DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF PHONEME. THE DEFINITION OF PHONEME
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF PHONEME. THE DEFINITION OF PHONEME - раздел Образование, Билет 1
Each Language Has A Limited Number Of Soun...
Each language has a limited number of sound-types (звукотипы) that are shared by all speakers of the language and are linguistically important because they distinguish meaningful units
[spil] - [stil]
[bæd] - [læd]
Such elements of the language sounds are called phonemes. This term was supposedly introduced by Nikolay Grushevsky. The one we rely on – by Vasilyev.
The definitions of the phoneme vary greatly.
V.A.Vassilyev: The phoneme is a smallest unit capable of distinguishing one word from another word, one grammatical form of word from another.
B. Bloch: phoneme is a class of phonemically similar sounds contrasting and mutually exclusive with all similar classes in the language.
R. Jacobson: phoneme is a minimal sound by which meaning may be discriminated.
L.V. Shcherba: the phoneme may be viewed as a functional, material and abstract unit.
Schools of Phonology and theories of the phoneme
Mentalistic. Was supported by the Kazan school. It regards the phoneme as an ideal “menal image” or a target at which the speaker aims.
Physical view represented by the London school with O.Shones. Regards the phoneme as a “family” of related sounds satisfying certain conditions, notably:
a) the various members of the “family” must show phonetic similarity to one another, in other words, be related in character;
b) no member of the “family” may occur in the same phonetic context as any other
Abstract view. Was supported by the Geneve School (Ferdinand de Sossur). It regards phonemes as essentially independent of the acoustic and physiological properties associated with them, that is of speech sounds. Thus, phoneme – an abstract concept existing in the mind only independent of any physical properties. This abstraction has been unconsciously made by and unconsciously exist in the mind of each member of a language community. As a result of this, an Englishman thinks that in all these words he hears other people say and he pronounces himself on and the same “sound” [t], for ex. But in reality, he hears and pronounces one and the same phoneme /t/, a different variant of it in each word. This is an example of unconscious phonemic abstraction.
Functional view (Trubetskoy; Jakobson). It regards the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced speech sounds. No association with real sounds.
Jakobson was the 1st to make up a list of universal distinctive features for all languages. All the features – binary (voiced – voiceless), each feature is marked by + and –. Vowels are marked as [+ high] or [– high]. One of the features – coronal (for dental palatal and alveolar palatal).
This classification is more economical than classification 1. Its aim – to cover all the languages => 12 binary distinctive oppositions may be used to characterize any language.
The model is criticized by many phonologists.
Nowadays the phoneme is characterized from the point of view of its three aspects (functional, material, abstract): the phoneme is a minimal abstract linguistic unit realized in speech in the form of speech sounds, opposable to other phonemes of the same language to distinguish the meaning of morphemes and words.
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
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