Определите неличные формы глагола, содержащиеся в следующих предложениях. Переведите их. - раздел Иностранные языки, Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие / Радовель В. А. — Изд. 3-е. 1.The Problems To Be Studied Are Of Great Importance. 2. The...
1.The problems to be studied are of great importance. 2. The problem studied helped us understand many things. 3. To study the problem we must make some experiments. 4. To study the problem means to give answers to many questions. 5. Having studied the problem we could answer many questions. 6. The problem studied is unlikely to be of great interest. 7. Scientists studying the problem made a lot of experiments to get answers to the required questions. 8. The problem to have been studied last year will not help us to solve our task now. 9. Having been well prepared for the examination the pupils could answer all the questions the teacher asked them. 10. The problem to be discussed at the meeting requires careful consideration.
159 Итоговый тест
4. Выполните перевод грамматикализованных предложе
ний.
I. I. Accuracy is one of the major items in judging a control
system. The higher the accuracy of the system, the less errors
the system makes. 2. The digital computer employs the princi
ple of counting units, digits, and hence, if properly guided, gives
answers which have a high degree of accuracy. 3. Electronic
computers can choose which of several different operations are
the right ones to make in given circumstances. Never before has
mankind had such a powerful tool available. 4. In many cases
man has proved to be but an imperfect controller of the ma
chines he has created. Thus, it is natural, that wherever neces
sary, we should try to replace the human controller by some form
of automatic controller. 5. It is necessary to draw a distinction
between calculating machines and computers, the former requir
ing manual control for each arithmetic step and the latter hav
ing the power to solve a complete problem automatically.
II. 1. Many servomechanisms and regulators are known to
be composed of a number of control elements connected in se
ries, the output of one being used as the input to the next. 2.
Vfe expect a computer to work for at least several hours without
a fault; that is to say, supposing a speed of one thousand opera
tions per second, to perform more than ten million operations.
3. Digital programming implies the preparation of a problem for
a digital computer by putting it in a form which the computer
can understand and then entering this program into the com
puter storage unit. A problem to be solved by a digital comput
er must be expressed in mathematical terms that the computer
can work with. 4. Among all forms of magnetic storage, mag
netic tapes were the first to be proposed in connection with dig
ital computers. 5. Programming a computer involves analysing
the problem to be solved and a plan to solve it.
5. Прочтите тексты (по вариантам) и составьте короткую
аннотацию на каждый из них.
1. The WORLD-WIDE WEB
People have dreamt of a universal information database since late nineteen forties. In this database, not only would the data be accessible to people around the world, but it would also easily link to other pieces of information, so that only the most
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 160
important data would be quickly found by a user. Only recently the new technologies have made such systems possible. The most popular system currently in use is the World-Wide Web (WWW) which began in March 1989. The Web is an Internet-based computer network that allows users on one computer to access information stored on another through the world-wide network.
As the popularity of the Internet increases, people become more aware of its colossal potential. The World-Wide Web is a product of the continuous search for innovative ways of sharing information resources. The WWW project is based on the principle of universal readership; "if information is available, then any person should be able to access it from anywhere in the world." The Web's implementation follows a standard client-server model. In this model, a user relies on a program (the client) to connect to a remote machine (the server), where the data is stored. The architecture of the WWW is the one of clients, such as Netscape, Mosaic, or Lynx, "which know how to present data but not what its origin is, and servers, which know how to extract data", but are ignorant of how it will be presented to the user.
One of the main features of the WWW documents is their hypertext structure. On a graphic terminal, for instance, a particular reference can be represented by underlined text, or an icon. "The user clicks on it with the mouse, and the referenced document appears." This method makes copying of information unnecessary: data needs only to be stored once, and all referenced to it can be linked to the original document.
