THE MICROSCOPE - раздел Биология, МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ З КУРСУ ОСНОВНИЙ КУРС Змістовий модуль 1. Біологія – наука про живі організми ІМЕНІ В.О. СУХОМЛИНСЬКОГО Even The Ancients Had Known That Curved Mirrors And Hollow Glass Spheres Fill...
Even the ancients had known that curved mirrors and hollow glass spheres filled with water had a magnifying effect. In the opening decades of the 17th century men began to experiment with lenses in order to increase this magnification as far as possible. In this, they were inspired by the great success of that other lensed instrument, the telescope, first put to astronomical use by Galileo [galə'lāō] in 1609.
Gradually, enlarging instruments, or microscopes (from Greek words meaning "to view the small") came into use. For the first time the science of biology was broadened and extended by device that carried the human sense of vision beyond the limit. It enables naturalists to describe small creatures with detail that would have been impossible without it, and it enabled anatomists to find structures that could not otherwise have been seen.
The first man, who made and used microscope was Anthony van Leeuwenhoek ['lāvən,hook; 'lāyən-]. He was not a professional scientist. In fact, he was a janitor in the city hall in Delft, Holland. He made more than 200 different microscopes, most of which had only one carefully polished lens. With his homemade lenses, he explored all sorts of things and discovered a world never before seen by the eyes of man. He examined milk, water, insects, the thin tail of a tadpole, and many other objects. His discoveries of bacteria, blood capillaries, blood cells, and sperm cells made him famous. In 1675, he wrote the first description of the microscopic animals that live in water. Leeuwenhoek's microscopes were simple. But his great patience and keen powers of observation brought to light many new facts about living things.
THE MODERN MICROSCOPE. The microscopes of today are far more complicated than those of Leeuwenhoek's time. They are called compound microscopes because they contain more than one lens. At the top there is an eyepiece which has two lenses in it. Then there is a long tube with more lenses at the bottom. These are called objectives. You can choose different magnifying powers by swinging different objectives into position. The usual high school microscope has a choice of two powers. With the low power, you can magnify an object about 100 times. The high power objective with the usual eyepiece can enlarge things up to 500 times.
If you wish to examine an object under the microscope you must pass a beam of light through it. As the light passes through the lenses, it is bent in such a way that a magnified image appears. For this reason, anything you wish to see must be very thin. If it is too thick, the light will not go through it. Most microscopes have a mirror at the base. This can be moved in any direction. It reflects light up through the object and the lenses. The object, mounted on a piece of glass, is placed on a flat platform called the stage. Then the microscope is adjusted by moving the tube up or down. This places the objective at the correct height above the object. Unless you focus carefully in this way, you can not get a clear picture.
THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. There is a limit to the magnifying power of the compound microscope. The very best of them can enlarge an object up to 4000 times. In recent years a new type of microscope has been invented that does not use light. Instead, beams of electrons are passed through the object and a picture is made on film. The electron microscope can give us an image 25,000 times larger than the object. This development illustrates an important principle of science: when a new instrument is invented, it may speed up discoveries in the laboratory. Already, the electron microscope has made it possible to see things never dreamed of by Leeuwenhoek. We may be sure that in the future it will continue to reveal many new secrets of nature.
Notes to the text:
to graduate from – закінчувати вищій навчальний заклад
a graduate – випускник
to a certain extent – до певної міри
to a great extent – в значній мірі
to a full extent – у повній мірі
in all appearance – цілком очевидно
3. Translate the following words bearing in mind the meaning of the affixes and memorize them:
to magnify (v), magnifier (n), magnification (n)
to increase (v), increase (n), increasing (adj), increasingly (adv)
to decrease (v), decrease (n)
to inspire (v), inspiration (n)
to graduate ((v), gradual (adj), gradually (adv)
to extend (v), extension (n), extensive (adj), extensively (adv)
to explore (v), explorer (n), exploration (n), explorative (adj)
6. Form the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:
to discover, to construct, to affect, to know, to develop, to vary, to divide, 'to differ, to resemble, to observe, to suggest, to apply, to encourage, to agree, to magnify, to appear
7. Translate the m following sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to the emphatic construction "it is... that";
1) It was the electron microscope that finally revealed them as objects that could be seen.
2) It is the absence of vitamins that brings on diseases.
3) It is very important to begin the experiment in time.
4) It is the magnifying power of lenses that made it possible to see tiny things.
5) It was Carolous Linneus who suggested the first system of classification of living things.
6) It is necessary to use only very thin objects to see them under the microscope.
7) It was the new method of investigation that helped to finish the work so successfully.
8) Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the first man who penetrated through his lenses into the world of the microscope.
8. Answer the questions:
1) Explain how a microscope is used.
2) What kinds of microscope do you know?
3) What is a compound microscope?
4) How does the electron microscope differ from the compound microscope?
5) Why are most compound microscopes more powerful than simple microscopes?
6) How will you examine an object under a compound microscope and an electron microscope? What is the difference?
7) Why can't you see cells or protoplasm when you put your finger under the microscope?
9. Read the following text and try to retell it word for word:
By examining water from a lake or stream we will find that it is full of life. If you look carefully, you may find there the simplest animal, the ameba [ə'mēbə]. It is a tiny mass of jelly usually about 1/50 of an inch long. The ameba is surrounded by a very thin cell membrane, which is quite elastic. At times, a part of the membrane will push out, forming a false foot. The rest of the ameba will then flow into it. In this way, the little animal moves slowly about in its watery world.
10. Read and translate the following text; say what new information about plants and animals you got from it:
Anton von Leeuwenhoek lived all his life in Delft. He had hardly any education and never learnt Latin, which in those days was the mark of an educated man. He worked when a boy as a clerk in a dry-goods shop. Part of his duty there was to examine textiles with a fine hand lens. Sometimes he placed the lens over other substances besides cloth — the skin of his own hand, the fiber of the wood on the table. Later on in his spare time he used to go to the spectacle makers and he learnt from them how to polish lenses. Afterwards he began making lenses himself.
The lenses he made were precise and beautiful. Altogether he made 247 instruments and some of them would increase the size of a minute object as much as 270 times.
After he had learned something about metalwork he could mount them. When he was about forty he became so interested in everything seen through his lenses, that he spent much of his time looking through his microscopes.
One day he had focused his microscope on a drop of water from a rain barrel and had found in it to his great astonishment "little beastics" as he called them, swimming about, He had found these little creatures not only in rain water, but in pond water, in the secretions of various animals, even in the saliva of his own mouth. Examining different objects he continued to find ail manner of strange little organisms, although he did not realize, that they might have any connection with diseases. Only in the 19th century Louis Pasteur developed and demonstrated by his experiments the germ theory. But it was Anton von Leeuwenhoek's discovery of microbes that started a new field of scientific investigation.
11. Translate the text into Ukrainian and then back into English, compare your version with the original:
In science one of the most important discoveries having a great influence on the development of science was the fact that microscope has come into common use among scientists. The microscope gave scientists new power. Now they could see things that had been hidden. The first microscopes were very simple. They had only single lenses, some had double lenses with a tube between them. Anton von Leeuwenhoek was the first man who penetrated through these lenses into the mysterious world of the microbe. No one before his time had guessed that such tiny organisms existed.
12. Compose short dialogues for the following imaginary situations:
1. You know that Leeuwenhoek was not a professional scientist. Yet he corresponded with the Royal Society in London, where he sent his descriptions of what he had seen through his microscope. One day he was visited by one of the members of the Royal Academy. Try to imagine the conversation that might have taken place.
3. You are a teacher of zoology. This is your first lesson on the use of microscope. Instruct the students in its use.
4. Your younger sister comes up to you and asks what a microscope is. Tell her what instrument it is, how it is constructed and what it is used for.
5. You are going to make a report "From Leeuwenhoek to the present". What will you include in it?
6. You are given a microscope without a mirror and asked to examine a leaf of an apple-tree. Will you be able to do it? Discuss it with your friend.
МИКОЛАЇВСЬКИЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ... ІМЕНІ В О СУХОМЛИНСЬКОГО... КАФЕДРА ІНОЗЕМНИХ МОВ МЕТОДИЧНІ РЕКОМЕНДАЦІЇ З КУРСУ...
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THE MICROSCOPE
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BIOLOGY IN OUR LIFE
Biology is the science of life and people who are engaged in it are called biologists. They study the secrets of living things. Their discoveries are of great value to all mankind.
Biology
BIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE
Biology is the science of living things. The word "biology" comes from two Greek words: bio – "life" and logos – "discourse" or "study". Biology includes all
ANIMALS AND PLANTS
No one knows how many different kinds of plants and animals there are. Some scientists estimate the number at three million. Many of them provide us with food, clothing, shelter and medicines. Some
LINNEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Carolus Linneus was born in Sweden in a small wooden, house painted red with a roof of live turf. It was like many other houses in the village. But the house had a garden around it, so that Linneus
CHARLES DARWIN
Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England. In those days schools did not teach science as they do today. Twelve-year old Darwin, who wanted to spend his time out of doors collecting plants and
Darwin and evolution
A hundred years ago people believed that plants and animals had always been as they are now. They thought that all the different sorts of living things, including men and women, had been put here b
Translate the text and give the main point of it in writing.
