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Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 122

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 122 - раздел Иностранные языки, Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамот­ности: Учебное пособие / Радовель В. А. — Изд. 3-е. ...

14. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 3.

human-readable form — удобная для чтения форма performance [pa'fxmsns] — (рабочая) характеристика; производительность; быстродействие; скорость ра­боты; пропускная способность

character printer — принтер с посимвольной печатью; символьный принтер

line printer ['lain]— принтер с построчной печатью page printer ['peid;] — принтер с постраничной печатью

(поп) impact printer ['nonimpskt] — (бес)контактный принтер

letter-quality printer — принтер с типографским каче­ством печати

dot-matrix printer ['dot 'meitnks] — точечно-матричный принтер

ink-jet printer ['ink 'd3et] — струйный принтер laser-beam printer ['leiza *bi:m] — лазерный принтер

to identify [ai'dentifai] — идентифицировать; распознать; обозначить

approach [ap'routj] — подход; метод; принцип; прибли­жение

at a time — за один раз; одновременно

to cause ['ko:z] — вызывать; приводить к (ч.-л.); застав­лять; вынуждать

to strike against a ribbon — ударять по ленте typewriter ftarpraits] — печатное устройство to spray drops of ink — распылять капли чернил to affect [a'fekt] — влиять; воздействовать; сказываться на (ч.-л.)

technique [tek'mk] — метод; способ; техника; методика; технология

printer output — вывод на печать; распечатываемые дан­ные


123__________ /_________________ Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

15. Прочтитетекст и назовите типы принтеров иих назна­чение.

Text3. OUTPUT DEVICES. PRINTERS

Printers provide information in a permanent, human-read­able form. They are the most commonly used output devices and are components of almost all computer systems. Printers vary greatly in performance and design. Vfe will classify printers as character printers, line printers and page printers in order to identify three different approaches to printing, each with a dif­ferent speed range. In addition, printers can be described as ei­ther impact or nonimpact. Printers that use electromechanical mechanisms that cause hammers to strike against a ribbon and the paper are called impact printers. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print.

Character printers print only one character at a time. A type­writer is an example of a character printer. Character printers are the type used with literally all microcomputers as well as on computers of all sizes whenever the printing requirements are not large. Character printers may be of several types. A letter-quality printer is a character printer which produces output of typewriter quality. Letter-quality printers typically have speeds ranging from 10 to 50 characters per second. Dot-matrix print­ers form each character as a pattern of dots. These printers have a lower quality of type but are generally faster printers than the letter-quality printers — in the range of 50 to 200 characters per second. One of the newest types of character printer is the ink-jet printer. It sprays small drops of ink onto paper to form print­ed characters. The ink has a high iron content, which is affect­ed by magnetic fields of the printer. These magnetic fields cause the ink to take the shape of a character as the ink approaches the paper.

Line printers are electromechanical machines used for high-volume paper output on most computer systems. Their print­ing speeds are such that to an observer they appear to be print­ing a line at a time. They are impact printers. Trie speeds of line printers vary from 100 to 2500 lines per minute. Line printers have been designed to use many different types of printing mechanisms. Two of the most common print mechanisms are


Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 124

the drum and the chain. Drum printers use a solid, cylindrical drum, rotating at a rapid speed. Speeds of dram printers vary from 200 to over 2000 lines per minute. Chain printers have their character set on a rapidly rotating chain called a print chain. Speeds of chain printers range from 400 to 2400 lines per minute.

Page printers are high-speed nonimpact printers. Their print­ing rates are so high that output appears to emerge from the printer a page at a time. A variety of techniques are used in the design of page printers. These techniques, called electrophoto­graphic techniques, have developed from the paper copier tech­nology. Laser-beam printers use a combination of laser beam and electrophotographic techniques to create printer output at a rate equal to 18000 lines per minute.

16. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. What are the three types of printers? 2. What is a letter-quality printer? 3. What is a dot-matrix printer? 4. What type of printer is the most common with microcomputer systems? 5. What is the most common printer type used on large com­puter systems? 6. What is an impact printer? Give an example. 7. What is a nonimpact printer? Give examples. 8. What are the most widely used printers? 9. How do you distinguish between a letter-quality printer and a dot-matrix printer? 10. Which of these printers is slower? 11. What types of character printers do you know? 12. How are printed characters formed by means of an ink-jet printer? 13. What are the main types of a line print­er? Which of them is faster? 14. What techniques are used in the operation of page printers?

17. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Удобная для восприятия человека форма; наиболее ча­сто употребляемые устройства вывода информации; раз­личаться по рабочим характеристикам и внешнему виду; принтеры с посимвольной печатью; принтеры с построч­ной печатью; принтеры с постраничной печатью; различ­ные методы печати; диапазон скорости; принтеры контак­тные и бесконтактные; ударять по ленте; печатать по одному символу; буквально все компьютеры; а также; тре­бования печати; принтер с типографским качеством печа-


125 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

ти; точечно-матричные принтеры; струйные принтеры; разбрызгивать капли чернил; высокое содержание железа; магнитные поля; принимать форму символа; кажется, что печатают по строчке; барабанный принтер; цепочечные принтеры; лазерный принтер.

18. Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­
вести словосочетания с этими словами.

Approach: comprehensive approach; database approach; ed­ucational (training) approach; general approach; graphic ap­proach; self-study approach; step-by-step approach; trial-and-error approach.

Performance: application performance; computer perfor­mance; device performance; disk performance; display perfor­mance; error performance; execution performance; memory performance; network performance; processor performance.

Printer: black-and-white printer; color printer; character (at-a-time) printer; dot-matrix printer; graphical (image) printer; impact printer; ink:jet printer; laser printer; letter-quality print­er; matrix printer; network printer; page (at-a-time) printer.

Technique: advanced technique; analog technique; comput­ing technique; display (video) technique; formatting technique; hardware technique; measuring technique; modeling (simula­tion) technique; multimedia technique; numerical technique; programming technique; scanning technique; software tech­nique; testing technique.

19. Переведите предложения, содержащие инфинитивный
оборот Nominative with the Infinitive (сложное подлежа­
щее).

1. Printers are known to vary greatly in performance and design. 2. They are expected to be the most commonly used devices. 3. Magnetic fields are supposed to effect a high iron con­tent of the ink. 4. The ink-jet printer is stated to be one of the newest types of character printers. 5. Electrophotographic tech­niques proved to have developed from the paper copier technol­ogy. 6. An impact printer is considered to produce a printed char­acter by impacting a character font against the paper. 7. Dot-matrix printers seem to have a lower quality of type. 8. The most com­mon printer type used on larger systems is sure to be the line printer. 9. A lot of techniques are believed to be used in the de-


Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 126

sign of printers. 10 A laser is certain to be an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

20. Прочтите текст и составьте письменно реферат на ан­
глийском языке.

MAGNETIC MEDIA DEVICES

Some of the devices mentioned above can perform both the input and output functions. Magnetic disc, magnetic diskette, and magnetic tape are examples of such devices. Magnetic discs, diskettes, and tapes can record data as output from primary stor­age and can also serve as input devices returning the data to primary storage.

Data are recorded on magnetic discs and magnetic tapes ei­ther by outputting the data from primary storage or by using a data recorder. Data recorders are not input devices, and they are not connected to the computer system. Instead they are offline recorders. The magnetic media recording devices are key-to-disk, key-to-diskette, and key-to-tape machines.

Key-to-disk devices are used as data recording stations in multistation shared-processor systems. They are able to correct data before storing it on a magnetic disk and before its entry into the main computer system.

Key-to-diskette systems store data on flexible discs, called diskettes. Diskettes are inexpensive and reusable.

Key-to-tape devices can record data on reels, on cassettes, and on tape cartridges. The magnetic tape reels produced by key-to-tape systems are in a computer-compatible format for subsequent direct data input into a computer. However, data on cartridges and cassettes often are transferred to higher-speed media, such as a full-sized reel of magnetic tape or magnetic disc, for data transfer to the computer.

21. Выполните перевод следующего текста письменно по
вариантам.

KEYBOARD DEVICES

1. There is a wide variety of keyboard devices, or terminals, available for use in entering data directly into a computer.


127 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

The visual display terminal (VDT) is the most popular type of I/O device in use today. It consists of a typewriterlike key­board for inputting and a cathode ray tube (CRT) for display­ing output data. Each character entered through the keyboard is also displayed on the CRT. When keyed the data are held in a small memory, called a buffer, within the terminal itself. The data are not sent on to the computer until the operator presses an enter key on the keyboard. This allows the operator the op­portunity to proofread or verify the data being entered by read­ing the data displayed on the screen. There are three major uses of VDT's: alphanumeric displays, graphic displays, and input through a light pen.

