Áèëåò 1
Semantic and enclitic approaches to rhythmic units of speech. Analyze the two approaches in the following phrase. “Mr. ‘Wilson is in the ‘hospital till ‘six o’clock”.
Eng.SR- a regular reoccurrence of stressed syl-s.Many linguists feel that these should be a basic R unit for all types of SA-ties. The basic R unit for stressed –timed lang-s is a Rhythmic group- a speech segment which contains a stress syllable+ unstressed ones attached to it. There are 2 points of view of the character of unstressed syllables attachment:
The semantic p.of v.: acc to it the unstressed syllables tend to be drawn to the stressed one of the same word or to the lex unit acc to their semantic or gram connection.
The enclitic p.of v.: the unstressed syllables b/stressed ones tend to join the proceeding stressed syl-l.In this case the str. Syl will always be the first in the group and the R group will include all the follow.units.
E.g 1. ‘Walk /‘down /the ‘path/ to the ‘end /of the ca’nal.
2. ‘Walk /‘down the/ ‘path to the /‘end of the ca/’nal.
According to the enclitic approach the phrase Mr. ‘Wilson is in the ‘hospital till ‘six o’clock shall be divided into rhythmic groups in the following way: Mr. ‘Wilson is in the - ‘hospital till - ‘six o’clock. Except the first rhythmic group, that includes proclitics, the stressed syllable goes first in the rhythmic group, not depending on its position in the word.
According to the semantic approach the unstressed syllables in the word adjoin to the stressed syllable of the same word; the unstressed syllables representing auxiliary and other not accented words adjoin to such lexical unit, to which they are adjoined semantically. In this case the following phrase is going to look like: Mr. ‘Wilson is- in the ‘hospital - till ‘six o’clock.
It was proved experimentally that S.tempo and style influence the division into R.groups. The Sem.tendency is more typical of accurate rather slow speech when a phrase falls into separate words. The Enclit.tendency prevails in informal speech which is characterized by a quick tempo.
R groups tend to be pronounced at regular intervals of time irrespective of the number of unstressed syllables.If there few or no unstressed syl-l it should be pronounced lower; if many they should be pronounced quickly and rapidly.
Thus,E. is lang-ge with stressed-timed character of R where stressed syl-s are pronounced at equal period of time and the basic R unit is a R group.
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Components of intonation, Prosodic features
Acoustic fundamental intensity duration spectrum absence of
level frequency speech signals
Perceptive
Level II pitch force length tamber interval in
Phonation
Sentence accentuation
Perceptive melodyloudnesstempovoicepause
Level III
Vowels
a)There are 20 vowels in the system of RP and 15-16 vowels in GA; because r was not vocalized, GA lacks centring diphthongs (ending in /e/; the retroflexed vowels /ә:r/ and /ә/, stressed and unstressed , are among those features that noticeably distinguish GA from RP. All vowels occurring before r within a syllable are likely to become “r-coloured” to some extent.
RP here [hiә], hair [heә], pure [pjuә]
GA here [hir], hair [her], pure [pjυr]
b) American English in most of its variants lacks the short rounded vowel /o/, it is replaced by a vowel /a:/ which is similar to RP vowel in father:
RP lock [lok], dog [dog], stop [stop]
GA lock [la:k], dog [da:g], stop [sta:p]
The RP vowel /o/ can also be replaced by a long vowel /o:/:
RP long [lon], forest [forist], orange [orindg], sorry [sori]
GA long [lo:n ], forest [fo:rist], orange [o:rindg], sorry [so:ri]
GA is not as strictly codified as RP. There is considerable variability in GA vowels in the open back area.
c)Most of the American linguists do not use transcription system which allows us to distinguish long and short vowels in GA. Vowel length in AmEng is generally considered to be conditioned by phonological environment , so the long/short distinction described for RP is not usually present. GA is commonly described as having lax (historically short) vowels, tense (historically long) vowels and wide diphthongs. Lax vowels are lower and made with less oral tension: they do not usually end syllables.
d) The Am vowel /ә/ vowel is somewhat closer than the RP /ә/ and seems to be evolving into an even closer vowel in many speakers, so that the phrase Merry Mary married sounds as if all the accented vowels are identical. Notable is the fact that /ә/ is used not only in the same words as RP /ә/ but also in many words in which RP has /a:/ when there is no letter r in spelling.
