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Word stress

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Word stress

Word stress - раздел Образование, Билет 1 A) The Differences In Stress Are Also Lexically Determined, And, Therefore, A...

a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:

RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;

GA ¢address, a¢dult, ¢princess, de¢tail

b) One group of words ending in suffixes -ary, -ory, -ery, -ony, -berry is pronounced with one primary stress in RP whereas in American English there is an additionally secondary stress which some linguists call “tertiary” (because it follows the primary stress, and is assumed to be weaker than the one preceding the primary stress):

RP dictionary [¢ dikòәnәri];

GA dictionary [¢ dikòinәri]

c) French borrowings are assimilated in RP and have one primary stress on the initial syllable. In GA they are still stressed as in French, on the final syllable, or have two stresses, one primary on the last syllable and one secondary on the first:

RP ballet [¢ bælei], garage [gærәdg]

GA ballet [bæ¢ lei], garage [gәra:g]

Prosody (intonation)

The monotony of American speech is created by regular recurrence of similar pitch patterns: mid-level wavy head plus high fall or level-rise. Thus compared to RP the intonation group in GA starts at a lower level (like in Russian) but the pitch configuration is specifically English: sliding on each accent group within a narrow range until it comes to the terminal fall with initial rise, similar to an RP intensified fall or rise-fall. Compared with the Russian language the final element is very prominent acoustically, and that is where the most important information point is normally located.

Билет 15

Different approaches to the problem of syllable. The definition of syllable as a unit of the phonetic basis

Syllable is a complicated phenomenon. Syllable is a minimal pronounceable unit, which in the one hand, is a ground work for speech production &, on the other hand, for speech perception.

Syllable is a minimal pronounceable unit, where the sounds are joined in a way which is special for each particular language.

4 points of view on the syllable:

1) Зиверс, Stetson, Щерба, Васильев, Жинкин define syllable as a minimal pronounceable unit;

2) Потапова, Златоустова define syllable as the basis for the high language units or morpheme words, sentences;

3) Трубецкой, Мартине: syllable is referred to the domain of prosody, prosodic characteristics (length, pitch, timber, force) of the syllabic vowels & sonorants in different languages;

4) complex approach is widely exposed by Потапова, Златоустова, Косевич, Прокопова. Syllable is a complex phenomenon.

Syllables – minimal pronounceable units into which sounds show a tendency to group themselves. The syllable or syllables of the word are said to be stressed or accented. The correlation (взаимосвязь) of varying prominences (выделение) of syllables in a word is understood as the accentual structure of the word or its stress pattern.

Syllable is the minimal grouping of vowels & consonants necessary for articulation (phoneticunit) & for storing strings of phonemes in the mental representation (phonologicalunit). S can be defined as a complex unit made up of nuclear & marginal elements, with vowels acting as nuclear, syllabicelements & consonants as marginal,or non-syllabicones.

The S may consist of the onset,the nucleus& the coda.The nucleus plus coda constitute the rhyme.There is no S without the nucleus, the presence of the onset & the coda depends on the phonotactic rules of a particular language.

Syllables can be open,when ending in a vowel (V, CV), closed, ending in a consonant (VC, CVC), covered,with a consonant for an onset (CV, CVC), uncovered, with no onset (V, VC), light,with a short vowel like [ə] or [ı] or [υ] & no consonants to follow, & heavy,with a long vowel or a diphthong, or a short vowel with a consonant to follow. Heavysyllables attract stress, they become stressed,while light syllables are unstressed.

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Билет 1

Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...

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DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM OF PHONEME. THE DEFINITION OF PHONEME
Each language has a limited number of sound-types (звукотипы) that are shared by all speakers of the language and are linguistically important because they distin

Aims of communication and phonetic means in formal and informal communication.
For the English language RP is most appropriate for public speaking, formal occasions. The standard is stylistically differentiated, as there are situations when

Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those

The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre

Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice

Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:

National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK; § GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA; § GenCan

Functions of syllable. The notions of open and close juncture. Phonetic means of open juncture
There are two very important functions of syllable. 1) constitutive.- its ability to be a part of a word or a word itself. The syllable forms language units of greater magnitude: w

Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born

PHONETIC BASIS. ARTICULATORY BASIS: STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES
Phonetic basis suggests a number of the most typical pronunciation tendencies of the language. These tendencies are perceived by listeners as a certain “colouring” of the lan

Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another. F.e. English phon

The main approaches to the description of melody( British and American schools).
Speech Melody –most meaning carrying component of the Intonation; the variation in the pitch of the voice in connected speech. Major approaches to the form of melodic units.

Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into

Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas

Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale

Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress 1) primary (strong) 2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation); 3) tertiary (alw follow th

The specific character of English prosodic basis as compared with Russian.
Prosody is “a term used in suprasegmental phonetics and phonology to refer collectively to variations in pitch, loudness, tempoand

Vowel quality which depends on the height and the front-back position of the tongue.
According to the vertical position of the tongue, vowels can be: a) close (high): - narrow [i:], [u:] - broad [i], [u], [iə], [uə] b) mid:

SOCIAL VARIATIONS IN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION. SOCIAL FACTORS AND PHONETIC MARKERS
In all English-speaking countries there exists a close and obvious connection between language and social class: speech stratification correlates with social stratification. But onl

FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are: 1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r

THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are 1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a

Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t

INTONATION AND PROSODY. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE NOTIONS
These terms are used interchangeably, as synonyms. Some linguists although strongly object to such a confusion (Artemov, Zlatousova, Svetozarova). Broadly speaking,

Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So

The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.