Alphanumeric displays. The most common use of the visual display terminal is to display alphanumeric data, that is, char­acter data. Because of their relatively fast output rates and their ability to provide a viewer with an "instant" output, video dis­plays have replaced printers for many applications.

Graphic displays. Visual display terminals with a graphic dis­play capability provide a very powerful and versatile tool for many users. Graphic-display devices provide not only a means of displaying high-resolution drawings but also the capability of manipulating and modifying the graphic display. The busi-nessperson can use the graphic display to present data in the form of line charts, bar charts, or pie charts. Graphic displays can be very effective in information systems for business man­ager.

2. Different types of keyboard devices, such as visual display terminals, teleprinter terminals, and point-of-sale devices are among the keyboard devices.

A light pen is a photosensitive penlike instrument which can sense a position on the cathode ray tube (CRT) when the end of the pen is held against the screen. The light pen is an input device. By sensing the position on the screen when you touch it by the light pen, you are inputting data to the main storage. The light pen is commonly used by engineers to modify designs.

Teleprinter terminals. There are situations where it is desir­able to have a printed copy of data outputted to a terminal. If a user finds a printed copy to be required, the solution could be a teleprinter terminal. A teleprinter terminal has a keyboard for input and a typewriterlike printer for output. These printers are


Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 128

character printers and are therefore slower output devices than CRT displays.

A point-of-sale (POS) device is the electronic equivalent of a cash register, however it is capable of capturing more data than a cash register. Most point-of-sale devices are online terminals attached to a computer for processing the transaction while the customer is making the purchase. The significant features of most of the current electronic POS devices include: the capa­bility of entering extensive information about the sale, the guid­ing of the operator through the possible transactions by a series of lighted indicators or messages, a provision for transmission of the data to a central computer, and the provision for a local computational capability such as price extensions and tax cal­culations.

TESTS 1. Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.

1. Input-output devices allow the computer to_____________ with

its external environment.

a) compute; b) command; c) communicate

2. An I/O interface is a special___________ that converts input

data to the internal codes.

a) register; b) processor; c) plotter

3. The_______ devices allow the computer to communicate

with its external environment.

■ a) high-speed; b) medium-speed; c) low-speed

4. The low-speed devices are those with complex mechani-

cal motion or those that operate at the speed of a human

operator.

a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) electronic

5. Data are entered from a___________ in a manner similar to

typing.

a) keyboard; b) digitizer; c) printer

6. A remote banking terminal is an example of a_______________

input environment.

a) human-dependent; b) human-independent; c) human-related


129 Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

7. Input_______ match the physical or electrical character-

istics of input devices to the requirements of the computer

system.

a) interconnections; b) interfaces; c) intercommunication

8. They_______ data into the binary codes.

a) transmit; b) translate; c) transform

2. Согласуйте слова левой колонки с их интерпретацией,
предложенной справа.

1. Scanner sa) a device producing output in a hu-

man-readable format;

2. Keyboard £, b) a manipulator used mainly in com-

puter games;

3. Touch pad > c) a device enabling to get video imag-

es in digital form;

4. Mouse d) a device converting the finger move-

ment into the cursor movement , across the screen;

5. Plotter oe)a device for direct data entry, which

can convert images into the comput­er form;

6. Joystick '0 a special pen that can draw and in-

put texts;

7. Digital camera 'X g) a device inputting numerical and text

data by means of keys;

8. Magnetic disc '■' h) an optic-mechanical device helping

the user select images on computer display due to rotating balls;

9. Printer i) an entirely electronic high-speed de-

vice keeping information.

3. Прочтите внимательно текст. Заполните пропуски подхо­
дящими словами в предложениях, данных после текста.

SCANNERS

Scanners provide a capability for direct data entry into the computer system. The major advantage of this direct data entry is that humans do not have to key the data. This leads to faster and more accurate data entry. The two major types of scanners


Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 136

are optical scanners and magnetic-ink character recognition devices.

Optical scanners are input devices that can "read" data re­corded on paper. The scanning techniques used involve a light source and light sensors; thus, they are called optical devices. The data to be scanned may be typed or handwritten charac­ters, data-coded as pencil marks, or data-coded as bars. The common optical scanner devices are called optical character readers, optical mark readers, and bar-code readers.

