Three Thousand Years of World Trade - раздел Иностранные языки, МЕТОДИЧНІ ВКАЗІВКИ З АНГЛІЙСЬКОЇ МОВИ
For Thousands And Thousands Of Years, People Produced Most Of...
For thousands and thousands of years, people produced most of what they needed for themselves. They grew or hunted for their own food, and made their own simple tools. But little by little they learned that they could have more varied goods by trading.
The earliest trade we do know something about is the caravan trade across the deserts of Asia around 2500 bc, to and from cities in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Arabia. These caravans had to carry fodder for the animals and food for the drivers and merchants. Not much space was left for the cargo. As a result, the goods carried were light but valuable, things such as gold and precious stones – that is, luxuries and not necessities. After this, trade by sea started to become more common.
The Phoenicians of the coast of Syria were the first manufacturers who developed commerce by sea. They exported metalware, glassware, and textiles. These were traded for raw materials, especially tin, copper, and silver. This trade also was mainly in luxuries for the ships were small.
The Phoenicians lived at the same time as the Greeks and the Romans. Athens was the first big commercial city in Europe, and it was the first community: to import and export necessities (not just luxuries) in large quantities. Grain was imported for the increasing population from the shores of the Black Sea, and exports included figs, olive oil, wine, honey, pottery, metalware and textiles. Greek armies marched into Persia, Central Asia, and India, and brought back luxury goods such asspices, drugs, and silk.
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Venice and Genoa became the world's leading trade centres. In 1271, the Venetian, Marco Polo, went by land and sea to China and helped establish trading links Venice was well placed to be the main European commercial centre
The modern world began as the Age of Discoveries. The great voyages of Spanish and Portuguese explorers, such as Christopher Columbus (1492), Vasco da Gama (1498), and Ferdinand Magellan (1519), opened up new trade routes to the Americas, Africa, and India. This was the beginning of ocean travel.
Britain and other countries of northern Europe formed big companies, and each was given a certain part of the world to explore and exploit. The new companies penetrated into distant lands, and brought back their products, many of which were new and unknown: tomatoes, potatoes, cocoa, green beans, and corn. By the 17th century, the Dutch dominated the world's trade, with the French and the English as their close rivals. All three nations opened up the tropical lands of the East and West Indies, and imported sugar, tobacco, tea, and coffee into Europe.
During the 19th century, the industrial revolution led to greater production, and the pattern of world trade started to become what it is today.
Today, mass advertising persuades people of many different nationalities to use the same products. Millions of people around the world drink the same soft drinks, drive the same cars, wear the same clothes, and eat the same hamburgers.
In previous centuries, trade was more local, and people's tastes varied from one country to another. Imports used to bring diversity. It is ironic that today's vast international markets have resulted in a world with more homogeneous tastes.
Національний технічний університет України... Київський Політехнічний Інститут...
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Мета навчання англійської мови на заочному відділенні
Основною метою навчання студентів англійської мови в технічному вузі є досягнення ними рівня практичного володіння цією мовою, що в умовах заочного навчання означає формування вмінн
Вимоги на заліках та екзаменах
Залік. До заліку допускаються студенти, які виконали програмні контрольні роботи і склали тести в обсязі, передбаченому програмою.
Для отримання заліку студент повин
Методичні вказівки
Запропоновані методичні розробки створені для студентів І курсу заочного відділення факультетів ФС, ВПІ. Даний посібник має за мету допомогти студенту-заочнику у його самостійній ро
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
education – освіта;
department – відділення;
compete – змагатися;
schooling – освіта;
ex
EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN
School is compulsory in Great Britain until the age of 16. Children start formal education at 5 and many of them complete 13 full years of schooling at 18. But not all. Some can lea
Text-based exercises
Exercise III.Answer the following questions:
1. What is the role of education in the life of young people?
2. What is person leaving school given?
Grammar exercises
Exercise VI.Fill in the form of “to be” that agrees with the subject:
1. Education ... very important for ambitious young people.
2. It ... a vital part of their life.
Speech exercises
Exercise XII.
a) Read the dialogue:
Remember: frosty – морозний
It's the 23rd of December, 10 o'clock in the morning. M
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
produce – виробляти;
trading – торгівля;
carry – везти;
quantity – кількість;
voyage – подорож;
car
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1. Why did people first start trading?
