History of Jazz - раздел Образование, Read and translate the text: English - the International Language ...
Jazz is the art of expression set to music! Jazz is said to be the fundamental rhythms of human life and man’s contemporary reassessment of his traditional values. Volumes have been written on the origins of jazz based on black American life-styles. The early influences of tribal drums and the development of gospel, blues and field hollers seems to point out that jazz has to do with human survival and the expression of life.
The origin of the word "jazz" is most often traced back to a vulgar term used for sexual acts. Some of the early sounds of jazz where associated with whore houses and "ladies of ill repute." However, the meaning of jazz soon became a musical art form, whether under composition guidelines or improvisation, jazz reflected spontaneous melodic phrasing.
Those who play jazz have often expressed the feelings that jazz should remain undefined, jazz should be felt. "If you gotta ask, you’ll never know" ---Louis Armstrong.
The standard legend about jazz is that it was conceived in New Orleans and moved up the Mississippi River to Memphis, St. Louis and finally Chicago. Of course that seems to be the history of what we now refer to as jazz, however, the influences of what led to those early New Orleans sounds goes back to tribal African drum beats and European musical structures.
In reviewing the background of jazz one can not overlook the evaluation over the decades and the fact that jazz spanned many musical forms such as spirituals, cakewalks, ragtime and the blues. Around 1891 a New Orleans barber named Buddy Bolden reputedly pitcked up his cornet and blew the first stammering notes of jazz, thereby unconsciously breaking with several centuries of musical tradition. A half-century later, jazz, America’s great contribution to music, crossed the threshold of the universities and became seriously, even religiously considered.
Jazz functions as popular art and has enjoyed periods of fairly widespread public response, in the "jazz age" of the 1920s, in the swing era of the late 1930s and in the peak popularity of modern jazz in the late 1950s. Beginning in the 20s and continuing well into the 30s, it was common to apply the word "jazz" rather indiscriminately, melodically or tonally. Thus George Gershwin was called a jazz composer. For Gershwin’s concert work he was acclaimed to have made a respectable art form out of jazz. Somewhat similarly, Paul Whiteman, playing jazz-influenced dance music, was billed as the King of Jazz. Perhaps the broader definition of jazz, such as the one that would include the blues influence as well as those who shared our understanding of the art form, even if they did not perform it, would be the most useful historical approach.
The influence and development of the blues can not be over looked when discussing the early years of jazz.
An ability to play the blues has been a requisite of all jazz musicians, who on first meeting one another or when taking part in a jam session, will often use the blues framework for improving. Blues, stemming from rural areas of the deep South, has a history largely independent of jazz. Exponents of blues usually accompanied themselves on guitar, piano or harmonica or were supported by small groups who often played unconventional or homemade instruments.
A number of the early jazz performers relied on the blues for more than the chord exchanged. Many of these jazz musicians used the blues for the driving force of their musical emotions, such as the work of Don Redman, Stuff Smith, Ma Rainey and the early works of Louis Armstrong and Benny Carter.
Ragtime
(1880s-early 1900s)
Ragtime was one of the early musical styles that contributed to the development of jazz. Originating in the southern United States during the late 1800's, ragtime was composed primarily for the piano. It combined a sixteenth-note-based syncopated melody with the form and feel of a march. On the piano this was achieved by the pianist's left hand playing a steady "boom-chic" bass and chord pattern and the right hand playing the syncopated tune. Playing in this syncopated style was called "ragging," which is probably the origin of the term "ragtime."
Important musicians of the time included pianists Scott Joplin, Artie Matthews, James Scott, and Tom Turpin.
Vocabulary
сontemporary – сучасний
reassessment – переоцінка
spontaneous – спонтанний
tribal – племінний
to span – охоплювати
а barber – парикмахер
stammering – заїкання
unconsciously – неусвідомлено
а threshold – порог
widespread – широко поширений
а response – відповідь
indiscriminately – нерозбірливо
to – оголошувати, заявляти
to stem – відбуватися
chord - акорд
Task 2. Translate into English
Слово «jazz» у креолів означало полювання, а також хвилювання, збудження. В 1860-і в північноамериканській літературній мові з'являється слово «jasm», що означає піднесення, натхнення. Невдовзі йому на зміну приходить слово «jass», а також аналогічне дієслово, що означало, «ловити», «збуджуватись» тощо Все частіше починають використовуватись звороти «jazz around» (блукати, мандрувати) і «jazz up» (впадати у веселий стан). Як музичний термін, слово «jazz» вперше з'явилося 1915 року у зв'язку з білим оркестром, що грав у новоорлеанському стилі, пізніше — в назві новоорлеанського оркестру Тома Брауна — «Том Браун Диксиленд Джаз Бенд», після чого термін «джаз» швидко поширюється в Північній Америці, а згодом і по всьому світу.
Блюз є представником світського музикування американських негрів, що з'явився задовго до джазу. Саме слово «blue» багатозначно і розшифровується, як «блакитний», «сумний», «смутний», «меланхолічний» і ін. Ця багатозначність характерна довгим протяжним пісням, текст яких завжди містить певну недомовку та неоднозначну емоційність- смуток часто йде поруч з гумором, чистота з вульгарністю тощо
Характерні музичні риси блюзу:
- використання нетемперованих звуків — blue notes — знижені 3-й, 5-й та 7-й ступені мажорного ладу, походження яких пов'язують зі зверненням музикантів до широко розповсюджених в африканській музиці пентатонічним ладам.
- форма блюзу складається з трьох фраз по 4 такти в кожній (ААВ), що складають 12-тактовий період, заснований на принципі антифону по горизонталі та по вертикалі, що проявляється як в мелодії, так і в тексті. Така трьохчастинна структура блюзу вельми специфічна, та не має аналогів в англійській літературі.