An optical character reader (OCR) inputs data by using opti­cal scanning mechanisms that can detect or scan alphabetic and numeric characters printed on paper. If the data are typewrit­ten, they must be typed using a special type font, called an OCR font. Examples of the use of OCR devices include the scanners used by the Postal Service to aid in sorting bulk mail, and as first-draft input for word processing system.

Optical mark readers (OMR) are able to detect pencil marks, made on special paper forms. The actual inputting of data through an OMR device involves shining a light on the page being scanned and detecting the reflections from the pencil marks. Pencil marks made with a soft lead pencil (high graph­ite content) will reflect the light. It is this reflection that the OMR device detects.

Optical bar-code readers detect combinations of marks or printed bars that represent the data. Bar codes have been used for a number of years for some types of credit card processing and by the post office for mail sorting. It is very common to use bar-code readers in conjunction with point-of-sale devices. The most widely known bar code is the universal product code (UPC), which now appears on almost all retail packages.

Magnetic-ink character recognition (MICR) devices were de­veloped to assist the banking industry. MICR devices speed up data input for the banking industry by reading characters im­printed on paper documents using a magnetic ink (an ink that contains iron oxide particles). Check and deposit form process­ing is the largest application of MICR.


}?l_________________________ Unit 9. Input-Ouput Units

Notes _____________________

bar-coded reader — устройство^считывания штрих-кода type font — печатный шрифт point-of-sale device — кассовый терминал

1. The scanning techniques of optical scanners use___ .

a) mechanical mechanisms; b) electronic processor c) a light source

2. Optical bar-code readers have been used by the____ .

a) radioengineering; b) banking industry; c) post-office

3. The largest application of______ is processing of vari-

ous documentation in bank industry, a) OMR; b) OCR; c)MICR


Unit 10 PERSONAL COMPUTERS

1. Ознакомьтесь с новыми словами и терминами текста 1.

personal computers — персональные компьютеры competitive operating systems — конкурирующая опера­ционная система

IBM (International Business Machine) — фирма по про­изводству компьютеров to enter the fray — ввязаться в драку computer of choice — лучший компьютер to fall by the wayside — остаться в стороне; уступить до­рогу

to survive onslaught [sa'vaiv 'onsbt] — выдержать конку­ренцию

word size — размер слова; разрядность двоичного слова soft-copy output — вывод электронной, программно-управляемой копии

hard-copy output — вывод «твердой» печатной копии online storage — неавтономное хранение данных в ЗУ offline storage — автономное хранение данных отдельно

от компьютера

input media — носитель для входных данных output media — носитель для выходных данных general -purpose — универсальный; общего назначения stand-alone — автономный to plug in ['р1лд in] — подключать; подсоединять leisure activities ['1езз ak'tivitiz] — досуговая деятельность

2. Прочтите текст и скажите, существуют ли отличия пер­
сональных компьютеров от больших компьютеров и в
чем они заключаются.

Text 1. PERSONAL COMPUTERS

Personal computers are supposed to appear in the late 1970s. One of the first and most popular personal computers was the


133___________________________ Unit 10. Personal Computers

Apple II, introduced in 1977 by Apple Computer. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, new models and competitive oper­ating systems seemed to appear daily. Then, in 1981, IBM en­tered the fray with its first personal computer, known as the IBM PC. The IBM PC quickly became the personal computer of choice, and most other personal computer manufacturers fell by the way-side. One of the few companies to survive IBM's on­slaught was Apple Computer, which is sure to remain a major player in the personal computer marketplace. In less than a de­cade the microcomputer has been transformed from a calcula­tor and hobbyist's toy into a personal computer for almost ev­eryone.

What is a personal computer? How can this device be char­acterized?

— First, a personal computer being microprocessor-based,
its central processing unit, called a microprocessor unit,
or MPU, is concentrated on a single silicon chip.

— Second, a PC has a memory and word size that are small­
er than those of minicomputers and large computers.
Typical word sizes are 8 or 16 bits, and main memories
range in size from 16 К to 512 K.

— Third, a personal computer uses smaller, less expensive,
and less powerful input, output and storage components
than do large computer systems. Most often, input is by
means of a keyboard, soft-copy output being displayed on
a cathode-ray tube screen. Hard-copy output is produced
on a low-speed character printer.