Since the days when men climbed down out of the trees, he has spread out all over the earth in hot countries and cold, in mountains, jungle swamps and fertile valleys.
Wherever men went th
The simple past tense
3. Put the verbs in the following sentences into the simple past tense.
1. I go to work by bus.
2. I meet her on Tuesdays.
3. He always wears black.
4. I
The future simple tense
6. Put the verbs in brackets into the future simple.
1. I (know) the result in a week.
2. You (be) in Rome tonight.
3. You (be) able to drive after another five le
The present continuous tense
7. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense.
1. She (not work), she (swim) in the river.
2. He (teach) his boy to ride.
3. The airplane (fly) a
The simple past and the past continuous
10. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple past or the past continuous tense.
1. I lit the fire at 6.00 and it (burn) brightly when Tom came in at 7.00.
2. When I arrive
The future continuous and the future simple
11. Put the verbs in brackets into the future continuous tense.
1. This time next month I (sit) on a beach.
2. When you arrive I probably (pick) fruit.
3. I'll cal
The present perfect tense
13. Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense, and fill the spaces by repeating the auxiliary.
1. Where you (be)? ~ I (be) to the dentist.
2. You (have) brea
The present perfect and the simple past
14.Put the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or the simple past tense.
1. This is my house. ~ How long you (live) here? ~ I (live) here since 1990.
2. He (live) in
The future perfect tense
15. Put the verbs in brackets into the future perfect tense.
1. In a fortnight's time we (take) our exam.
2. I (finish) this book by tomorrow evening.
3. By this t
The present continuous tense as a future form
16. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous tense.
1. They are going to drill for oil here. They (start) on Monday.
2. My uncle (make) a speech on Friday.
The present continuous and the future simple
19. Put the verbs in brackets into the present continuous or the future simple using the present continuous where possible.
1. I am sure that I (recognize) him.
2. I (see)
Passive Voice
20. Active to passive. Put the following into the passive voice.
1. You should open the wine about three hours before you use it.
2. Previous climbers had cut steps in the
Indirect speech
Indirect speech: statements
21. Put the following into indirect speech.
1. ‘I have something to show you,' I said to her.
2. 'Nothing grows in my
What we have learned earlier
1. Unless the natural resources are properly protected and maintained the equilibrium of the nature will be affected adversely.
2. Each species has its own adaptations in relation to its e
The Biosphere
Do you know what the biosphere is?
Biologically, the habitat which contains air, water and soil together make up the living world or the biosphere. It includes the entire surface of the ea
The flow of energy
You have already learned about the food chains and the different trophic levels existing in an ecosystem. The green plants convert the solar energy in to chemical energy in the living world. Let us
The Pyramid of Numbers
Now you are well aware of the fact that there is a reduction in the number of organisms when entering one trophic level to the other. The schematic representation based on the number of organisms a
Inverted Pyramid
Now you know what a pyramid number is.
Consider a tall mango tree with ripe fruits as an ecosystem. On it there are several birds and mammals, which are consuming fully ripe fruits. The
The pyramid of biomass
Let us see, how we can represent the quantity of the loss of matter in the different trophic levels in the form of a pyramid. Suppose the herbivores in a food chain feeds on 100 kg of plant tissues
Flow of Matter
Is energy alone transferred in a food chain? Is there also a transfer of matter? Let us examine how it occurs. The chemical energy fixed in the plant tissues is utilized by different organisms as t
Carbon Cycle
You know that carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are important nutritive elements of food substances. Organic substances are formed by the combination of these elements in different proportions.
Nitrogen Cycle
Which gas is present in abundance in the atmosphere? No doubt it is Nitrogen, which is one of the most important elements used for the synthesis of proteins required for body building and also one
Other cycles
Phosphorus is one of the building units of nucleic acids and ATP. Plants absorb this element in the form of ions. It is utilized for the synthesis of plant tissues. This element comes back to the s
Natural Resources
You must have understood the role of biotic and abiotic factors in the flow of energy and matter. It is from these that natural resources are formed. They include energy, air, water, soil, minerals
SUMMARY
· Energy flow and flow of matter are essential for the existance of biosphere. Unlike the energy flow, flow of matter is cyclic.
· A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level.
FURTHER ACTIVITIES
· Imagine that the producers in an ecosystem are extensively destroyed. How does it affect the proportion of the biomass between different trophic levels? Explain briefly.
