Five Subatomic Particles in a Nutshell - раздел Иностранные языки, Англійська мова для студентів технічних ВНЗ Ancient Greeks Philosopher Leucippus And His Pupil Democritus First Spoke Out...
Ancient Greeks philosopher Leucippus and his pupil Democritus first spoke out the idea that all substances consisted of invisible “atomos,” or atoms, as we know them today. They believed these atomos could be divided into smaller and smaller particles until they reached a point that they could no longer be divided. Although they couldn’t see the particles, Leucippus and Democritus tapped into a fundamental truth about our existence: The universe is made up of atoms and these atoms are responsible for life on Earth.
After considerable research and experiments, we now know that atoms can be divided into subatomic particles – protons, neutrons and electrons. Held together by electromagnetic force, these are the building blocks of all matters. Advances in technology, namely particle accelerators, also known as atom smashers, have enabled scientists to break subatomic particles down to even smaller pieces, some in existence for mere seconds. Subatomic particles have two classifications – elementary and composite. Luckily for us, the names of categories can go a long way in helping us understand their structure. Elementary subatomic particles, like quarks, cannot be divided into simpler particles. Composite subatomic particles, like hadrons, can. All subatomic particles share a fundamental property: They have “intrinsic angular momentum”, or spin. It means they rotate in one direction, just like a planet. Oddly enough, this fundamental property is present even when the particle isn’t moving. It’s this spin that makes all the difference.
Виберіть правильний варіант.
1. Leucippus and Democritus who first suggested the idea of atoms were ___ philosophers.
a) Greek b) Roman c) German
2. The atom consists of three main subatomic particles: ___.
a) neutron, electron, quark b) hadron, neutrino, boson c) proton, neutron, electron
3. The main property of all subatomic particles is the presence of ___.
a) spin b) speed c) spark
13.4. Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова: групи Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous
Вправа 3. Заповніть пропуски одним з варіантів.
1. Mr. Black always ___ on a drawing board.
a) is drawing b) have drawn c) draws
2. These young men ___ at an English technical college in 2002–2004.
a) studied b) studies c) will study
3. I ___ the device when you come.
a) will been test b) have tested c) will be testing
4. Teachers sometimes ___ tables and diagrams before a lecture.
a) hangs b) hang c) hanging
5. The students ___ to the institute by tram tomorrow.
a) go b) will go c) have gone
6. You ___ for your girl-friend now.
a) are waiting b) is waiting c) waits
7. I ___ for 2 hours when she drops in tomorrow.
a) translated b) will translate c) will have been translating
8. My daughter ___ French for 5 years.
a) have been learning b) has been learning c) learns
9. The scientist ___ a very interesting experiment when we entered the lab.
a) was making b) is making c) were making
10. She ___ to a friend of mine at the moment.
a) talked b) talks c) is talking
11. Researchers of this laboratory ___ new equipment for TV communication via outer space.
a) have developed b) has developed c) developing
12. The scientist ___ his research by the beginning of the conference.
a) have completed b) had completed c) will complete
13. They ___ their translation of the texts before you return.
a) finish b) will have finished c) will finish
14. He ___ a letter for an hour when I came.
a) wrote b) was writing c) had been writing
15. My father ___ from a business trip.
a) has just returned b) have just returned c) just returns
Вправа 4. Визначте часову групу. Запишіть речення у Past та Future.
1. The job gives her satisfaction. 2. Students are making an experiment in the laboratory. 3. We have already finished our experiments. 4. He has been working at this problem for two years.
13.5. Домашнє завдання
Вправа 5. Поставте дієслова в дужках у потрібну часову форму.
1. They already (to apply) new methods in their research. 2. Our country (to develop) into a powerful state and (to make) great progress in all fields of industry, technology and science. 3. By the end of the 19th century scientists (to make) the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials. 4. The workers (to build) this new house by the beginning of the next year. 5. These shops (to produce) some new chemical apparatus now. 6. The water in the tube (to boil) at the moment. 7. The laboratory assistant (to write) down all the data during the whole experiment yesterday. 8. They (to mount) the machine-tools from 2 to 7 o’clock tomorrow.
Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на вживання різних часових форм.
– Чим ти займаєшся? – Перекладаю текст.
– Ти часто перекладаєш тексти? – Так.
– Як часто ти робиш переклади? – Я звичайно перекладаю один текст на день.
– Як давно ти робиш переклади з іноземної мови? – Я перекладаю тексти з того часу, як почав учити англійську.