2. SUCCESS of the WWW
Set off in 1989, the WWW quickly gained great popularity among Internet users. What is the reason for the immense success of the Wbrld-Wide Wfeb? Perhaps, it can be explained by CERN's* attitude towards the development of the project. As soon as the basic outline of the WWW was complete, CERN made the source code for its software publicly available. CERN has been encouraging collaboration by academic and commercial parties since the onset of the project, and by doing so it got millions of people involved in the growth of the Wfeb.
The system requirements for running a WWW server are minimal, so even administrators with limited funds had a chance
161Итоговый тест
to become information providers. Because of the intuitive nature of hypertext, many inexperienced computer users were able to connect to the network. Furthermore, the simplicity of the Hyper Text Markup Language, used for creating interactive documents, allowed these users to contribute to the expanding database of documents on the Web. Also, the nature of the World-Wide Web provided a way to interconnect computers running different operating systems, and display information created in a variety of existing media formats.
In short, the possibilities for hypertext in the world-wide environment are endless. With the computer industry growing at today's pace, no one knows what awaits us in the 21st century.
Note ______________________________________________
* CERN was originally named after its founding body the 'Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire,' and is now called 'European Laboratory for Particle Physics*.
Все темы данного раздела:
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1.
computer literacy [ksm'pjute 'litsrasi] — компьютерная
грамотность problem-solving device — устройство, обеспечивающее
решение задачи
be aware of [bi a'wesr ov] — понимат
Просмотрите текст 1 еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1.What does "a computer-literate person" mean? 2. Areyou aware of the potential of computers to influence your life? 3. What do the people mean by "
Вспомните образование и случаи употребления The PastSimple Tense.
А. Назовите три формы следующих неправильных глаголов:
То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to d
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2
intricate ['mtnkit] — сложный, запутанный, electronic circuit [sbkt'romk 'sa:kit] — электронная цепь, схема
to operate switches [ops'reit 'switfiz] — приводить в действие переключатели
Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?
A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possi
Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. Information is given into the computer in the form of
a) ideas; b) cha
Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, определения, представленные справа.
1. Computer a) a machine by which information is re-
ceived from the computer;
2. Data b) a device capable of storing and manip-
ulating numbers, letters
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 1
calculating device [ksllcjiK'leitin di'vais] — вычислительное
устройство
multiple ['nultiplj — кратный
abacus ['aebakss] — счеты
slide rule ['slaid 'nil] — логар
Text У. THE FIRST CALCULATING DEVICES
Let us take a look at the history of computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man's hands. This, in fact, is why today we still count in tens an
Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1.What was the very first calculating device? 2. What is the abacus? 3. What is the modern slide rule? 4. Who gave the ideas for producing logarithm tables? 5. How did Newton and L
Подберите вместо пропусковподходящее по смыслу слово.
1. British scientists invented a___ way of multiplying and
dividing.
a) mechanical; b) electrical; c) optical
2. A new branch of mathematics,____ , was invented in
Прочтите текст и скажите, как вы понимаете термины «обработка информации» и «иерархия запоминания информации».
Text 1. DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS
The necessary data are processed by a computer to become useful information. In fact this is th
Basic data processing operations
Five basic operations are characteristic of all data processing systems: inputting, storing, processing, outputting, and controlling. They are defined as follows.
Inputting is the
Data storage hierarchy
It is known that data, once entered, are organized and stored in successively more comprehensive groupings. Generally, these groupings are called a data storage hierarchy. The general groupings of
Просмотритетекст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста 1.
1. What is processing? 2. What is data processing? 3. What does the term of data processing system mean? 4. What basic operations does a data processing system include? 5. What is inputting / stori
Подберите к терминам, данным в левой колонке, опре деления, представленные справа.
1.Computer ' a) the set of instructions that direct
the operations of computers;
2. Computer literacy • b) a part of a computer, entering
data into the d
Вспомните значение новых слов и догадайтесь о зна чении их производных.
То eliminate: elimination; eliminable; eliminator; unlimited.
To respond: respondent; response; responsible; irresponsible; responsibility.