2. How much do we know about the early traders?
3. What did th
Grammar exercises
Exercise VI. Open the brackets and translate the sentences:
1. Britain (to be) one of the main exporters in the word last century.
2. Ukraine (to be interested) in exportin
Speech exercises
Exercise XII. read the dialogue:
Mr. Blake studied the Buyer's contract terms and on Tuesday come to the Ukrainian Trade Delegation to discuss them with Petrenko.
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
affect – діяти;
action – дія;
fatigue – втома;
appeal – подобатися;
preference – переваг
COLOUR AND LIFE
Colours do affect our life, actions and reactions. They can create fatigue, stress, damage to eyes, errors, loss of orientation. Some colours are very comforting, others are irritat
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Translate and memorize the following groups of words of the same stem:
Differ – difference – different – differently – indifferent.
Fertile –
Grammar exercises
Exercise VI. Introduce help-verbs and corrections whenever necessary:
1. Who (works) in your laboratory?
2. What method you (used) in your previous experime
Speech exercises
Exercise XII.Read the dialogue:
Stanley:
Good morning, Mr. Borisov.
Borisov:
Good morning, Mr. Stanl
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
ecology – екологія;
environment – навколишнє середовище;
protection – захист;
waste – відх
Ecology problem
Interrelations between man and the biosphere are of a fairly complex nature. Man, like every other living organism, depends for his life on what the biosphere provides: water, oxyge
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1. What is ecology?
2. What are the components of biosphere?
3. Does the environmental protection occ
Grammar exercises
Exercise VI.Study the function of the verb “to be” in the fallowing sentences and translate them:
1. They were at home last night.
2. He is well known scientist.
Speech exercises
Exercise XII. Read the dialogue:
Chernenko, as engineer of the Ukrainian Trade Delegation in London, received a drawing of the pump with the manufacturing plant of Goodman and Co mo
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
To shop – робити покупки;
department – відділ
to attract – притягувати;
to purchase – купу
Shopping in London
Whether or not you're coming to London for a spending spree the main shopping streets should be on your list of sights to see. They are as follows:
Oxford Street is a wide
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1. What is the most popular shopping centre in London?
2. Why do many people prefer supermarkets to small food
Grammar exercises
Exercise VI. Rewrite the following sentences putting the verbs that are in brackets into the Future Perfect Tense and translate them:
1. By half-past seven we (have) supper.
Speech exercises
Exercise XII. Ask and answer as in the model:
Pattern: I read many English books to know English well.
– Your friend learns English, doesn't he?
–
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
commercial tv – комерційне телебачення;
commercials – реклама;
channel – канал;
viewer – г
Television in UKRAINE
The most popular entertainment in Ukrainian home life today is television. It has become one of the most important facts of modern life. Television is very much a part of the modern
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1. How many TV channels are there in Ukraine?
2. Is that true, that many programmes are similar?
3. is a quiz prog
Grammar exercises
Exercise V. Translate the following sentences paying attention to be following derivatives:
Infomercial, inform, informal, information, informative, informed
Speech exercises
Exercise XIII. Make up sentences, read and translate them:
Pattern: Let’s meet next Tuesday.
me
Pre-reading exercises
Exercise I. Pronounce the following words:
Trip – подорож;
Customs – митниця;
Arrangement – домовленість;
On business – у справі;
B
Travelling
Travelling abroard is very popular in the world. Businessmen travel by plane, because it’s the fastest means of transportation. Those who are not short of time usually travel by tra
Text-based exercises
Exercise III. Answer the following questions:
1. Why is travelling abroad so popular nowadays?
2. How do most of businessmen travel?
3. What means
To result from - виходити з, виникати
1. Job losses resulted from changes in production.
2. The fire has resulted in many thousands of deaths.
3. The project is beginning to show results.
4. She died as a res
Speech exercises
Exercise XII.
a) Read the dialogue:
On Tuesday Borisov received Mr. Taylor who had come to Kiev to offer office equipment to Ukrainimport.
Список використаної літератури
1. Англійська мова для повсякденного спілкування: Підручник/В.К. Шпак та ін. – К.: Вища школа, 2003. – 302 с.
2. Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Грамматика современного английского языка. Справочни
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