,
DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION
1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmet
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counterclockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 102
ical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of electronic memories. 8. For this reason most computer systems use el
Text 2. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS
As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains
MICROPROCESSOR - A BRAIN ТО THE HARDWARE
1. The microprocessor forms the heart of a microcomputer. The first microprocessors were developed in 1971 as a branch of pocket calculator development. Since then there has been a trem
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 122
14. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 3.
human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма performance [pa'fxmsns] — (р
Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве дите предложения.
6. Переведите сложные предложения:
А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью.Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ...
Переведите безличные предложения. Обратите внима ние на их специфику.
1. 7/ is well known that personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. 2. // took years to produce a high-speed computer performing a lot of functions. 3. When makin
A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information from all over the w
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 142
is made up of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Because RAM is only temporary storage, all microcomputers require some
Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive de-
vice designed for an individual__________ .
a) person; b) producer; c) user
2. One of the fi
Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer programmingjis
Переведите предложения, содержащие сослагательное наклонение.
1.1should like to be a top specialist in computer technology. 2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer. 3. It is required that the program
Text 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a \
logical plan (our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready \
to write the program instructions. The pr
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IVlanguage is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The versi
Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If you want to master any language you must know at least three thousand words. 3. You willimprove your pronuncia
RPG II Programming language
RPG IIis a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prew
The conversion of symbolic languages
As we see, most of the symbolic languages are oriented toward the particular application areas of business or science (math). The one problem with all symbolic languages is that none of them can b
Running the computer program
The operating system is a collection of program provided by the computer's manufacturer that allows us to shedule jobs for the computer, to translate source programs into object programs, to sort d
Определите неличные формы глагола, содержащиеся в следующих предложениях. Переведите их.
1.The problems to be studied are of great importance. 2. The problem studied helped us understand many things. 3. To study the problem we must make some experiments. 4. To study th
A BRIEF HISTORY of the INTERNET
In 1973 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objectiv
ENJOY YOURSELF
Quiz-game "Do you know more about computers"?(Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.)
question numbers.)
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