Accuracy: inaccura
Прочтите текст и скажите, о каких типах компьютеров и сферах их применения вы узнали.
Text 1.COMPUTER SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
As we know all computer systems perform the functions of inputting, storing, processing, controlling, and outpu
Types of computers
The two basic types of computers are analog and digital. Analog computers simulate physical systems. They operate on the basis of an analogy to the process that is being studied. For ex-
Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, ис пользуя информацию текста.
1.Who designs computers and their accessory equipment? 2. What is the role of an analyst? 3. Is it necessary for a user to become a computer system architect? 4. What functions do
A. -er, -or
То control, to compute, to design, to use, to manufacture, to work, to simulate, to operate, to protect, to process, to deal, to perform, to examine, to program, to execute, to transmit, to convert
Переведите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II, в функции обстоятельства.
1. When entering the Internet, I always find a lot of interesting information. 2. Though never built Babbage's analytical engine was the basis for designing today's computers. 3. When written in a
Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1.What is hardware? 2. Give the definition of software. 3. What are the types of software? 4. What are systems software? 5. What kind of tasks do systems software perform? 6
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь пере вести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Architecture: communication architecture; computer architecture; disk architecture; microprocessor architecture; network architecture; security architecture; system architecture; virtual ar
STEPS IN THE DEVELOPING OF COMPUTERS
1. In 1948 due to the invention of transistors there appeared the possibility to replace vacuum tubes. The transistor occupied an important place on the way to computer development. The
Согласуйте слова в левой колонке с их интерпретацией, предложенной справа.
1. Computer a) a combination of interconnected
circuit elements produced in a chip to perform a definite function
2. Analog computer b) a sequence of instructions en-
ab
Unit 5. Computer Systems: An Overview
Crossword 1.
Просмотрите текст еще раз. Дайте ответы на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What represents the functional organization of a computer? 2. What can we get by studying the functional organization?
3. What is the function of the input device? 4. What does mem
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Computer, analog computer; digital computer; hybrid computer; all-purpose computer; general-purpose computer; fifth-generation computer; game computer; handheld computer; mobile computer; m
Вспомните значение следующих прилагательных и пре образуйте их в сравнительную и превосходную степени.
A. Small; fast; new; long; late; wide; young; easy; great; dull; rich; bulky; large; vast; early; old; broad.
B. Frequent; reliable; approximate; significan
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
large-scale — большой; крупномасштабный flip-flop — триггер circuit ['ss:kit] — цепь; контур; схема employ [im'ploi] — использовать; употреблять; применять
logic gates — логический элемен
Прочтите текст 2 и скажите, какую дополнительную информацию вы узнали о действии основных устройств компьютера.
Text 2. SOME FEATURES OF A DIGITAL COMPUTER
It should be noticed that even in a large-scale digital system, such as in a computer, or in a data-processing, control
Просмотрите текст еще раз. Ответьте на вопросы, используя информацию текста.
1. What are the functional units of a digital computer? 2. What units make up the central processing unit? 3. How is computer system organized? 4. What are the two main types of storage units? 5. W
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь переве сти словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Storage: available storage; buffer storage; computer storage; data storage; magnetic disk storage; magnetic tape storage; input storage; intermediate storage; internal storage; laser storag
Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 2.
medium (pi. media) — носитель; среда capacity — емкость; объем (памяти); пропускная способность
media capacity — емкость носителя
data access time — время доступа к данным
Опишите схему.
93__________________________________ Unit 7. Storage
13. Переведите предложения, содержащие всевозможные формы причастий: Participle I, Participle II,
DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION
1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmet
TESTS 1. Вставьте вместо пропусков необходимые слова.
1. The time required for the computer to locate and transfer data in the storage device is called the data____ time.
a) sequence; b) access; c) value
2.______ memories have no
Вспомните значение новых слов и попытайтесь перевести словосочетания, употребляемые с этими словами.