– Ти сьогодні переклав які-небудь тексти? – Так, я сьогодні переклав один текст і завтра збираюсь перекласти ще один.
– Коли ти завтра будеш робити переклад? – Завтра я буду перекладати текст з другої до третьої години.
Вправа 7. Складіть листа з розповіддю про свою країну, використовуючи активні слова та вирази (7–10 речень).
Lesson 14. Education in Ukraine
14.1. Розмовна тема. Освіта в Україні
G Active Vocabulary:
Pre-school education; compulsory education; fee-paying education; obligatory subjects; slant; optional courses; gymnasium; lyceum; extra-curricular activities; vocational training school; postgraduate education; applicant.
Present day independent Ukraine has a well-developed system of education which matches the standards of the developed countries. Pre-school education is not compulsory and is fee-paying. Most parents take their children to nursery schools or kindergartens at the age of 3. Up to the age of 5 children mostly eat, sleep and play there, but in senior groups they are taught the basics of arithmetic, reading, writing, and arts and foreign languages in some schools.
Compulsory secondary education begins at the age of 6–7 and is free in state schools and fee-paying in private ones. Some schools, especially those with language slant, have preparatory classes. Secondary education includes three stages: primary (1st – 4th grades), basic (5th – 9th grades) and senior (10th – 11th grades). Recently new types of schools have appeared: gymnasiums and lyceums. In addition, there are schools with advanced learning of sciences, computers, law, and art. All the subjects in the secondary schools are obligatory but there are optional courses that students of senior grades can take in addition to the required ones.
Extra-curricular activities usually include a variety of sports and drama clubs, interest groups and various school parties.
Those senior students, who want to get qualification alongside the secondary education, can go to vocational training school. Post-secondary education is provided by technical schools and colleges that train young specialists in different trades.
Institutions of higher learning (higher educational establishments) include universities, academies, institutes and conservatories. To enter a higher educatuional institution all applicants have to pass special tests in various subjects. Shevchenko Kyiv National University, Kyiv National Technical University, Karazin National University, National Technical University “KhPI” and many others are among the best known higher educational establishments.
Postgraduate education begins after the last year of studies and usually results in a thesis on the chosen scientific theme and the degree of Candidate of Sciences. Doctor’s Degree is awarded for outstanding scientific research.
Вправа 1. Доповніть речення інформацією з тексту.
1. There are some stages of education in Ukraine, they are: ___. 2. Compulsory secondary education begins ___ and is ___ in state schools but ___ in private schools. 3. Vocational schools provide ___ education and train specialists in different ___. 4. Institutions of higher education include ___. 5. The most famous higher educational establishments are ___. 6. ___ begins after the last year at University.
14.2. Письмове завдання
Вправа 2. Перекладіть англійською.
1. Більшість вищих навчальних закладів пропонують п’ятирічну програму навчання. 2. Учні не повинні носити шкільну форму. 3. Приватна освіта – платна. 4. Обов’язкова середня освіта представлена державними загально-освітніми школами та приватними школами. 5. Дошкільну освіту малята отримують у дитячих садочках, за які батьки мають платити. 6. Освіта в незалежній України добре розвинена і відповідає стандартам країн Західної Європи.
14.3. Читання
Все темы данного раздела:
Introducing people Представлення людей
Let me introduce myself. My name is D.
Дозвольте відрекомендуватись. Мене звати Д.
May I introduce Mr. N.? Allow me to introduce Mr. N
Вживання
· Живі істоти
Однина
Множина
The man’s bag
The men’s bags
The boy’s bic
Young Organist
Back in 2002, when former church organist David Christianson purchased an Oberlinger organ for his home, he thought maybe he would play from time to time to relax. But, as it turns out, he can’t do
Teen Scientist Gets High Honor from Obamas
Li Boynton, 18, a senior at Bellaire High School, says meeting the president and first lady in White House will top the stack of academic honors she has accumulated.
In the fifth grade, Li
Приклади.
