Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles. - раздел Образование, Билет 1
Phonostylistics Deals With Phonetic Styles, Which Are-...
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So Pstylistics focuses on the phonetic means restricted to a particular situation or type of context.
Any spoken utterance is conditioned not only by linguistic (internal) factors but also by extraling. – aim of communication, speaker’s social status, sex and age, setting,etc.
Among the factors resulting in phonostylistic varieties we can also mention the form of communication(monologue/dialogue), speaker’s attitude towards the subject, the emotional state, the extent of spontaneity of utterance.
Phonetic style-forming means: variations of pitch, range, loudness, tempo, rhythm and some others.→distinguish b/the phonetic styles:
- Reading aloud
- Prepared speaking
- Spontaneous speaking
Sometimes scholars prefer the division of p[honetic styles into: informal, academic(scientific), publicistic and conversational.
Acc to the degree of carefulness of pronunciation 3 types of p-n:
-full style(associated with highly formal situations, address a large audience): distinct articulation of vowels and consonants, minor degrees of assimilation, reduction, increased loudness, a widened range , predominance of descending stepping scales, relatively slow tempo.
-neutral style( lecturing to a medium or small-sized audience, news reporting, interviewing):
Fairly high degrees of assimilation,reduction,elision,the lengh of sense groups is largerly determined by the lex. And gram structure of the sentence(2-4 stressed words), normal degree of loudness and range, descending ,ascend sliding and scandent scales in combination
-non-full(conversational)style(everyday informal speech or small talk): extreme forms of assimilation , reduction elision, changeable loudness, a narrowed range, variability in melodic contours( scales and tones)-predominance of mixed, level and incomplete scales+incomplete falling tones and level tones, short sense-groups, variable tempo, predominance of hesitation and suspense pauses over logical ones.
There is no uniform class-n of phonet. styles due to the large number of extralinguistic style-forming means that might form the basis of class-n.
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The phonetic styles can be determined and effected by the following factors: euphony, prosody, rhythm, aesthetic function of sounds.
IN the Russian tradition phoneticians deal with styles of pronunciation, the basic principle for classifying is the degree of carefulness, the quality of enunciation and the rate of speech. The categories were: full style and colloquial style (Shcherba), full or elevated, neutral, colloquial (Avanesov, Bulanin). Some phoneticians focus their attention on the social context of communication act, such as the formality of situation. David Crystal and Derek Davy include the social status of the speaker as another social constraint which determines the style of speech. The first steps in phonetic style research were concerned with the prose read aloud with the degree of spontaneity as the basic principal for the style determination.
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
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