Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour. - раздел Образование, Билет 1 In Brit. Trad. Some Scientists Say Melody Has No Meaning And Its Meaning Is T...
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is borne out by the existence of sent-s in which a free variation of tones is impossible. We can conclude that tones have a n indep.meaning but this meaning is nebulous. We may refer to it as an abstract meaning. Within a context the combination of grammar, lex and situation brings out the local meaning of a tone.
The attitude to the structure of tone is also differ.now. these days tone is seen as a combination of relatively independ.tonal features. Each tone has 2 cardinal points: its end point, its onset point.(1) is responsible for definitness/indefin., complitness/incomplet. The lower the end-the more complete and categoric the tone sounds.(2) signals the degree of the speaker’s involvement. The higher this point- the higher the speaker’s interest. What is said about the tones is true about the scales. No definite meaning can be assigned to scales but high scales signal more involvement which can situationally into a number of attitudinal meanings.
What brings about local meanings? In present we can only summarize the factors which seem to be relevant . We can single out the following types of context which interact with context: preceeding(1) or co-occuring(2).
1)Intonation
lexis
grammar(2)
Immediate situation
All the meanings that was described can be defined as attitudinal. There is a differ.discription which has a discoursal character.(Brazil, Gussenhover) These discriptions make basic distinctions b/2 or 3 tones.
Brazil distinguishes between: 1) a proclaiming tone(fall) 2)reffering tone(fall-rise). This dist. Is related to that of given and new info. The tones have variants. Rise and rise-fall are variants of fall-rise and fall. Their use is conditioned by the attitude of the speaker. In his system the additional term ”termination” is used to refer to initial pitch of the tone. A mid termination anticipates a passive agreement. A high termination invites an active response. A fall termination –closes matters. This system correlates with key which is the pitch range of asense group. Key is import. For linking together successive intonation groups. Mid key presents the action as separate pieces of info. High K-surprise, Low K –expected info.
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
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