The Pattern of World Trade - раздел Лингвистика, Аннотирование и реферирование английской научно-технической литературы
Since Every International Transaction Has Both A Buyer And A ...
Since every international transaction has both a buyer and a seller, one country's imports must be another country's exports. To get an idea of how much trade takes place, we can count the total value of export by all countries or the total value of import.
They must be exactly the same. And to count both imports and exports would be to count every transaction twice.
Table shows the value of world exports for selected years and, as a benchmark, the level of world trade relative to GNP in the world's largest single economy, the United States.
Table. The value of world exports
World exports (billions of 1980 ₤)
World exports (% of US GNP)
Source: leaque of Nations, Europe's Trade, Geneva, 1941: IMF, International Financial Statistics; National Income Accounts of the United States, 1928-49.
Two facts stand out. First, in real terms world trade has expanded very rapidly since 1950, at an average annual rate of 8 per cent. International trade has been playing an increasingly important part in national economies. Between 1960 and 1989, UK exports as a fraction of GNP rose from 20 per cent to nearly 30 per cent. Details for selected countries are shown in Table. By 1988, world exports were about 18 per cent of world GNP.
Second, the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Second World War virtually destroyed international trade. It was not until the 1960s that world trade again reached its level of 1928.
As trade has grown, both in absolute terms and relative to the size of national economies, the interdependence of national economies has increased. Like many of the countries shown in Table, Britain is now a very open economy. Events in other countries affect our daily lives much more than they did 20 years ago. We now look at the facts about who trades with whom.
Table. Exports as a percentage of GNP
Belgium
Germany
UK
Italy
Japan
USA
Source: OECD, Historical Statistics, OECD, Economic Outlook
World Trade Patterns
In Table we show the pattern of trade among three major groups of countries. The industrial or developed countries include Western Europe, North America, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, the rich countries with the largest share of world trade and world income. The Soviet bloc comprises Russia and the countries of Eastern Europe. The remaining countries are the less developed countries (LDCs) - ranging from the very poor, such as China and India, to the nearly rich, such as Brazil and Mexico.
Table. World trade patterns 1986 (% of world exports)
EXPORTS TO
% SHARE OF
EXPORTS FROM
INDUSTRIAL
COUNTRIES
DEVELOPING
COUNTRIES
SOVIET
BLOK
WORLD
TRADE
WORLD INCOME
Industrial countries
53.9
12.7
3.1
69.7
Developing countries
13.1
5.1
1.3
19.5
Soviet blok
2.8
2.0
6.0
10.8
Source: GATT, International trade; World Bank, World Development Report
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INTRODUCTION
Тексты и упражнения, предназначенные для обучения студентов реферированию и аннотированию технических текстов, объединены нами в два раздела.
Первый раздел содержит небольшие по объему нау
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable t
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write a logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitable
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main ideas.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4. Suggest a suitab
Exercises
1. Give Russian equivalents of the words distinghisted in the text.
2. Read the text and state the main idea.
3. Write the logical plan of the text.
4.
Summary of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" deals with the problem of employing automatic machines in our life.
Firstly the author defines what is automation. He says that automation is a c
Abstract of Text 5
The text "The Age of Automation" is about employing automatic machines in our life. The author gives a definition of automation, speaks about its three main elements, about its role in ma
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
the fundamental principles of a computer; to receive education; to be under the influence of; to be u
Exercises
I. Give Russian equivalents of the following phrases used in the text:
to perform an experiment, to be precise, to make sure, to be accustomed to, to be engrossed in someth
Exercises
I. Read the text and state the main idea.
II. Write a logical plan of the text.
III. Find key sentences in every paragraph.
IV. Make up a summary and an abstract of the t
SUPPLEMENT
Astronomy - astronomer
Geography - geographer
Biochemistry - biochemist
History - historian
Biology - biolog
Galileo and on
History helps to demonstrate why experiment has come to be important. The "scientific revolution" took place during the 16th and 17th centuries: explanations of nature derived from Aristo
In real laboratories
In the end, Lavoisier won the dispute with Priestley. The chemistry student in Las Palmas is producing oxygen at one electrode and hydrogen at another when the electrolyses water, not manipulating
Unit 1. Computers and Communication
Perform the following algorithm to all the texts given below.
1. Read the text and translate it with a dictionary.
2. Divide eac
Early Computing Machines and Inventors
The abacus, which emerged about 5,000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still in use today, may be considered the first computer. The device allows users to make computations using a system of sliding
COSMONAUTICS
Text 10
Collaboration the key
A subtle change, appears to have occurred across the aero engine industry since our last review six months ago.
ECONOMICS
Text 21
THE NATIONAL ECONOMY
Background
Britain ranks about 75th in size among the countries of the world, with about 0-18
Two Economic Issues
Trying to understand what economics is about by studying definitions is like trying to learn to swim by reading an instruction manual. Formal analysis makes sense only once you have
Business Organization
In the UK businesses are self-employed sole traders, partnerships, or companies. Self-employment increased throughout the 1980s and sole traders are by far the commonest type of bus
The Bank of England
The Bank of England, usually known simply as the Bank, is the central bank of the UK. For historical reasons, it is divided into an Issue Department and a Banking Department, each w
Money and its Functions
Although the crucial feature of money is its acceptance as the means of payment or medium of exchange, money has three other functions. It serves as a unit of account, as a store of
Money and Inflation
In this section we develop the basic link between the nominal money supply and the price level. In turn, this provides a link between the rate of growth of the nominal money supply
Nationalized Industries
In Chapter 16 we distinguished between government production of public goods such as defence and government production of private goods such as steel. The nationalized industries ar
The Nature and Role of Information
Text 32
Social welfare
State and voluntary services
In Britain the State is now responsible, through either central or local government, f
LITERATURE
1. David Begg. Economics, – London, 1991. – c 32, 96, 402, 497, 530.
2. John B.C. Haldane. Popular Scientific Essays. – М.: Наука, 1987.
3. Бурдонская Р.Д., Ляпуно
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