· The
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Present Simple в усіх особах однини і множини, крім третьої особи однини, збігається з інфінітивом (неозначеною формою дієслова) без
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Simple вживається для вираження:
1) звичайної, повторюваної дії в теперішньому часі:
Не goes to see her every day.
2) дії, яка характе
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Past Simple в усіх особах однини та множини збігається з другою формою дієслова:
І worked
we work
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Simple вживається для вираження:
1) одноразової або повторюваної дії в минулому. Час минулої дії часто уточнюється обставинами yesterday, last week, the o
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Simple утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Simple і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Future Simple утворюється за допомогою допоміжних дієслів shallі willта інфінітива основного дієслова без частки to.Допоміжн
ВЖИВАННЯ
Future Simple вживається для вираження одноразової, постійної або повторюваної дії в майбутньому:
I'll go there with you. Я поїду туди з тобою.
I'l
УТВОРЕННЯ
1. Present Participle утворюється за допомогою закінчення -ing, яке додається до інфінітива дієслова без частки to:
to
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Indefinite і дієприкметника теперішнього часу
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Continuous вживається для вираження:
1) дії, що відбувається в момент мовлення:
You are not listening to me.
2) тривалої дії, що відбу
Verbs not normally used in the Continuous Tenses
Stative verbsrefer to ‘states’. A state has no beginning and no end. We don’t ‘control’ it
There are 3 cases of verbs:
· Dynamicverbs which have
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова в Past Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Simple і дієприкме
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Continuous вживається для вираження:
1) дії, що відбувалася, тривала в певний момент у минулому. На час дії звичайно вказують обставинні слова типу at tw
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Continuous і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма Future Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у Future Simple та дієприкметника
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveу Present Simple і дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Parti
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Perfect вживається для вираження дії, яка відбулася до моменту мовлення, і результат цієї минулої дії пов'язаний з цим моментом:
І have locked the door. Have yo
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Present Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Perfect і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Past Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveв Past Simple і дієприкметника минулого часу (Past Partici
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Perfect вживається для вираження:
1) дії, яка відбулася раніше іншої минулої дії, позначеної дієсловом у Past Simple:
І told you I had
ПАСИВНИЙ СТАН
Пасивний стан Past Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Perfect і Past Participle
УТВОРЕННЯ
Стверджувальна форма дієслова у Future Perfect утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to haveу Future Simple і дієприк
УТВОРЕННЯ
Present Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Present Perfect і дієприкметника теперішнього
ВЖИВАННЯ
Present Perfect Continuousвживається для вираження дії, що почалася в минулому і тривала протягом певного періоду, або все ще продовжується в цей момент, або щойно закінчилася:
УТВОРЕННЯ
Past Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be в Past Perfect і дієприкметника теперішнього часу (P
ВЖИВАННЯ
Past Perfect Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, яка почалася до якогось моменту в минулому, або продовжувалася у цей момент, або закінчилася безпосередньо перед ним:
УТВОРЕННЯ
Future Perfect Continuous утворюється за допомогою допоміжного дієслова to be у Future Perfect та дієприкметника теперішнього часу
ВЖИВАННЯ
Future Perfect Continuous вживається для вираження тривалої дії, яка почнеться до якогось моменту в майбутньому, або все ще триватиме в цей момент, або закінчиться безпосередньо пе
THE IMPERATIVE MOOD
Наказовий спосіб в англійській мові, як і в українській, виражає спонукання до дії, тобто прохання, наказ, пораду, запрошення, застереження тощо.
В англійській мові форма наказового способ
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
В англійській мові існує певна залежність у вживанні граматичного часу дієслова-присудка підрядної частини від граматичного часу, в якому стоїть дієслово-присудок головної частини. Це правило назив
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
При перетворенні прямої мови у непряму в англійській мові слід дотримуватися певних правил.
У непрямій мові можна передавати твердження, питання, накази та прохання.
1. Твердження
MODAL VERBS
ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВІДОМОСТІ
У сучасній англійській мові виділяють 12 дієслів, які є модальними, або ж виступають у значенні модальних: can, may, must, should, ought, sha
Загальне питання
3.1.1
Присудок + підмет + інші члени речення ?
a) Is he a student?
b) Was it a very interesting film?
THE ARTICLE
The Indefinite Article
A, an
The Definite Article
The
a table
an apple
the [ðə] table
the [ði] apple
Other cases
Page twenty
Chapter five
Part two
Room three
Act one
Size forty-two
Ordinal numerals (порядкові числівник
FUTURE FORMS
will
1. The most common use of will is an auxiliary verb to show future time. It expresses a future fact or prediction.
Tomorrow will be warm and sunny.
What
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