Vowel quality which depends on the height and the front-back position of the tongue.
Vowel quality which depends on the height and the front-back position of the tongue. - раздел Образование, Билет 1 According To The Vertical Position Of The Tongue, Vowels Can Be:
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According to the vertical position of the tongue, vowels can be:
a) close (high):
- narrow [i:], [u:]
- broad [i], [u], [iə], [uə]
b) mid:
- narrow [e, 3:, ə, ei, 3u]
- broad [ə, Ù]
c) open (low)
- narrow [εə, o:, oi]
- broad [æ, ai, au, o, a:]
According to the horizontal position of the tongue, they are classified into:
a) front [i:], [e], [ei], [æ],[εə]
b) central [Ù], [3:], [ə ], [3u], [εu]
c) back [o], [o:], [u:], [a:]
2. Stability of articulation:
a) monophthongs,
b) diphthongs,
c) diphthongoids.
Monophthongs don’t change their articulation during the pronunciation (with the exception of [i:] – [u:]). They are divided into short and long.
3. Vowel length gives us two groups of vowel sounds:
a) long;
b) short
which are distinct in a number of features, such as:
4. Tenseness – characterizes the state of the organs of speech at the moment of production a vowel.Long vowels, including diphthongs, are tense,short vowels are lax,
5. Energy discharge– the quality depends on the character of the articulatory transition from a vowel to a consonant. Long vowels are unchecked (free), and short vowels are checked, i.e. produced with accompanying glottal activity, involving a rapid energy discharge in a short time interval,
6. Position of the lips may distinguish:
a) rounded;
b) unrounded vowels
The higher the tongue raises the more rounded the lips are.
7. Position of the soft palate: all English vowels are oral; other languages, like French, for example, may have nasal vowels; English vowels may be nasalized before a nasal consonant but the nasal quality change is not phonemic as it is not contrastive, it is allophonic.
All the 20 vowel phonemes can be distinguished by quality alone, and that makes this feature phonemic.
Thus the 20 RP English vowels are grouped in the following way: twelve monophthongs (seven short vowels and five long ones) and eight diphthongs:
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase Mr Wilson is in the hospital... Eng SR a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl s Many linguists feel that... The semantic p of v acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to...
Tendencies in the incidence of stress in English.
Languages are also differentiated according to the place of word stress. The traditional classification of languages concerning place of stress in a word is into those with a fixed stress and those
The units of rhythm in prose and verse.
For many years the object of phonet.analysis was a short sentence(one sense-group). However, the analysis of larger text units( long complex sentences- Superphras.unit) contributed a lot to the tre
Functional or
linguistic level) rhythm
Speech melody, or the pitch component of intonation, is the variations in the pitch of the voice
Consonants
a) In GA [r] is retroflex (pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back). At least 3 degrees of retroflexion which affect the preceding vowel:
National standards
§ RP (Received Pronunciation), or BBC English, in the UK;
§ GA (General American), or American Network English, in the USA;
§ GenCan
Attitudinal meaning of the constituents of the melodic contour.
In Brit. Trad. Some scientists say Melody has no meaning and its meaning is totally depended on context. However there is evidence to the contrary. The independ. Character of tonal meanings is born
Subsidiary.
The actual speech sounds are allophones or variants of the phoneme. Allophones of one and the same phoneme are phonetically similar. They don’t contrast with one another.
F.e. English phon
Structural function
The speaker has to organize and the listener has to identify the hierarchy of information units starting from the most prominent syllable in a word, the most prominent word in an into
Social function
Our oral speech can give info to the listener about his gender, age, education, place – domain of prosody. Prosody is an important marker of personal or social identity: lawyers, preachers, newscas
Stylistic
Each functional style and each function of speech has its own characteristics in melody, tempo, loudness, voice quality, pause. Official style (frequent use of the gradually descending scale
Typology of accentual structures
(из лекций): Degrees of stress
1) primary (strong)
2) secondary (alw preceeds the primary stress: e*xami*nation);
3) tertiary (alw follow th
Word stress
a) The differences in stress are also lexically determined, and, therefore, and hard to generalize:
RP a¢ddress, ¢adult, prin¢cess, ¢detail;
FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION
The principal functions of I. are:
1) Communicative – the change in melody/tone leads to the change of the communicative type of the utterance. (command, r
THE ORPHOEPIC NORM OF ENGLISH (RP) AND ITS TYPES
The conditions for a variety of English pronunciation to be accepted as the orthoepic norm are
1.recognition of the fact that RP has the “prestige a
Standard Scottish Pronunciation.
ü The Southern British type of Engl.pronunciation is known as RP. The term Southern English is indicative only of its birth-place and doesn’t
Factor which determine the variety of phonetic styles.
Phonostylistics deals with phonetic styles, which are- different ways of pronunciation determined by extralinguist.factors and characterized by specific phonetic features.So
The meaning of tones and scales.
The falling tone is most common in statements, special questions, commands and exclamations. The rising tone is common in non-final parts of statements, in general questions, requests and warnings.
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