RP dance [da:ns], ask [a:sk], pass [pa:s]
GA dance [dæns], ask [æsk], pass [pæs]
e)The diphthong [eυ] is more rounded in GA:
RP go [geυ], home [heυm];
GA go [gou], home [houm].
Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü
[f] – [g]: leaf – league
multiple opposition: 1) voiceless vs. voiced
2) fricative vs. plosive
3) labio-dental vs. velar
[m] – [b]: rim – rib
single opposition: nasal vs. oral (plosive)
[z] – [t]: zest – test
double opposition 1) voiced vs. voiceless
2) fricative vs. plosive
[s] – [θ]: sick – thick
single opposition 1) alveolar – dental
Áèëåò 7
TERRITORIAL AND SOCIAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PRONUNCIATION OF ENGLISH IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES (1)
A number of geographical-historical and socio-cultural factors caused English to become a global language spoken by approximately 1, 500 million speakers.
In geographical variation we have to distinguish two basic concepts:
§ dialect– is distinguished for its vocabulary, grammar and pronounciation. In this sense the two major varieties of English , the British English and American English may be treated as “dialects”.
§ Accent– is a type of pronunciation or a feature of one which can be found in speech of any individual or the whole speech community. Thus, phonetics is mainly concerned with accents of English, as spoken on different territories, in diverse social groups, by particular individuals.
Accents of English worldwide are grouped into:
· Accents in the countries where English is the mother tongue of the majority of the population (“the inner circle”): the UK, the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the white population of the Republic of South Africa;
· Accents in the new developing states, former British colonies, where English is one of the official languages (“the outer circle”): India and Singapore.
· Accents in the countries where English is the most widely used foreign language taught at schools (“the expanding circle”), like Russia and China.
Historical-geographical division of native English accents may be based on the division into:
Ø British-oriented (the UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa);
Ø North-America-oriented (the USA, Canada).
Most of the countries possess their national pronunciation standards, regional standards and local accents.
PRINCIPAL AND SUBSIDIARY VARIANTS OF ENGLISH PHONEMES
There are 2 types of allophones:
Principle;
Functions
Aesthetic
It means general impression from the person’s speech (harmony (áëàãîçâó÷èå) or not).
Features which distinguish the vowel sounds in the minimal pairs
The basic classifying features of English vowels are quality, length, position of the lips, among which quality is the only phonemic one as a change in quality creates contrast and serves to distinguish words and their forms
Ïðàêòè÷åñêàÿ ÷àñòü
[e] – [ei]: let – late
single opposition 1) monophthong vs. diphthong
unrounded, short, lax, mid, front, checked, oral (îáå ãëàñíûå)
[i] – [a:]: lid – lard
multiple opposition 1) short vs. long
2) lax vs. tense
3) checked vs. unchecked
4) close vs. open
5) front vs. back
[i:] – [u:]: mean – moon
double opposition 1) front vs. back
2) unrounded vs. rounded
Áèëåò 14
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RP and GA IN THE PRONUNCTIATION (WORD-STRESS, PROSODY (5)
The notions of fixed and free stress. Account for the position of stress in the following words: examination, colonization, brother, above, absent-minded, ex-president, barometer.
- constant accent- remains on the same morpheme in different grammatical forms of a word or in different derivatives from one root.
- Shifting accent- falls an different morphemes in different gram.forms of the word: ñàä-ñàäû, âîäà-âîäîâîç.
The word stress in English as well as in Russian is not only free but it may also be shifting, performing the semantic function of differentiating lexical units, parts of speech, grammatical forms. In English word stress is used as a means of word-building; in Russian it marks both word-building and word formation, e.g. 'contrast — con'trast; 'habit — habitual 'music — mu'sician; äîìà — äîìà; ÷óäíàÿ — ÷óäíàÿ, âîäû — âîäû.
Eֽxaminátion- Rhythmical tendency (The rhythm of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables gave birth to the rhythmical tendency in the present-day English which caused the appearance of the secondary stress in the multisyllabic French borrowings)
ֽColonizátion- Rhythmical tendency (same).
Bróther- Recessive, Unrestricted
Above- Recessive, restricted
ábsent-mínded- Retentive- (a derivative retains the stress of the original words )
ex-président- Retentive (semantic factor- compound numerals and adj and words with meaningful prefixes have one stress.)
barómeter- Rhythmical tendency (majority of 3-4 syllabic words with one accent are stressed on the third syllable from the end, and thus stress is called rhythmical)
Áèëåò 17
Southern English Pronunciation, or RP;
Northern English Pronunciation;