— A PC employs floppy disks as the principal online and
offline storage devices and also as input and output me­
dia.

— Finally, a PC is a general-purpose, stand-alone system
that can begin to work when plugged in and be moved
from place to place.

Probably the most distinguishing feature of a personal com­puter is that it is used by an individual, usually in an interactive mode. Regardless of the purpose for which it is used, either for leisure activities in the home or for business applications in the office, we can consider it to be a personal computer.


Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 134

3. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.

1. When did the first personal computer appear? 2. What was one of the first PC model? 3. What is a personal computer?

4. What are the four main characteristics of a PC? 5. What does
the term * microprocessor-based" mean? 6. What are the typi­
cal word sizes of a PC? 7. How is input carried out in personal
computers? 8. What principle storage devices do PC use?
9. What kind of a system is a PC? 10. What differs personal com­
puters from large computer systems?

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих
словосочетаний:

Конкурирующая операционная система; появляться ежедневно; ввязаться в драку; лучший компьютер; остаться в стороне; выдержать конкуренцию; главный поставщик на компьютерном рынке; игрушка для любителя; микро­процессорный; цельный кристалл (микросхема) из крем­ния; размер слова; компоненты меньшей мощности; по­средством; вывести на экран; низкоскоростной принтер с посимвольной печатью; использовать гибкие диски; при­боры (не) автономного хранения данных; универсальный; автономная система; отличительная черта; интерактивный режим; независимо от цели; досуговая деятельность.

– Конец работы –

Эта тема принадлежит разделу:

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамот­ности: Учебное пособие / Радовель В. А. — Изд. 3-е.

Научный консультант... Соколов С В доктор технических наук профессор действительный член... Рецензент Понкратова Ю Г зам директора гимназии г Ростова н Д председатель методобъединения учи телей английского языка...

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Все темы данного раздела:

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
computer literacy [ksm'pjute 'litsrasi] — компьютерная грамотность problem-solving device — устройство, обеспечивающее решение задачи be aware of [bi a'wesr ov] — понимат

Просмотрите текст 1 еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1.What does "a computer-literate person" mean? 2. Areyou aware of the potential of computers to influence your life? 3. What do the people mean by "

Вспомните образование и случаи употребления The PastSimple Tense.
А. Назовите три формы следующих неправильных глаго­лов: То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to d

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2
intricate ['mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt'romk 'sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема to operate switches [ops'reit 'switfiz] — приводить в дей­ствие переключатели

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of elec­tronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possi

Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. Information is given into the computer in the form of a) ideas; b) cha

Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, опре­деления, представленные справа.
1. Computer a) a machine by which information is re- ceived from the computer; 2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manip- ulating numbers, letters

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1
calculating device [ksllcjiK'leitin di'vais] — вычислительное устройство multiple ['nultiplj — кратный abacus ['aebakss] — счеты slide rule ['slaid 'nil] — логар

Text У. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens an

Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста.
1.What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and L

Подберите вместо пропусковподходящее по смыслу слово.
1. British scientists invented a___ way of multiplying and dividing. a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical 2. A new branch of mathematics,____ , was invented in

Прочтите текст и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «обработка информации» и «иерархия запоминания ин­формации».
Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is th

Basic data processing operations
Five basic operations are characteristic of all data process­ing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and con­trolling. They are defined as follows. Inputting is the

Data storage hierarchy
It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. The general group­ings of

Просмотритетекст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста 1.
1. What is processing? 2. What is data processing? 3. What does the term of data processing system mean? 4. What basic operations does a data processing system include? 5. What is inputting / stori

Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, опре­ деления, представленные справа.
1.Computer ' a) the set of instructions that direct the operations of computers; 2. Computer literacy • b) a part of a computer, entering data into the d

Вспомните значение новых слов и догадайтесь о зна­ чении их производных.
То eliminate: elimination; eliminable; eliminator; unlimited. To respond: respondent; response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility. Accuracy: inaccura

Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали.
Text 1.COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outpu

Types of computers
The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For ex-

Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­ пользуя информацию текста.
1.Who designs computers and their accessory equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do

A. -er, -or
То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert

Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства.
1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of inter­esting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a

Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1.What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6

Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере­ вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Architecture: communication architecture; computer archi­tecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual ar

STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS
1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The

Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретаци­ей, предложенной справа.
1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite func­tion 2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions en- ab

Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
Crossword 1.