- Гармонія блюзу чітко фіксована: перші 4 такти — на тоніці, наступні по 2 — на субдомінанті й тоніці та останні по 2 — на субдомінанті й тоніці та на домінанті й тоніці в розмірі 4/4 (Т-Т-Т-Т—S-S-T-T—D-S-T-T).
Task 3. Put the questions to the underlined words:
a. The standard legend about jazz is that it was conceived in New Orleans and moved up the Mississippi River to Memphis, St. Louis and finally Chicago.
b. Around 1891 a New Orleans barber named Buddy Bolden reputedly pitcked up his cornet and blew the first stammering notes of jazz, thereby unconsciously breaking with several centuries of musical tradition.
Task 4. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the origin of the word “jazz”?
2. What musical forms did jazz span?
3. How does jazz function?
4. What has been a requisite of all jazz musicians?
Task Read and translate the text... English the International Language... English is part of the Germanic branch of the Indo European family of languages It is spoken as a native language by...
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1.The
Insert Definite or Indefinite article wherever necessary.
1. He is ... student of ... first year of studies.
2. She is ... second-year student.
3. They have ... flat in ... centre of ... city ... flat is large and light.
4. My s
Underline the correct item.
1. There is no one/anyone at the studio.
2. There are some/any mic in my collection.
3. There is any/no ice-cream left.
4. Did she tell you nothin
Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.
Last year I went 1) ...on... a trip which was an absolute disaster. I was going to Berlin 2) ... festival when, 3) ... accident, I got 4) ... the wrong train. We were 5) ... the way to Bruss
PRESENT SIMPLE - PRESENT CONTINUOUS
1. Underline the correct item:
1. I see/am seeing that the situation is out of control. 2. Do you enjoy/Аrе you enjoying this party? 4. You haven't said a word all morning
PRESENT PERFECT or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
1. Fill in: since or for.
John and Norma have been married 1) ..for... 20 years. They have been living in New York 2) … 1989. John has been working on Wall Street 3
Put in the present perfect progressive or simple.
1. That man (stand) outside for hours. 2. The castle ( stand) on that hill for 900 years. 3. Ann ( garden) all afternoon. She (plant) a lot of rose bushes. 4. James (
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Він купив нову гітару торік.
2. Коли ви бачили її виступ востаннє?
3. Коли відбувся ваш академ концерт?
4. Минулого місяця наша група ніде не виступала.
5. Ми
Match the sentences and fill in the correct tense.
1. She'll call us A. until it ... (stop) raining. 1... D...
2.1 don't know B. as soon as I ... (can). 2...
3. What ... (you/do) C. if you ... (come) home late. 3...
Underline the correct item.
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Fill in the correct present or future forms.
We 1) 're going (go) on holiday next Friday. The plane 2) ... (leave) at 5.00 am, so we 3) ... (sunbathe) in Bermuda by lunchtime! We've got a lot of luggage and neither of us wants to drive
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1. Я зайду до тебе, щойно звільнюсь.
2. Я зачекаю, доки він подзвонить мені.
3. Що Ви будете робити, якщо його не буде вдома?
4. Я допоможу тобі, щойно закінчу працювати
Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Я люблю джаз. Я буду вступати до консерваторії на кафедру естрадної музики.
2. На якій вечірці ви будете грати сьогодні?
3. Швидше! Звук повинен бути налаштован
MODAL VERBS
1. Fill in can't, might, must or could:
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Must have to
1. I …… be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably …… take a taxi if I want to be on time. 2. You …… submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. Check that the name, addre
Choose the right verb.
1. Shall I make the final choice right now? No, you ...
a. mustn’t
c. needn’t
b. can’t
d. couldn’t
Translate into English.
1. Чи правда, що діапазон флейти-пікколо вище, ніж у скрипки?
2. Чому ти в неділю займався менше ніж в інші дні тижня?
3. У суботу ти займався більше ніж в інші дні тижня.
Turn the following into the Passive in two ways.
1. They gave him a watch when he retired. He was given a watch when he retired. ...' A watch was given to him when he retired...
2. They have offered him the job. He ... . Th
Translate intoUkrainian.
1. When two different notes are sounded, the ear can readily feel one of them is higher or lower than the other. This difference is called the difference of pitch. 2. The pitch of sound is indicate
Означений артикль the.
Означений артикль the вживається:
-зі злічуваними і незлічуваними іменниками в однині та множині;
-коли іменник вказує на предмет, конкретне значення;
-з іменниками які є
ПРИКЛАДИ
Багато зошитів,
багато молока,
багато води,
багато днів,
багато газет,
багато крейди,
багато снігу,
багато років,
багато картин,
багато музики,
багато
Reflexive pronouns.
I - myself we - ourselves you - yourself you – yourselves he - himself she - herself they - themselves
PREPOSITIONS
Прийменники напрям
On – на, в, по
He lives on the ground floor. – Він живе на першому поверсі.
We will be there on Monday. – Ми будемо там у понеділок.
He is speaking on the phone. – Він розмовляє по телефону.
To – к, ну, в
Would you like to go to the theatre? – Ти хочеш піти в театр?
Approach to the exit. – Підійдіть до виходу.
Near – близько
There is a small round table ne
TABLE OF ENGLISH TENSES
The Present Indefinite Tense.
Tense
Key words
Form
Examples (+)
Examples (-)
Can, could, may, might, must, should, would, ought, need
Модальні дієслова – це така група допоміжних дієслів, які змінюють значення основного дієслова, надаючи відтінок обов’язковості, необхідності, можливості виконання дії.
ЧИМ ВІДРІЗН
Examples
Passive voice of “Imperative Sentences”
Active Voice
Passive Voice
Open the door.
Let the door be
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