Direction: backward direction; clockwise direction; counterclockwise direction; data direction; forward direction; inverse / reverse direction; negative direction; positive direction; print
Переведите предложения, содержащие независимый причастный оборот.
1. Data being accessed randomly, semiconductor memories are called random access memory (RAM). 2. The information capacity of a single bit being limited to two alternatives, codes are
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 102
ical parts, their data access time being longer than is that of electronic mem
Unit & Central Processing Unit
comparer [кэт'реэгэ] — компаратор; устройство сравнения
content ['kontsn
Text 2. THE CPU MAIN COMPONENTS
As it is known the two functional units of the CPU are the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic-logical unit (ALU). The control unit manages and coordinates the entire computer system. It obtains
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 110
5. clock ( 'e) selects data from memory;
6. counter *0 produces el
MICROPROCESSOR - A BRAIN ТО THE HARDWARE
1. The microprocessor forms the heart of a microcomputer. The first microprocessors were developed in 1971 as a branch of pocket calculator development. Since then there has been a trem
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 122
14. Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста 3.
human-readable fo
Проведите грамматический анализ текста 1, найдите в нем инфинитивные и причастные конструкции. Переве дите предложения.
6. Переведите сложные предложения:
А) бессоюзные; В) с сочинительной связью.Запомните следующие сочинительные союзы: and, but, or, while, both ...
Переведите безличные предложения. Обратите внима ние на их специфику.
1. 7/ is well known that personal computers enjoy great popularity among experimenters and hobbyists. 2. // took years to produce a high-speed computer performing a lot of functions. 3. When makin
A MODEM
The piece of equipment that allows a computer to communicate with other computers over telephone lines is called a modem. The modem allows the individual to access information from all over the w
Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности 142
is made up of random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). Because RAM i
Вставьте необходимые слова вместо пропусков.
1. A personal computer is a small relatively inexpensive de-
vice designed for an individual__________ .
a) person; b) producer; c) user
2. One of the fi
Text 1. COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. Theiessence of computer programmingjis
Просмотрите текст еще раз и ответьте на вопросы, ис пользуя информацию текста.
1. What is programming? 2. What is the essence of programming? 3. What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer? 4. What is a program? 5. What are instructions? 6. What
Переведите предложения, содержащие сослагательное наклонение.
1.1should like to be a top specialist in computer technology. 2. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer. 3. It is required that the program
Text 2. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
Let's assume that we have studied the problem, designed a
logical plan (our flowchart or pseudocode), and are now ready
to write the program instructions. The proc
FORTRAN IV
The FORTRAN IVlanguage is oriented toward solving problems of a mathematical nature. The name FORTRAN comes from the combination of the words formula translation. The versi
Переведите условные сложноподчиненные предложе ния. Обратите внимание на форму выражения разных типов условия.
I. 1. If you try very hard you can master any language. 2. If you want to master any language you must know at least three thousand words. 3. You willimprove your pronuncia
RPG II Programming language
RPG IIis a business-oriented language. The name stands for report program generator. RPG is considerably different from other programming languages. RPG is, in effect, a large prew
The conversion of symbolic languages
As we see, most of the symbolic languages are oriented toward the particular application areas of business or science (math). The one problem with all symbolic languages is that none of them can b
Running the computer program
The operating system is a collection of program provided by the computer's manufacturer that allows us to shedule jobs for the computer, to translate source programs into object programs, to sort d
A BRIEF HISTORY of the INTERNET
In 1973 the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) initiated a research program to investigate techniques and technologies for interlinking packet networks of various kinds. The objectiv
ENJOY YOURSELF
Quiz-game "Do you know more about computers"?(Divide into two groups and give answers to even (1 gr.) and odd (2 gr.)
question numbers.)
Англо-русский словарь
reversibility — обратимость; возможность изменить направление на противоположное
Новости и инфо для студентов