1. He has got a dog. 2. He has not got a dog. 3. Has he got a dog?
G Запам’ятайте!
to have dinner (breakfast, lunch, supper)
to have a
Прийменники
Передача українських відмінків за допомогою англійських прийменників
Відмінок в українській мові
Прийменники в англійській мові
MY HOBBY
What is a hobby? It is what you can and like to do, when you have free time. We choose a hobby according to our character and taste. When we have a hobby, our life becomes more interesting. Very of
An Unusual Hobby
Hi, I’m Ron Hawker. I started riding the unicycle when I was 11 years old. My mother gave me a unicycle as a Christmas present. I have never been a good athlete, so it took me a long time to learn
Travelling by Air
G Active Vocabulary:
to travel – подорожувати; to fly – літати; a flight – peйc; to catch a plane – встигнути на літак; to miss a plane – запізнитись на літак; to board a
Some Murphy Laws For Frequent Flyers
· No flight ever leaves on time unless you are running late and need the delay to make the flight.
· If you are running late for a flight, it will depart from the farthest gate within the
Типи речень
В англійській мові виділяють 4 типи речень.
1) Стверджувальне:
The students work in the laboratory twice a week.
2) Заперечне
Dialogue at a booking office
– Good afternoon. Can I help you?
– Hello, I’d like to book a ticket to Kiev.
– What date do you want to leave?
– On the 25th of November.
– Single or
The Benefits of a Cruise Holiday
G Active Vocabulary:
to be faced – стикатись; prospect – перспектива; quandary – скрутне становище; available – що є в наявності; span – короткий відрізок часу; itinerary
Форма питального речення
Will I (he, you, we, they, my friend) study at the University next year?
Таблиця часових форм дієслова наведена у додатку (Appendix III).
Going Through the Customs
Знайдіть в тексті та вивчіть наведені нижче слова і словосполучення.
Here is my passport (visa, health certificate, certificate of vaccination, declaration form). Have you
The Past Continuous Tense (Минулий тривалий час)
Випадки вживання
Приклади
a) Тривала дія, яка відбувається в деякий момент часу в минулому (at 5 o’clock yesterday – о п’ятій годині в
The Procedure of Telephoning
Telephoning is very simple. You look up the necessary number in the telephone directory; then you pick up the receiver and wait for the signal (buzz, buzzing sound). Next you make the
Telephone Conversation
– Stanley Hydraulic Tools. Can I help you? – I’d like to speak to Mr. Warner, please. – Mr. Warner? What is your name, please? – This is Boris Frolov, from HM Systems. – Would you spell your name,
Interesting Facts about Telephones
· Valdemar Poulsen, the Danish telephone engineer and inventor, patented what he called a “telegraphone” in 1898. The telegraphone was the first practical apparatus for magnetic sound recording and
The Past Perfect Tense (Минулий перфектний час)
Випадки вживання
Приклади
a) Дія, яка закінчилась до деякого моменту у минулому (by 5 o’clock yesterday – до 5 години вчора).
Room amenities
· Private Bathroom / Shower
· Satellite TV Channels
· Hair Dryer
· Telephone
· Mini-Bar / Fridge
Some Tips on Staying at a Hotel
When travelling, people almost always stay at hotels. It is advisable, therefore, to remember the following:
1. The first thing to do is to book a room in advance either by letter, telepho
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense (Минулий перфектно-тривалий)
Випадки вживання
Приклади
Незавершена дія, яка почалась у минулому і триває до певного часу у минулому. Зазвичай вказується інтервал ч
Crossing your Fingers
Many western cultures make this gesture when wishing for good luck. A hand with the index and middle fingers crossed is even the logo for the UK’s National Lottery. In Vietnam, however, this is an
Here are some final tips for travellers
· In France you shouldn’t sit down in a cafe until you’ve shaken hands with everyone you know.
· In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello.
· In Pakistan
Заперечна форма
Заперечна частка not ставиться після першого допоміжного дієслова.
The letter is not written (every day).
The letter was
Вправа 6. Передайте речення у Passive Voice.
1. They broke the window last week. 2. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 3. We will do the work in the evening. 4. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 5. They were playing tennis fro
Прочитайте текст.
What is Classical Physics?
Classical physics is a branch of physics in which matter and energy are two separate concepts. Based primarily on Sir Isaac Newton’s laws of mot
Приклади утворення
Звичайний ступінь
Порівняльний ступінь
Найвищий ступінь
big
bigger
the biggest
Приклади
He is in the farthest corner of the garden. – Він у самому дальньому куточку саду.
Further information will be given later. – Наступну інформацію Ви отримаєте пізніше.
He is 5 yea
Industry, Science and Education in Kharkov
The city of Kharkiv was founded over 350 years ago at the crossroads of major transportation routes. It has now become one of Ukraine’s largest centres for science, industry and culture.
T
Прочитайте текст.
What is Fiber Optics?