Просмотрите текст еще раз. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What represents the functional organization of a comput­er? 2. What can we get by studying the functional organization? 3. What is the function of the input device? 4. What does mem­

Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­ сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Computer, analog computer; digital computer; hybrid com­puter; all-purpose computer; general-purpose computer; fifth-generation computer; game computer; handheld computer; mobile computer; m

Вспомните значение следующих прилагательных и пре­ образуйте их в сравнительную и превосходную степени.
A. Small; fast; new; long; late; wide; young; easy; great; dull; rich; bulky; large; vast; early; old; broad. B. Frequent; reliable; approximate; significan

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
large-scale — большой; крупномасштабный flip-flop — триггер circuit ['ss:kit] — цепь; контур; схема employ [im'ploi] — использовать; употреблять; приме­нять logic gates — логический элемен

Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, какую дополнительную информацию вы узнали о действии основных устройств компьютера.
Text 2. SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a computer, or in a data-processing, control

Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис­пользуя информацию текста.
1. What are the functional units of a digital computer? 2. What units make up the central processing unit? 3. How is computer system organized? 4. What are the two main types of storage units? 5. W

Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­ сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk storage; magnetic tape storage; in­put storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storag

Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
medium (pi. media) — носитель; среда capacity — емкость; объем (памяти); пропускная спо­собность media capacity — емкость носителя data access time — время доступа к данным

Опишите схему.
93__________________________________ Unit 7. Storage 13. Переведите предложения, содержащие всевозможные формы причастий: Participle I, Participle II,

DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION
1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmet

TESTS 1. Вставьте вместо пропусков необходимые слова.
1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data in the storage device is called the data____ time. a) sequence; b) access; c) value 2.______ memories have no

Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве­сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counter­clockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print

Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.
1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 102
ical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of elec­tronic mem

Unit & Central Processing Unit
comparer [кэт'реэгэ] — компаратор; устройство сравне­ния content ['kontsn

Text 2. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS
As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer sys­tem. It obtains

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 110
5. clock ( 'e) selects data from memory; 6. counter *0 produces el

MICROPROCESSOR - A BRAIN ТО THE HARDWARE
1. The microprocessor forms the heart of a microcomputer. The first microprocessors were developed in 1971 as a branch of pocket calculator development. Since then there has been a trem

Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве­ дите предложения.
6. Переведите сложные предложения: А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью.Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ...

Переведите безличные предложения. Обратите внима­ ние на их специфику.
1. 7/ is well known that personal computers enjoy great pop­ularity among experimenters and hobbyists. 2. // took years to produce a high-speed computer performing a lot of functions. 3. When makin

A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to commu­nicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access informa­tion from all over the w

Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 142
is made up of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Because RAM i

Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive de- vice designed for an individual__________ . a) person; b) producer; c) user 2. One of the fi

Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded in­structions which enables the computer to solve specific prob­lems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer programmingjis

Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис­ пользуя информацию текста.
1. What is programming? 2. What is the essence of program­ming? 3. What should be done with the problem before process­ing by the computer? 4. What is a program? 5. What are instruc­tions? 6. What

Переведите предложения, содержащие сослагательное наклонение.
1.1should like to be a top specialist in computer technolo­gy. 2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer. 3. It is required that the program

Text 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a logical plan (our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready to write the program instructions. The proc

FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IVlanguage is oriented toward solving prob­lems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The versi

Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе­ ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If you want to master any language you must know at least three thousand words. 3. You willimprove your pronuncia

RPG II Programming language
RPG IIis a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prew

The conversion of symbolic languages
As we see, most of the symbolic languages are oriented to­ward the particular application areas of business or science (math). The one problem with all symbolic languages is that none of them can b

Running the computer program
The operating system is a collection of program provided by the computer's manufacturer that allows us to shedule jobs for the computer, to translate source programs into object programs, to sort d

Определите неличные формы глагола, содержащиеся в следующих предложениях. Переведите их.
1.The problems to be studied are of great importance. 2. The problem studied helped us understand many things. 3. To study the problem we must make some experiments. 4. To study th

A BRIEF HISTORY of the INTERNET
In 1973 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objectiv

ENJOY YOURSELF
Quiz-game "Do you know more about computers"?(Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.) question numbers.)

Англо-русский словарь
reversibility — обратимость; возможность изменить направление на противоположное

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