PHONETIC BASIS. ARTICULATORY BASIS: STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES
PHONETIC BASIS. ARTICULATORY BASIS: STATIC AND DYNAMIC APPROACHES - раздел Образование, Билет 1
Phonetic Basis Suggests A Number Of The Most Typical P...
Phonetic basis suggests a number of the most typical pronunciation tendencies of the language. These tendencies are perceived by listeners as a certain “colouring” of the language under consideration.
Since phonetics deals with sounds and intonation, we distinguish between:
§ articulatory (or organic) basis;
§ intonational (prosodic) basis.
Articulatory basis has 2 aspects:
1) the static aspect;
2) the dynamic aspect.
The static aspect is the position of the organs of speech provided a person does not speak (or when he is about to speak) and when an isolated sound is uttered. This position of the organs of speech is usually called ARTICULATOTY SETTING.
General tendencies of the articulatory setting of English:
1. The lips are spread and pressed tightly against the teeth.
2. The tip of the tongue is slightly curled back and is opposite the alveoli (but does not touch them!). So the tongue is drawn back from the teeth.
3. The middle and the back parts of the tongue are flattered and lowered (the back part in particular!).
4. The soft palate is raised, as in yawning. Such a position of the soft palate in combination with the lowered position of the back part of the tongue contributes to the increase of the mouth resonator.
General tendencies of the articulatory setting of Russian:
1. The lips are slightly rounded and with some speakers even protruded. The lips are not pressed against the teeth.
2. The tip of the tongue is put forward and touches the teeth.
3. The middle and the back parts of the tongue are slightly raised.
These differences in the articulatory settings of English & Russian are quite obvious, and Russian learners of English must be constantly aware of them when speaking English.
The dynamic aspect of the articulatory basis is the manner of transition from a consonant to a vowel or from a vowel to a consonant within a syllable or at the junction of syllables/words. This aspect also suggests the dynamics of the articulation of vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables.
For ex., the manner of transition from a consonant to a vowel may be characterized either as loose or as close. In different languages it is difficult. In English it is loose, while in Russian it is close. Cf.: “niece” (n + i : s) and “низ” (нис). Of in the English the first pretonic vowel has a high degree of reduction, while in Russian it has a very low degree of reduction. Cf.: “suppose” – “сапок”.
Prosodic basis suggests a number of the most typical prosodic (intonational) patterns as well as the rhythmical contour, most characteristic of the language under consideration.
It is common knowledge, for ex., that the complex falling-rising tone is quite frequent in English, but this tone can never be heard in Standard Russian Pronunciation.
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
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