Fiber optic technology allows humans to control the path of a beam of light by confining it within ductile, transparent materials, like cords of plas
Some Interesting Facts About Australia
· The black box flight recorder for aircraft was invented in Australia in 1958 by the Aeronautical research scientist David Warren.
· The first official world surfing championship was held
London Museums and Art Galleries
G Active Vocabulary:
a fortress – фортеця; a manuscript – рукопис; contemporary – сучасний; armour – лати; twofold – подвійний; garrison – гарнізон; custody – зберігання.
Universities in Great Britain
There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Bristol, and Birmingham. Oxford &
Вправа 8. Розгадайте кросворд.
c
&n
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, Spanish for “The Angels”, is the most populous city in California and the second largest in the United States, after New York City, with a population of 3.8 million, on a land a
The Fascinating World of Crystals
Just what are crystals? A crystal is an organized grouping of atoms, or molecules. Each crystal has different properties and shapes. For example, sugar crystals are oblong and slanted at the ends;
Harvard University
G Active Vocabulary:
prominent – видатний; distinctly – виразно; outlook – світогляд; clergy – духовенство; scope – масштаб; to diversify – урізноманітнювати; to command r
The Black Sea Pollution
The story about the Black Sea pollution starts like almost any other pollution story. Once, about half a decade ago, the Black Sea had very rich and diverse marine ecosystems. It also had major eco
Приклади.
He said that
he often went to the skating rink.
he had gone the skating rink the last week.
he would go to the
Вправа 3. Передайте речення непрямою мовою.
1. The teacher explained, “In fact every hydraulic system can be reduced to a simple pump-motor system”. 2. The expert said, “Laser cutting is excellent at processing different materials”. 3. The r
Land Pollution
A: You know, lots of people in the world think it’s important to live green.
B: Yes, but some of them are not aware of how much pollution exists.
A: So, do you know
Eat Organic
· When you eat organic foods, you are supporting farmers that do not use pesticides which are harmful to the environment.
· Organic foods will cost a bit more, but they are better both for
Global warming
Today our planet is warming. Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening: ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles; the number of penguins on Antarctica
Overpopulation
With the number of people on the globe over 7 billion, the impact of human populations on the environment has been severe. Every year, more than 81 million people add the world-wide populati
Cruise Liners Are Contaminating Our Oceans
Luxury cruise liners that carry millions of passengers to remote corners of the globe are polluting the seas and endangering marine life. The new super-liners, which can accommodate u
Planet Earth Is 4,600 Million Years Old
If we pretend that our planet is like a person, we can compare the Earth with a man of 46 years of age. Nothing is ___ about the first 7 years of this person’s life, and very little ___ can be foun
Bees Are in Danger
Since the 1980s, beekeepers and observers of nature have been noticing that bees are disappearing, particularly in Europe and the United States. The phenomenon reached a peak during the winter of 2
Вправа 4. Передайте непрямою мовою.
1. Mike hasn’t come to school today. – The teacher says that Mike hasn’t сотe to school today. 2. Are you going anywhere for the weekend? – Tom asked me ___. 3. I’m really angry with
My family
Satomi (Japan)
There are five members in my family: my mom, dad, grandmother, brother and myself. My dad works for a golf company. My mom is a housewife. My brother is majoring in tourism
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was born in Germany in 1879. He enjoyed classical music and played the violin. One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a wonder he saw when he was four or five y
Marie Curie
Marie Sklodowska-Curie, one of the few people to win two Noble Prizes in different fields, was one of the most significant researchers of radiation and its effects as a pioneer of radiology. Until
George and Robert Stephensons
George Stephenson won world-wide acclaim with his “Rocket” but he said that much of the credit belonged to his son Robert. Robert supervised the building of the “Rocket”, and later improved
Thomas Alve Edison
G Active Vocabulary:
his teacher thought him very stupid – вчитель вважав його дуже дурним; boxed his ear – сильно вдарив його у вухо: on the track – на рельсах.
Boarding and accommodation on board
· Find out if the class of the car you are boarding is in the front, middle or rear of the train and stay on the platform accordingly. Ask the staff on the platform. In some countries, stations are
Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering
Nuclear Science and Engineering is an intellectually exciting and socially important discipline, supporting a wide range of applications.
Our department presently consists of 28 faculty an
The Department of Chemistry
Each year some 170 chemists graduate after a four-year course which includes a year of research and about 80 graduates receive doctorates.
