The specific character of English prosodic basis as compared with Russian.
The specific character of English prosodic basis as compared with Russian. - раздел Образование, Билет 1
Prosody Is “A Term Used In Suprasegmental Pho...
Prosody is “a term used in suprasegmental phonetics and phonology to refer collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempoandrhythm”. (Crystal). Recently voice quality has been added to the list of prosodic features.
The range of the voice in English is much wider than in Russian.
Comparing English and Russian we pay attention to following characters:
Englishfalling tone is steeper and reaches the bottom of the voice range. It sounds like an angry Russian tone of voice. Cf.: English ‘Do. Russian «Да». Englishrising tone is slow and starts as a level tone before it rises to the middle of the pitch range. In case of polysyllabic realization the stressed syllable remains on the bottom line while the unstressed syllables go up and reach the medium level. It sounds implicator even menacing to a Russian ear. Russian rise is more abrupt, and starts on a higher level. In a polysyllabic word the stressed syllable goes up while the unstressed syllables go down. Cf.:
RPgradually descending stepping head is composed of each stressed syllable going down a little with the unstressed syllables, ideally, keeping up or, actually, going slightly down. It is more natural for a Russian speaker to drop the unstressed syllables down to the bottom of the range right after the first stressed syllable or, in case of scandent series, let them drift up. All these pitch movements of the Russian unstressed syllables create the flavor of Russian speech unattainable by foreign learners. Cf.:
There are structuralconstraints on how many syllables are necessary for the realization of a single tone. The specific feature of English, as compared with other European languages, is the ability of English complex tones to be realized on a single syllable. Thus English is characterized by compression of pitch change within one vowel, for instance, which can be seen in the rise-fall-rise on a word No. It can sound playful and full of other connotations thanks to pitch modulation in one vowel only. This phenomenon is unparalleled in Italian, for instance. Italian needs at least two syllables to realize that tone.
Rhythm:The proportion of accented and unaccented syllables is:English (RP)1:2. RP speech is described as clipped, pointed contrastive in the length of accented and unaccented syllables.Russian- 1:3.
PHONOLOGICAL AND NON-PHONOLOGICAL FEATURES IN THE SYSTEM OF ENGLISH VOWELS (11)
Substitution gives us a useful tool for establishing contrastive units, phonemes. The basic method of establishing a phoneme inventory is finding a minimal pair of words which form contrast in one segment only, like hot/cot. Similarly, in word sets like heed, hid, head, had, etc, any 2 words can form a minimal pair in which there’s contrast in respect of one vowel segment only.
There’re 20 vowel sounds which have a distinctive function in RP. Here are the words illustrating the contrasts established by replacing one vowel for the other (this will give us 17 phonemes):
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
Новости и инфо для студентов