The Oxford Chemistry course is second to none in
The Department of Physics at the Cavendish Laboratory
The Cavendish Laboratory was founded in 1871, along with the appointment of James Clerk Maxwell as the first Cavendish Professor. It has a distinguished intellectual history, with 29 Nobel prizewin
School Life for a British Boy (Written by Erik)
My School is a mixed 11–18 school. There are about 1,150 students in my school, including 200 in the sixth form. It is called a Technology College and specializes in Computers and Maths. My school
A Dying Technology
Incinerators and landfills are both attempts to answer the question, “what do we do with waste?” Over the last century, governments have invested billions of dollars in increasingly
Spray-On Solar-Power Cells Are True Breakthrough
Scientists have invented a plastic solar cell that can turn the sun’s power into electrical energy, even on a cloudy day. The plastic material uses nanotechnology and contains the first sola
Electrical Sweaters
The new material could make technology truly wireless. Sargent said that the plastic coating could be woven into a shirt or sweater and used to charge an item like a cell phone.
“A
Choose one of the options.
1. Fossil fuels were formed from ____.
a) ancient plants and animals b) carbon c) water
2. Chemically fossil fuels are ___.
a) compounds of oxygen b) acids c) hydrocarbon
Choose one of the options.
1. Refraction is the process of natural ___ of light.
a) shining b) dissolution c) bending
2. When light passes through a prism, one can see different ___.
a) pictures b)
Choose one of the options.
1. Most metals are extracted from ___.
a) ore b) ear c) air
2. Ore always contains ___.
a) all the chemical elements b) some impurities c) only pure metal
3. To
Choose one of the options.
1. A mouse is ___.
a) a computer virus b) a system software c) an input device
2. Early computers used ___ cards to receive data.
a) punched b) playing c) credit
Choose one of the options.
1. A computer addict is a person who ___.
a) writes computer programmes b) spends most of his time at a computer
c) can add well
2. The most important things for computer
Choose one of the options.
1. Cooled lava formed many ___.
a) cities b) islands c) continents
2. Molten rock deep below the Earth’s crust is called ___.
a) enigma b) sigma c) magma
3. Volc
Choose one of the options.
1. The first successful flight over Mars was performed ___.
a) in the late 1960s b) last year c) at the beginning of 20th century
2. Observations proved that Mars is __
Choose one of the options.
1. An electric car is powered by ___.
a) an electric motor b) a diesel engine c) an internal combustion engine
2. Batteries are recharged ___.
a) only at service stations
Speech Patterns
There are
many species of insects.
Існує багато видів комах.
many species of insects
in
Speech patterns
It is him who
invented this machine.
Саме він винайшов цю машину.
It is the helmet that
saved my life.
Speech Patterns
It is important
for him
to know these laws
Йому важливо знати ці закони.
It is necessary
to rev
Speech Patterns
either ... or
або ... або
You may choose to study either English or French.
Ви можете вибрати, що вивчати – або англійську, або французьку.
Speech Patterns
He
appeared
to have forgotten my address.
Виявилось, що він забув мою адресу.
seems
Здається, в
Speech Patterns
The years to come
Наступні роки
The words to remember
Слова, що треба запам’ятати
The things to d
Speech Patterns
He
is anything but
lazy.
Він далеко не ледащий.
It
pleasant.
Це зовсім не приємно.
Speech Patterns
If it were not for X ... we would ...
Якби не Х, ми б ...
If it were not for hope, the heart would break.
Якби не надія,
Speech Patterns
I will
get round to
it.
Я якось займусь цим.
I can never
see her.
Я ніяк не можу в
Speech patterns
He is well on his way to
mastering English.
Він далеко просунувся у вивченні англійської.
recovery.
Він скор
Speech Patterns
The more ..., the more ...
Чим ..., тим ...
The faster you drive, the more petrol the car uses.
Чим швидше ви їдете, тим
Speech Patterns
However
Однак
Although
Хоча; незважаючи на те, що
In fact
Насправді, фактично
Length Conversion
UK/USA unit
Metric (SI) unit
Metric (SI) unit
UK/USA unit
Inch
2.54 centimeters
Ce
AreaConversion
UK /USA unit
Metric (SI) unit
Metric (SI) unit
UK /USA unit
Acre
0.40 hectare
Hect
Навчальне видання
ЛАЗАРЄВА Ольга Ярославна
КОВТУН Олена Олександрівна
МЕЛЬНИК Світлана Семенівна
English
Новости и инфо для студентов